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93-567: A balangay , or barangay , is a type of lashed-lug boat built by joining planks edge-to-edge using pins, dowels, and fiber lashings. They are found throughout the Philippines and were used largely as trading ships up until the colonial era. The oldest known balangay are the eleven Butuan boats , which have been carbon-dated individually from 689 to 988 CE and were recovered from several sites in Butuan , Agusan del Norte . The Butuan boats are

186-468: A principalía of Tabaco , Albay ; and Julián Bermejo, an Augustinian friar who commanded ten balangay and established an alarm system using a line of small relay forts in southern Cebu . They were responsible for several major naval victories against Moro raiders from the late 18th to the early 19th centuries. The most significant was the Battle of Tabogon Bay (modern Tabgon, Caramoan ) in 1818, where

279-684: A tributary independent kingdom. Thus Wuzhu was allowed to construct his fortified city in Fuzhou as well as a few locations in the Wuyi Mountains , which have been excavated in recent years. His kingdom extended beyond the borders of contemporary Fujian into eastern Guangdong, eastern Jiangxi , and southern Zhejiang . After Wuzhu's death, Minyue maintained its militant tradition and launched several expeditions against its neighboring kingdoms in Guangdong , Jiangxi , and Zhejiang , primarily in

372-631: A boom in Fujian's culture and economy. Fuzhou's economic and cultural institutions grew and developed. The later years of the Tang dynasty saw several political upheavals in the Chinese heartland, prompting even larger waves of northerners to immigrate to the northern part of Fujian. As the Tang dynasty ended, China was torn apart in the period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms . During this time,

465-554: A large influx of refugees and another 20 years of sea trade ban under the Kangxi Emperor , a measure intended to counter the refuge Ming government of Koxinga in the island of Taiwan . The sea ban implemented by the Qing forced many people to evacuate the coast to deprive Koxinga's Ming loyalists of resources. This has led to the myth that it was because Manchus were "afraid of water". Incoming refugees did not translate into

558-553: A major labor force, owing to their re-migration into prosperous regions of Guangdong . In 1683, the Qing dynasty conquered Taiwan in the Battle of Penghu and annexed it into Fujian province, as Taiwan Prefecture . Many more Han Chinese then settled in Taiwan. Today, most Taiwanese are descendants of Hokkien people from Southern Fujian. Fujian and Taiwan were originally treated as one province ( Fujian-Taiwan-Province ), but starting in 1885, they split into two separate provinces. In

651-531: A moonlit night in accordance with local folk beliefs. A single tree usually produces two lengths of curving planks. Traditionally, the planks and other ship parts were shaped with straight ( dalag ) or curved ( bintong ) adzes hammered with a mallet called a pakang . The master shipwright is called a pandáy (similar to other craftsmen in Philippine cultures). The balangay's keel is built first. Like most Austronesian ships (and in contrast to western ships),

744-439: A second major wave of immigration arrived in the safe haven of Fujian, led by Wang Brothers ( Wang Chao , Wang Shengui  [ zh ] and Wang Shenzhi ), who set up an independent Kingdom of Min with its capital in Fuzhou. After the death of the founding king, however, the kingdom suffered from internal strife, and was soon absorbed by Southern Tang , another southern kingdom. Parts of northern Fujian were conquered by

837-528: A side, provided there are enough people to fill them. And these banks are placed in counterweights ( outriggers ), which are made of a very large bamboo plant found on all the Philippine Islands of the West. These counterweights are placed on the outer sides of the vessel, where the oarsmen are seated comfortably. These vessels travel very safely with these counterweights because they cannot capsize, and

930-550: A term sometimes extended to the crew. Large vessels were called biray or biwong . In the Visayas and Mindanao , there are multiple names for balangay-type boats, including baloto (not to be confused with the balutu ), baroto , biray , lapid , tilimbao (or tinimbao ). Cargo-carrying versions of balangay with high sides and no outriggers (which necessitated the use of long oars instead of paddles) were also known as bidok , birok , or biroko (also spelled biroco ) in

1023-595: Is above the national average, at CN¥126,829 ( US$ 18,856 in nominal), the second highest GDP per capita of all Chinese provinces after Jiangsu . It has benefited from its geographical proximity with Taiwan. As a result of the Chinese Civil War , a small portion of Historical Fujian is now within the Republic of China (ROC, Taiwan). The Fujian province of the ROC consists of three offshore archipelagos, namely

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1116-594: Is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, Guangdong to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the east. Its capital is Fuzhou and its largest prefecture city by population is Quanzhou , with other notable cities including the port city of Xiamen and Zhangzhou . Fujian is located on the west coast of the Taiwan Strait as the closest province geographically and culturally to Taiwan . Certain islands such as Kinmen are only approximately 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Xiamen in Fujian. While

1209-471: Is considered to be a case of independent invention of one of a limited number of solutions to the same boat-building problem. The lashed-lug technique remains remarkably homogeneous throughout the entirety of the Austronesian range. The keel and the base of the hull is a simple dugout canoe . Planks are then added gradually to the keel, either by sewing fiber ropes through drilled holes or through

1302-406: Is known as os-os or us-us , which involves lashing the planks very tightly to wooden ribs ( agar ) with fiber or rattan ropes. The ropes are tied to holes bored diagonally into lugs ( tambuko ), which are rectangular or rounded protrusions on the inner surface of the planks. The tambuko occur at even distances corresponding to six dowel hole groupings. Wedges are then driven in the space between

1395-456: Is run through with a spoon-like implement called a lokob . This creates a space with an even thickness in between the two strakes. The space is then filled with fine palm fibers called baruk or barok and caulked with resin-based pastes. The dowels are also further secured by drilling holes into them through the planks with the help of marks inscribed beforehand. Counter pegs called pamuta are then hammered into these holes. The second stage

1488-400: Is that none of the stitch is exposed on the outside of the hull and so is protected from abrasion. The edge-to-edge fastening of the planks was supplemented by some dowels which joined the planks together – the dowels are thought to aid positioning during constructions and to resist shearing forces on the lashings while the boat is in use. In archaeological remains that date from

1581-436: Is why modern reconstructions tend to omit the latter. However, as with later balangay designs described by Spanish explorers, they are believed to possess large outriggers which would be necessary for them to carry sails without capsizing. Outriggers dramatically increased stability and sail power without significant increase in weight. Outriggers in large war balangay designs also supported paddling and fighting platforms known as

1674-629: The daramba and the burulan , respectively. Similar traditional ship-building techniques are still preserved by Sama-Bajau boat makers in Sibutu Island in Tawi-Tawi . The Butuan balangay boats were the first wooden watercraft excavated in Southeast Asia . They were discovered in the late 1970s in Butuan , Agusan del Norte . A total of nine wooden boats were accidentally found by locals searching for alluvial gold on land near

1767-514: The Chinese Civil War , the People's Republic of China unified the country and took over most of Fujian, excluding the Quemoy and Matsu Islands . In its early days, Fujian's development was relatively slow in comparison to other coastal provinces due to potential conflicts with Kuomintang-controlled Taiwan. Today, the province has the highest forest coverage rate while enjoying a high growth rate in

1860-647: The Hjortspring boat is based on a dugout log which is expanded with sewn clinker planks with integral cleats/lugs lashed to framing. The Gokstad ship also used the lashing of ribs to cleats in the lower parts of the hull, and treenails elsewhere. Lashed lug also has a general similarity to the Bronze age Ferriby boats in England. Fujian Fujian is a province located in South China . Fujian

1953-587: The Ispah Rebellion , advancing northward and even capturing Putian and Fuzhou before the rebellion was crushed by the Yuan. Afterward, Quanzhou city lost foreign interest in trading and its formerly welcoming international image as the foreigners were all massacred or deported. Yuan dynasty General Chen Youding , who had put down the Ispah Rebellion, continued to rule over the Fujian area even after

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2046-820: The Kinmen Islands , the Matsu Islands , and the Wuqiu Islands . Fujian is considered one of China's leading provinces in education and research. As of 2023, two major cities in the province ranked in the top 45 cities in the world (Xiamen 38th and Fuzhou 45th) by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index . The name Fujian ( 福建 ) originated from the combination of the city names of Fuzhou ( 福州 ) and nearby Jianzhou ( 建州 , or present-day Nanping ( 南平 )). Recent archaeological discoveries in 2011 demonstrate that Fujian had entered

2139-524: The Middle East . The oldest evidence of the lashed-lug techniques, however, are found on boat-shaped log coffins recovered from Kuala Selinsing in Perak , Malaysia , dated to around the 1st to 2nd centuries CE. Such coffins and other watercraft symbolism are widespread among Austronesian groups throughout Southeast Asia, even among groups with no maritime access, underpinning the ancestral importance of

2232-694: The Middle East . The balangays of Butuan was declared by President Corazon Aquino as National Cultural Treasures with Presidential Proclamation No. 86 on March 9, 1987, and the vicinity of excavation as archaeological reserves. In November 2015, the Balangay was declared as the National Boat of the Philippines by the House Committee on Revisions of Laws. The Balangay was chosen so that the "future generations of Filipinos will recognize

2325-914: The Moro Wars , in conjunction with watchtowers ( castillo , baluarte , or bantáy ) and other fortifications. The raiders were regularly attacking coastal settlements in Spanish-controlled areas and carrying off inhabitants to be sold as slaves in markets as far as Batavia and the Sultanate of Gowa . Defense fleets of balangay and vinta (known as the Marina Sutil , "Light Navy" or "Defense Navy") were first organized under Governor-General José Basco y Vargas in 1778. They were lightly armed but fast, which made them ideal for responding quickly to raider sightings and attacks. Notable leaders of these defense squadrons include Don Pedro Estevan,

2418-660: The Neolithic Age by the middle of the 6th millennium BC. From the Keqiutou site (7450–5590 BP), an early Neolithic site in Pingtan Island located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Fuzhou, numerous tools made of stones, shells , bones , jades , and ceramics (including wheel-made ceramics) have been unearthed, together with spinning wheels , which is definitive evidence of weaving . The Tanshishan ( 曇石山 ) site (5500–4000 BP) in suburban Fuzhou spans

2511-770: The Pontian boat of Pahang , Malaysia ( c.  260–430 CE ); the Punjulharjo boat ( c.  660-780 CE ) of Rembang , Indonesia ; and the balangay boat burials of Butuan , Philippines (at least eleven ships ranging from c.  689 to 988 CE ). The partial remains of the even earlier Pak Klong Kluay shipwreck ( c.  2nd century CE ) of Thailand also features lugs, although its planks are uniquely joined using pegged mortise and tenon joints, instead of dowels or sewing. All of these ships are Austronesian. Archaeological evidence of lashed-lug ships from 1500 BCE to 1300 CE remains negligible due to

2604-574: The State of Yue , a Spring and Autumn period kingdom in Zhejiang to the north. This is because the royal family of Yuè fled to Fujian after its kingdom was annexed by the State of Chu in 306 BC. Mǐn is also the name of the main river in this area, but the ethnonym is probably older. The Qin deposed the King of Minyue, establishing instead a paramilitary province there called Minzhong Commandery. Minyue

2697-503: The Sui and Tang eras a large influx of migrants settled in Fujian. During the Sui dynasty, Fujian was again part of Yang Province . During the Tang, Fujian was part of the larger Jiangnan East Circuit , whose capital was at Suzhou . Modern-day Fujian was composed of around 5 prefectures and 25 counties. The Tang dynasty (618–907) oversaw the next golden age of China, which contributed to

2790-566: The Tagalog people to refer to the smallest discrete political units, which came to be the term used for native villages under the Spanish colonial period. The name of the boat was usually Hispanicized in Spanish and American records as barangayan (plural: barangayanes ) to distinguish them from the political unit. Among the Ibanag people of Northern Luzon , balangay were known as barangay ,

2883-665: The Wuyue Kingdom to the north as well, including the Min capital Fuzhou. Quanzhou city was blooming into a seaport under the reign of the Min Kingdom . Qingyuan Jiedushi was a military/governance office created in 949 by Southern Tang 's second emperor Li Jing for the warlord Liu Congxiao , who nominally submitted to him but controlled Quan ( 泉州 , in modern Quanzhou , Fujian) and Zhang ( 漳州 , in modern Zhangzhou , Fujian) Prefectures in de facto independence from

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2976-546: The sea trade ban , and the area was superseded by nearby ports of Guangzhou , Hangzhou , Ningbo and Shanghai despite the lifting of the ban in 1550. Large-scale piracy by Wokou was eventually wiped out by the Chinese military. An account of the Ming dynasty Fujian was written by No In (Lu Ren 鲁认 ). The Pisheya appear in Quanzhou Ming era records. The late Ming and early Qing dynasty symbolized an era of

3069-704: The sewn boat technique. However, the development of metallurgy in Maritime Southeast Asia in the last two thousand years resulted in the replacement of the sewing technique with internal dowels, as well as increasing use of metal nails. Early Scandinavian boats used lashings through cleats (lugs) on the hull planks to attach to the ribs of the boat. An example of this tradition is the Nydam boat , dated to 310-320 CE. This particular boat combined metal fastenings of planks, sewn planks and lashed cleats/lugs connecting to ribs. An earlier example (400-300 BCE),

3162-446: The " Pi-sho-ye " raiders described as regularly attacking Chinese settlements in the coast of Fujian in the 12th century AD. "They ( Visayans ) have many kinds of ships of very different designs and names for fighting their wars and making their voyages. Most of the ones they use for wars and raiding are small; they are called barangay . And if they are a little bigger, they are called biray . The latter are very long and narrow,

3255-748: The 1890s, the Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan via the Treaty of Shimonoseki after the First Sino-Japanese War . In 1905–1907 Japan made overtures to enlarge its sphere of influence to include Fujian. Japan was trying to obtain French loans and also avoid the Open Door Policy . Paris provided loans on condition that Japan respects the Open Door principles and does not violate China's territorial integrity. The Xinhai revolution overthrew

3348-494: The 2nd century BC. This was stopped by the Han dynasty as it expanded southward . The Han emperor eventually decided to get rid of the potential threat by launching a military campaign against Minyue. Large forces approached Minyue simultaneously from four directions via land and sea in 111 BC. The rulers in Fuzhou surrendered to avoid a futile fight and destruction and the first kingdom in Fujian history came to an abrupt end. Fujian

3441-527: The 7th to 10th centuries CE. The excavation of the Butuan Boats have faced major challenges. Having originally been discovered by treasure hunters , the early excavations of the site in the 1970s and 1980s suffered from poor written and photographic documentation and conservation measures. Excavation on Butuan Boats 5 and 9 have been suspended due to their poor conditions which necessitates further study on how to recover them without damage. As of 2022,

3534-457: The Butuan boats, are commonly equipped with large double-outriggers which support paddling and fighting platforms, in which case, they can be generically referred to as paraw or tilimbao (also tinimbao , from timbao , " outrigger "). Balangay warships, along with the larger karakoa , were regularly used for raiding ( mangayaw ) by Visayan warriors. It is believed that they may have been

3627-589: The Filipino today". In 2019, the Balangay Voyage team announced two more balangay ( Lahi ng Maharlika and Sultan sin Sulu ) will set sail on December 14, 2019, from Palawan to Butuan, then to Mactan to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the Battle of Mactan . The two boats will be temporarily renamed Raya Kolambu and Raya Siyagu. The Balangay Site Museum also known as "Balanghai Shrine Museum" houses

3720-468: The Hulushan culture ( 葫芦山文化 ) from 2050 to 1550 BC. Fujian was also where the kingdom of Minyue was located. The word "Mǐnyuè" was derived by combining "Mǐn" ( simplified Chinese : 闽 ; traditional Chinese : 閩 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : bân ), which is perhaps an ethnic name (simplified Chinese: 蛮 ; traditional Chinese: 蠻 ; pinyin: mán ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bân ), and " Yuè ", after

3813-588: The Masao River. The site was in Sitio Ambangan, Barrio Libertad within an older dried-up river channel, perhaps a former tributary of the Masao River. The number of boats discovered in the site has since increased to at least eleven. Each boat is named based on the order that they were discovered, not when they were excavated. Seven of the eleven balangays discovered ( Butuan Boats 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 9 ) have been excavated or are being excavated by

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3906-568: The Middle East, and China to identify remains of ships found in this region as being Austronesian. Despite this, some lashed-lug Austronesian shipwrecks have been misidentified as Indian or Chinese due to their cargo in the past. Non-Austronesian ships also later adopted lashed-lug techniques from contact with Austronesian traders, the most notable example being the Belitung shipwreck (c.830 CE). The oldest recovered lashed-lug ships include

3999-851: The Min Dong linguistic and cultural region of Northeastern Fujian. Hakka Chinese is also spoken, by the Hakka people in Fujian. Min dialects, Hakka and Standard Chinese are mutually unintelligible. Due to emigration, a sizable amount of the ethnic Chinese populations of Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines speak Southern Min (or Hokkien). With a population of 41.5 million, Fujian ranks 15th in population among Chinese provinces. In 2022, Fujian's GDP reached CN¥5.31 trillion (US$ 790 billion by nominal GDP), ranking 4th in East China region and 8th nationwide in GDP. Fujian's GDP per capita

4092-689: The National Museum. Only three of which ( Butuan Boats 1, 2, and 5 ) have been fully recovered and displayed. The wood used for the boats come from a variety of tree species, all of which are indigenous to the Philippines and neighboring regions in Southeast Asia. They were originally radiocarbon dated in the 1970s and 1980s, but the results (ranging from the 4th century CE to the 13th century CE) were too disparate for one site. More modern methods using accelerator mass spectrometry carbon-14 dating yielded more reliable results ranging from

4185-576: The Neolithic and Chalcolithic Age where semi-underground circular buildings were found in the lower level. The Huangtulun ( 黃土崙 ) site ( c.  1325 BC ), also in suburban Fuzhou, was of the Bronze Age in character. Tianlong Jiao (2013) notes that the Neolithic appeared on the coast of Fujian around 6,000 B.P. During the Neolithic, the coast of Fujian had a low population density, with

4278-423: The Qing dynasty and brought the province into the rule of the Republic of China . The anarchist Constitution Protection Region of Southern Fujian was established by Chen Jiongming from 1918 to 1920. Fujian briefly established the independent Fujian People's Government in 1933. It was re-controlled by the Republic of China in 1934. Fujian came under a Japanese sea blockade during World War II . After

4371-493: The Southern Tang state. (Zhang Prefecture was, at times during the circuit's existence, also known as Nan Prefecture ( 南州 ).) Starting in 960, in addition to being nominally submissive to Southern Tang, Qingyuan Circuit was also nominally submissive to Song , which had itself become Southern Tang's nominal overlord. After Liu's death, the circuit was briefly ruled by his biological nephew/adoptive son Liu Shaozi , who

4464-504: The Visayas. The karakoa , a large Visayan warship, was also a type of balangay. "Balangay" is a general term and thus applies to several different types of traditional boats in various ethnic groups in the Philippines . In common usage, it refers primarily to the balangay of the Visayas and Mindanao islands, which were primarily inter-island trading ships, cargo transports, and warships. Large balangay (especially warships), including

4557-652: The Western Jin dynasty. Like other southern provinces such as Guangdong , Guangxi , Guizhou , and Yunnan , Fujian often served as a destination for exiled prisoners and dissidents at that time. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties era, the Southern Dynasties ( Liu Song , Southern Qi , Liang ( Western Liang ), and Chen ) reigned south of the Yangtze River , including Fujian. During

4650-416: The balangays excavated on 320 AD. It is located at Sitio Ambangan, Barangay Libertad, Butuan . It also displays the cultural materials such as human and animal remains, hunting goods, jewelries, coffins, pots and other items associated to the boat. The shrine was built in 1979 after Felix A. Luna, a resident of the area, donated the land. In Butuan, Agusan del Norte , the annual Balanghai Festival celebrates

4743-408: The beginning of the second millennium CE, the number of dowels used to join hull planking increased and stitching ceased to be used. Consequently the terminology that was agreed upon for these construction techniques are "stitched-plank and lashed-lug" for the older method and "lashed-lug" alone for the later one. Lashed-lug techniques are different enough from the shipbuilding methods of South Asia,

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4836-471: The carved out planks edge-to-edge. The prow and stern posts were also composed of V-shaped ("winged") single carved pieces of wood. The strakes were made from heartwood taken from the section in between the softer sapwood and the pith of trees. Tree species favored include doongon ( Heritiera littoralis ), lawaan ( Shorea spp.), tugas ( Vitex parviflora ), and barayong ( Afzelia rhomboidea ), among others. The trees were traditionally cut on

4929-568: The combined fleets of Estevan and Don José Blanco defeated around forty Moro warships led by Prince Nune, the son of a sultan from Mindanao. Nune escaped, but hundreds of Moro raiders died in the skirmish and around a thousand more were stranded and hunted down in the mountains of Caramoan. The 1818 victory led to increased usage of defense fleets and the reduction of Moro raids to only sporadic attacks on isolated fishermen or smaller villages until their eventual suppression in 1896. Balangay were basically lashed-lug plank boats put together by joining

5022-642: The construction. The balangay was constructed at Manila Bay , at the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex . The Balangays, named Diwata ng Lahi , Masawa Hong Butuan , and Sama Tawi-Tawi , navigated without the use of modern instruments, and only through the skills and traditional methods of the Filipino Sama people. They journeyed from Manila Bay to the southern tip of Sulu , stopping off at numerous Philippine cities along

5115-445: The counterweights also allow them to travel in heavy seas because the ship is elevated above the level of the water, so the waves break against the counterweights and not against the boats. They have round sails like ours." "They have other ships they call birocos , these are much larger than the ones mentioned earlier, some capable of carrying 500 or 600 fanegas of wheat. They are also oared, but they are very long and are moored to

5208-443: The economy. The GDP per capita in Fujian is ranked 4-6th place among provinces of China in recent years. Development has been accompanied by a large influx of population from the overpopulated areas to Fujian's north and west, and much of the farmland and forest, as well as cultural heritage sites such as the temples of king Wuzhu, have given way to ubiquitous high-rise buildings. Fujian faces challenges to sustain development while at

5301-481: The end of the 11th century the descendants of a fisherman named Trần Kinh, whose hometown was in Tức Mạc village in Đại Việt (Modern day Vietnam), would marry the royal Lý clan, which was then founded the Vietnam Tran dynasty in 1225. In Vietnam, the Trần served as officials. The surnames are found in the Trần and Lý dynasty Imperial exam records. Chinese ethnic groups are recorded in Trần and Lý dynasty records of officials. Clothing, food, and languages were fused with

5394-438: The first four remain the most popular surnames in Fujian. Nevertheless, isolation from nearby areas owing to rugged terrain contributed to Fujian's relatively undeveloped economy and level of development, despite major population boosts from northern China during the "barbarian" rebellions. The population density in Fujian remained low compared to the rest of China. Only two commanderies and sixteen counties were established by

5487-586: The help of Sama-Bajau (Sama Dilaya) and other tribal members who retained the lashed-lug boat-building techniques which were mostly lost in other islands. The balangay's voyage traced the routes of Filipino Ancestors during the waves of Austronesian settlement through Maritime Southeast Asia and the Pacific. The special wood for construction came from the established traditional source in southern Philippines, specifically Tawi-Tawi . The team have pinpointed Sama-Bajau master boat builders, whose predecessors actually built such boats, and used traditional tools during

5580-403: The hull is built first by fitting strakes on each side of the keel edge-to-edge (to a total of six or more). The shaping of these strakes into the appropriate curvature ( lubag ) requires a skilled pandáy . They are locked in place with wooden dowels or pins ( treenails ) around 19 cm (7.5 in) long slotted into holes drilled into the edges of the strakes. Some sections may necessitate

5673-439: The hull watertight. The ends of the boat are capped with single pieces of carved Y-shaped wooden blocks or posts which are attached to the planks in the same way. Once the shell of the boat is completed, the ribs are then built and lashed to the lugs to further strengthen the structure of the ship, while still retaining the inherent flexibility of the outer hull. The outriggers , when present, are attached with similar lashings to

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5766-401: The invaluable contribution of their forefathers in shaping the country's maritime tradition and in passing on the values of solidarity, harmony, determination, courage and bravery. House Bill 6366 proposes that the Balangay should be the National Boat of the Philippines. In 2009, the Kaya ng Pinoy Inc. that conquered Mount Everest in 2006 announced plans to re-construct a balangay boat, with

5859-454: The keel is basically a dugout canoe (a bangka ) made from a single log. The keel is also known as a baroto which is the origin of one of the alternative names for balangay in the Visayas. The Butuan balangay boats differ from later balangay designs in that they do not have a true keel. Instead, they have a central plank fitted with three parallel lines of thin lugs which serve as additional attachment points for lashings. The outer shell of

5952-411: The lashed lug construction is accompanied by the stitching together of the edges of the hull planks. This is done in a characteristic way which contrasts with the edge-stitching of planks in, for instance, traditional Indian Ocean craft. Lashed lug construction has a sequence of individually tied stitches which pass through L-shaped holes cut from the plank edge to the inner face of the plank. The result

6045-448: The local Vietnamese in Vân Đồn district where the Chinese ethnic groups had moved after leaving their home province of what is now Fujian, Guangxi, and Guangdong. In 1172, Fujian was attacked by Pi-she-ye pirates from Taiwan or the Visayas , Philippines . After the establishment of the Yuan dynasty , Fujian became part of Jiangzhe province , whose capital was at Hangzhou . From 1357 to 1366 Muslims in Quanzhou participated in

6138-516: The lugs (also called "cleats" by some authors). These are a series of carved protrusions with holes bored into them on the inside surfaces of the planks which are then lashed tightly together with the lugs on the adjacent planks and to ribs using plaited fiber (usually rattan , coir , and other palm fibers). The seams of the planks were commonly caulked with resin -based pastes made from various plants as well as tapa bark and fibers which would expand when wet, further tightening joints and making

6231-434: The main hull. The smallest Austronesian boat (excluding rafts and dugout canoes) characteristically have five parts all put together using the lashed-lug technique. These consist of the dugout keel, two planks that form the strakes , and the end caps for the prow and the stern. Larger ships usually differed in the number of planks used for the strakes, but the construction techniques remain the same. In older arrangements,

6324-438: The maritime technology used by Austronesian peoples in their spread throughout the islands of the Indo-Pacific starting at 3000 to 1500 BCE. The oldest recovered remains of ships of lashed-lug construction is the Pontian boat of Malaysia dated to at around c.260–430 CE. The lashed-lug technique of Austronesians is considered to be very similar to that found in archaeological remains of some northern-European boats. This

6417-409: The modern barangay is pronounced "ba-rang-gay" in modern Filipino ( / b ɑːr ɑː ŋ ˈ ɡ aɪ / , instead of precolonial / b ɑːr ɑː ŋ ˈ aɪ / ). Pigafetta's alternate spelling with an H, balanghai , later gave rise to the historically incorrect neologism balanghay in the 1970s (with a new, slightly different pronunciation which Pigafetta did not intend). The term was also used by

6510-424: The noble class arrived in the province in the early 4th century when the Western Jin dynasty collapsed and the north was torn apart by civil wars and rebellions by tribal peoples from the north and west. These immigrants were primarily from eight families in central China : Chen ( 陈 ), Lin ( 林 ), Huang ( 黄 ), Zheng ( 郑 ), Zhan ( 詹 ), Qiu ( 邱 ), He ( 何 ), and Hu ( 胡 ). To this day,

6603-441: The old method used by the ancient mariners – steering by the Sun, the stars, the wind, cloud formations, wave patterns and bird migrations. Valdez and his team relied on the natural navigational instincts of the Badjao . Apart from the Badjao, Ivatan are also experts in using the boat. The organisers say that the voyage "aims to bring us back to the greatness of our ancestors and how colonialism robbed these away from us and produced

6696-532: The outbreak of the Red Turban Rebellion . Forces loyal to the eventual Ming dynasty founder Zhu Yuanzhang (Hongwu Emperor) defeated Chen in 1367. After the establishment of the Ming dynasty , Fujian became a province, with its capital at Fuzhou. In the early Ming era, Fuzhou Changle was the staging area and supply depot of Zheng He 's naval expeditions . Further development was severely hampered by

6789-491: The perishable nature of wooden vessels in the tropics. The Butuan boat burials (which total to eleven) are the single largest concentration of lashed-lug boat remains of the Austronesian boatbuilding traditions. The Butuan boats were found in association with large amounts of trade goods from China , Cambodia , Thailand ( Haripunjaya and Satingpra ), Vietnam , and as far as Persia , indicating they traded as far as

6882-504: The population depending on mostly on fishing and hunting, along with limited agriculture. There were four major Neolithic cultures in coastal Fujian, with the earliest Neolithic cultures originating from the north in coastal Zhejiang . There were two major Neolithic cultures in inland Fujian, which were highly distinct from the coastal Fujian Neolithic cultures. These are the Niubishan culture ( 牛鼻山文化 ) from 5000 to 4000 years ago, and

6975-639: The population predominantly identifies as Han , it is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse provinces in China. The dialects of the language group Min Chinese are most commonly spoken within the province, including the Fuzhou dialect and Eastern Min of Northeastern Fujian province and various Southern Min and Hokkien dialects of southeastern Fujian. The capital city of Fuzhou and Fu'an of Ningde prefecture along with Cangnan county-level city of Wenzhou prefecture in Zhejiang province make up

7068-697: The province of Cagayan in Northern Luzon, the balangay of the Ibanag people were predominantly used within the Cagayan River system, but were also sometimes used as coastal trade ships, reaching as far as the Ilocos Region . They were mainly used as cargo and fishing ships and differed from other balangay in being much smaller with a shallower draft. During the 18th to 19th centuries, balangay were also often used as warships for defending coastal villages from Moro and Dutch raiders during

7161-636: The rest of the ships which are yet to be excavated, remain in their original waterlogged condition which is proven to be the best way to preserve the said artifacts. The Butuan boats are the single largest concentration of lashed-lug boat remains of the Austronesian boatbuilding traditions . Similar shipwrecks found elsewhere in Southeast Asia include the Pontian boat ( c.  260–430 CE ) of Malaysia . The Butuan boats were found in association with large amounts of trade goods from China , Cambodia , Thailand ( Haripunjaya and Satingpra ), Vietnam , and as far as Persia , indicating they traded as far as

7254-443: The ribs and the planks, drawing the lashings even tighter as the distance between them is increased. Thwarts are then placed across the hull which are also lashed to corresponding tambuko on each side and covered with removable decking. Once completed, the hull usually measures around 15 m (49 ft) long and 4 m (13 ft) wide. The masts and outriggers ( katig or kate ) of the balangay boats were not preserved, which

7347-461: The same time preserving Fujian's natural and cultural heritage. The province is mostly mountainous and is traditionally said to be "eight parts mountain, one part water, and one part farmland" ( 八山一水一分田 ). The northwest is higher in altitude, with the Wuyi Mountains forming the border between Fujian and Jiangxi . It is the most forested provincial-level administrative region in China, with a 62.96% forest coverage rate in 2009. Fujian's highest point

7440-573: The sea in Austronesian cultures. Though the sewn boat technique (but not the lashed lugs) is also used for boats in the western Indian Ocean traditions, it differs in that the stitching in Austronesian boats are discontinuous and only visible from the inside of the hull. This indicates that the sewn boat techniques of the Indian Ocean and Austronesia are not culturally-linked and developed independent of each other. The planks of ancient Austronesian ships were originally joined together using only

7533-420: The settlement of Butuan via the balangay ships. Lashed-lug boat Lashed-lug construction has been used on a wide size range of vessels, from small craft, such as logboats that have had planks added to their sides to increase their freeboard, to large plank-built ships. It is found in traditional boats of Maritime Southeast Asia , Melanesia , Madagascar , Micronesia , and Polynesia . It forms part of

7626-439: The ship like ours, and are of a different design. These are the biggest of their boats; the rest are small and are called by many different names and have different designs and need not be described here because they are unimportant." In Tagalog regions, the balangay or barangay has the same functions as in the southern islands but differ in that it is constructed through the sewn-plank technique, rather than through dowels. In

7719-502: The single largest concentration of lashed-lug boat remains of the Austronesian boatbuilding traditions . They are found in association with large amounts of trade goods from East Asia, Southeast Asia, and as far as Persia, indicating they traded as far as the Middle East . Balangay were the first wooden watercraft excavated in Southeast Asia . Balangay are celebrated annually in the Balanghai Festival of Butuan. Balangay

7812-407: The smaller seating 50 and the larger ones 100, all of whom must row except the chief who is aboard the ship. The oars [sic] of these ships are a little more than a vara in length; their shafts are very well made. The oars are not fastened to the boat for rowing; instead the seated oarsmen ply gently with both hands. These vessels are extremely swift. They hold two or three banks of seated oarsmen on

7905-712: The surname Trần (陳) migrated to Vietnam from what is now Fujian or Guangxi. They settled along the coast of Vietnam and the capital's southeastern area. The Vietnamese Trần clan traces their ancestry to Trần Tự Minh (227 BC). He was a Qin General during the Warring state period who belonged to the indigenous Mân, a Baiyue ethnic group of Southern China and Northern Vietnam. Tự Minh also served under King An Dương Vương of Âu Lạc kingdom in resisting Qin 's conquest of Âu Lạc. Their genealogy also included Trần Tự Viễn (582 – 637) of Giao Châu and Trần Tự An (1010 - 1077) of Đại Việt. Near

7998-422: The use of internal dowels ("treenails") on the plank edges. Unlike carvel construction and in common with many early boat building methods, the shell of the boat is created first, prior to being fastened to the ribs. The seams between planks are also sealed with absorbent tapa bark and fiber that expands when wet or caulked with resin-based preparations. The most distinctive aspect of lashed-lug boats are

8091-408: The use of two or more planks for each strake. These are attached end-to-end using hooked scarf joints . Once the hull is assembled, it is left to season for a month or two. After the wood is seasoned, the hull is taken apart once again and checked. It is then reassembled in a stage known as sugi ("matching"). This involves fitting the strakes back together. Once fitted, the space between the strakes

8184-403: The way to promote the project. The journey around the country covered a distance of 2,108 nautical miles or 3,908 kilometers. The second leg of the voyage (2010–2011) saw the balangay boats navigate around South East Asia – Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Cambodia, Thailand and up to the territorial waters of Vietnam before heading back to the Philippines. The balangay was navigated by

8277-524: Was a de facto kingdom until one of the emperors of the Qin dynasty , the first unified imperial Chinese state, abolished its status. In the aftermath of the Qin dynasty's fall, civil war broke out between two warlords, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang . The Minyue king Wuzhu sent his troops to fight with Liu and his gamble paid off. Liu was victorious and founded the Han dynasty . In 202 BC, he restored Minyue's status as

8370-619: Was one of the first native words the Europeans learned in the Philippines . The Venetian chronicler Antonio Pigafetta , who was with Ferdinand Magellan when setting foot in the Philippines in 1521 called the native boats balangai or balanghai . This word appears as either balangay or barangay , with the same meaning, in all the major languages of the Philippines . Early colonial Spanish dictionaries make it clear that balangay and barangay were originally pronounced "ba-la-ngay" and "ba-ra-ngay", but due to centuries of Spanish influence,

8463-707: Was part of the much larger Yang Province (Yangzhou), whose provincial capital was designated in Liyang (歷陽; present-day He County, Anhui ). The Han dynasty collapsed at the end of the 2nd century AD, paving the way for the Three Kingdoms era. Sun Quan , the founder of the Kingdom of Wu , spent nearly 20 years subduing the Shan Yue people, the branch of the Yue living in mountains. The first wave of immigration of

8556-583: Was reorganized into the Fujian Circuit in 985, which was the first time the name "Fujian" was used for an administrative region. Many Chinese migrated from Fujian's major ports to Vietnam's Red River Delta . The settlers then created Trần port and Vân Đồn . Fujian and Guangdong Chinese moved to the Vân Đồn coastal port to engage in commerce. During the Lý and Trần dynasties , many Chinese ethnic groups with

8649-419: Was then overthrown by the officers Zhang Hansi and Chen Hongjin . Zhang then ruled the circuit briefly, before Chen deposed him and took over. In 978, with Song's determination to unify Chinese lands in full order, Chen decided that he could not stay de facto independent, and offered the control of the circuit to Song's Emperor Taizong , ending Qingyuan Circuit as a de facto independent entity. The area

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