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81-451: The eighth son of Devaki and Vasudeva , Krishna was born to fulfil the prophecy of slaying his tyrannical uncle and the king of Mathura , Kamsa . As soon as he was born in a prison with his parents, he asked his father to carry him to the region of Vraja , where he would spend his childhood among the cowherds, along with his brother, Balarama . In the settlement of Gokulam , he was raised by his foster-parents, Yashoda and Nanda . As

162-536: A concept of power, wisdom or illusionary maya . The second alternative understanding of the evident supremacy of Svayam Bhagavan in the Gita, is a popular view on Krishna being the highest and fullest Avatar of the Lord, Vishnu or Narayana. "The Bhagavad Gita depicts Krishna not only as Brahman but also as an 'Avatar of Vishnu' and the friend of Arjuna ." In summary in accordance with this view Svayam Bhagavan Krishna

243-698: A key sutra , not only to the Bhagavata Purana but to Vedanta and thus all the Vedas. According to the Upanishads it is believed that when Brahma, who is said to be the original created being, was approached by the sages, the Four Kumaras , he was presented with critical questions: – Who is the Supreme Lord? Who does death fear? – By knowing whom, does everything become realized? – Who

324-463: A second category, tad ekatma rupa (meaning: one that one and not different ). 'Svayam' as a term means not depending on others or being himself . In his instruction to Sanatana Goswami, at Kasi, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu explains the implications of the vadanti verse: "The word brahman refers to Svayam Bhagavan , who has one consciousness without a second, and without whom there is nothing else." (Gupta 2007, p 36). Rūpa Gosvāmī has described

405-403: A significant statement. Jiva Goswami has called it Paribhasa-sutra , the “thesis statement” upon which the entire book or even theology is based. In another place of the Bhagavata Purana 10.83.5–43 those who are named as wives of Krishna all explain to Draupadi how the 'Lord himself' ( Svayam Bhagavan , Bhagavata Purana 10.83.7) came to marry them. As they relate these episodes, several of

486-483: A subordination of the 'puravatara' Krishna to Vishnu. However, Vaishnava traditions do not adhere to the concept of Svayam Bhagavan with the same views as those who support the concept. To support their view they quote the 149th chapter of Anushāsanaparva in the epic Mahabharata , Bhishma which states, with Krishna present, that mankind will be free from all sorrows by chanting the Vishnu sahasranama , which are

567-412: A toddler, Krishna is best recognised for his tales of mischievous antics, such as stealing butter from the families of the cowherds of Gokulam. Butter is often interpreted as a metaphor for love in the traditions of Krishna-devotion, associated with its properties of non-quantifiability and abundance. The child Krishna also untethers cows, teases children, and expresses a disdain for social conventions. This

648-743: Is recognized as "the Lord whose being is sacrifice, Yajna Purusha " Some believe that thus this verse of the Rig Veda is a foundation of Vaishnava tradition. In the Gopala Tapani Upanishad the Rig Veda verse(1.22.20) was addressed paraphrasing the original of the Vedic hymn in accordance with the beliefs of the Gaudiya Vaishnava : It outlines a specific view held by the Gaudiya Vaishnava and Vallabha Sampradaya , that

729-565: Is a Sanskrit concept in Hinduism , referring to the absolute representation of Bhagavan (the title "Lord" or "God") as the Supreme God in a monotheistic framework. The concept is most commonly (but not always) associated with a male deity, for instance in Hindu sub-movements like Krishnaism and Gaudiya Vaishnavism , in which Krishna is regarded as Svayam Bhagavan. As stated in

810-428: Is a common view that Bhagavad Gita was propounding Krishna-theism before first major proponents of monism . Other pervading understandings of the position of Svayam Bhagavan asserted in the Gita are connected to, non-Krishna-centered, traditions. One tradition follows predominately the views of Sankaracharya commentary on Brahma Sutras and is referred as maya-vad which justifies Svayam Bhagavan supremacy by

891-608: Is a divine figure with attributed supremacy in Vaishnavism. The theological interpretation of svayam bhagavān differs with each tradition, and the literal translation of the term has been understood in several distinct ways. Translated from the Sanskrit language , the term literally means " Bhagavan Himself" or "directly Bhagavan". Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition often translates it within its perspective as primeval Lord or original Personality of Godhead ; it also considers

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972-452: Is according to Pancaratra is at the source of creation. Pancaratra sources are accepted by all of Vaishnava traditions, and confirmed by Yamunacarya who preceding in the line of Ramanuja , summarizing in his Agamapramanya , a defense of the revelation of the tantric Vaishnava Pancaratra, defending whole body of the texts being part of the Veda: "The Pancadratra Tantra is authoritative like

1053-564: Is also a view of Gaudiya Vaishnavas that Sanatana Goswamis Brihad Bhagavatamrita , has illustrated this principle, not just in terms of comparative cosmology or avatara hierarchy as in Vaishnava Pancaratra, but also in terms of cosmology of adi-rasa . The cosmological principle of the four dhamas (with a separate place for the last two: Vaikuntha – abode of Vishnu or Narayana , tad-ekatma rupa , in transcendence, and Goloka as abode of Svayam Bhagavan in transcendence)

1134-552: Is also perceived and understood from an eclectic assortment of perspectives and viewpoints. When Krishna is recognized to be Svayam Bhagavan , it can be understood that this is the belief of Gaudiya Vaishnavism , the Vallabha Sampradaya , and the Nimbarka Sampradaya , where Krishna is accepted to be the source of all other avatars, and the source of Vishnu himself. This belief is drawn primarily from

1215-508: Is among the highest and fullest of all Avatars and is considered to be the " paripurna avatara ", complete in all respects and the same as the original. According to them Krishna is described in the Bhagavata Purana as the purnavatara (complete manifestation) of Bhagavan, while other incarnations are called partial. "Krishna being Bhagavan; the mind of man 'centred intensely', whatever the motive and however ignorant it might be,

1296-510: Is centred in Him."(p. 334) Generally there is a universal acceptance of the uniqueness of Krishna incarnation throughout Hinduism , as well as the principles involved in His life and personality for which He has been described as Svayam Bhagavan . There is an element of countenance in many Krishna centered traditions to the subordination of Krishna to Vishnu. The reasons for that are given that it

1377-474: Is considered to be the purna-avatara (full incarnation) of Vishnu or, according to some, the universal Narayana who transcends even Brahman . Supremacy or a concept of originality is often referred to in the words of Krishna himself, as for example, the theologian Abhinavagupta , in another tradition of Hinduism, introduces a quotation from the Bhagavad-gita of 'I', Krishna referencing Himself as

1458-462: Is devoid of inauspicious or evil qualities. As the etymology of Bhagavān is perfectly illustrated in the Vishnu Purana, referring to the Vishnu Purana on who is Bhagavan too is perfect. Vishnu Purana clearly states that Bhagavan denotes none but Vāsudeva alias Narayana - Krishna . Svayam means Himself, thus Svayam Bhagavān refers to one who is Bhagavān (Vāsudeva) Himself. As Śrī Kr̥ṣṇa,

1539-633: Is himself Narayana. Narayana is often identified with supreme, however, when his beauty and sweetness (madhurya) overshadow his majesty, he is known as Krishna , i.e. Svayam Bhagavan . As Friedhelm Hardy says, the concept of Bhagavan, "a single, all-powerful, eternal, personal and loving God ... is an empty slot, to be filled by concrete characteristics" and these characteristics culminate in Krishna. In Gaudiya Vaishnava , Vallabha Sampradaya Nimbarka sampradaya and old Bhagavata school, Krishna believed to be fully represented in his original form in

1620-673: Is no worshipable temple of the Hindus in New York, although in India there are so many American missionary establishments and churches. Devaki Devaki ( Sanskrit : देवकी, IAST : Devakī ) is a character in Hindu literature , most noted for being the mother of the god Krishna . She is one of the seven daughters of Devapa or Devaka, a king of the Yadu dynasty , and has four brothers. She

1701-399: Is often interpreted as a part of his līlā , his divine play in which he intimately interacts with the world around him. Bala Krishna is also said to have performed a number of miraculous acts. His tyrannical uncle, Kamsa, hearing of his birth, sent a number of malicious asuras and beasts to murder him, but all of their efforts were foiled. Putana , a shapeshifting demoness, was killed when

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1782-493: Is one of the rare temples where the stories of the Puranas are carved on the walls of the temple and its rajagopuram . The Udupi Sri Krishna Matha is also a notable site that contains a murti of Bala Krishna. According to regional legend, it is believed to have been transported by sea from Dvaraka . It is also regarded to be the same image that was venerated by the chief queen of Krishna , Rukmini . The saint Madhvacharya

1863-412: Is one of the wives of Vasudeva . Her cousin is Kamsa , the king of Mathura, a cruel tyrant who had been told by Narada that he had been an asura killed by Vishnu in his previous life ( Kalanemi ), exacerbating his wickedness. According to popular tradition, Devaki is considered to be an incarnation of Aditi , a mother goddess who was the daughter of Daksha and the wife of Kashyapa . During

1944-404: Is regarded to have placed the image that is observed by pilgrims to this day. The sacred lamps at this statue of Bala Krishna regarded to have been recovered from the sea in the 14th century were said to have been lit by Madhvacharya himself and are being always kept alight, and that is for the last 700 years. At the very beginning of his work to establish Hindu Krishna temples in the west,

2025-461: Is that person, who is behind the repetition of the creation of this Universe? His own original or sweet form, Sva-bimbaṁ is not manifested very often in the Universe, loka-locanam . Gaudiya Vaishnavas quote sources that claim that it happens only once in a kalpa (universal day of Brahma ), which consists of fourteen manvantaras , each having seventy-one divya-yugas . To answer

2106-462: Is the sum of all “noble attributes”—i.e. omniscient, omnipotent, omnipresent, and all-merciful, all qualities attributed to Vishnu by all Vaishavas. According to South Indian traditions he is also advitya (Sanskrit meaning without rival). To such Vaishnavas, Shiva , Brahma , and the other gods of the Hindu pantheon are viewed as Brahman's agents or servants , created and commissioned by him. Some Vaishnavas consider them to be or see that they have

2187-552: Is the key concept of Krishnaism . Gaudiya is one of the main traditions worshiping Radha Krishna that developed this concept. Primary theology of Caitanyaite or Gaudiya traditions is based and presented in Bhagavata Purana and Caitanya Caritamrita . Svayam in Svayam rupa does not imply one and only, and all conceptions by previous Vaishnava traditions, according to the Gaudiya Vaishnavas beliefs, fall under

2268-499: Is the key of the graphical presentation, but it is also an answer to the dilemma. In accordance with the cosmology of the Brihad Bhagavatamrita Krishna is believed being the original and most complete in all rasas or tastes is in fact not engaged and non engaging, is his independence, he does not even, at least in this his original form, carry symbols of Viṣṇu , he only carries his own flute, and that

2349-467: Is the pleasure of his devotees. The form of Narayana is linked with the concept of sacrifice in the earliest known references to him. In Vedic sources such as the Purusha sukta , Narayana is given as the name of the self-offering of the great cosmic sacrifice of the Rig Veda . Narayana is not mentioned in Rig Veda itself, but came to be regarded as the seer who authored the hymn . It is possible that

2430-412: Is the ultimate source from which Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva and Prakriti originate. He is Svayam Bhagavan while other incarnation are his partial manifestations. The comments of Sridhara Svami (an early Sankara sect commentator), bring out uniqueness of Krishna. According to him Krishna is perfect as all potencies are observed to be full in him. In Atharvavedasamhita , Krishna is described as having slain

2511-427: Is used there exclusively to designate Krishna, there being conflicting semantics or other usages in the Bhagavata Purana. Traditions of Gaudiya Vaishnavas , the Nimbarka Sampradaya and followers of Vallabha consider him to be the source of all avatars , and the source of Vishnu and Narayana . As such, he is therefore regarded as Svayam Bhagavan . Though Krishna is recognized as Svayam Bhagavan by many, he

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2592-461: Is written." While some place Krishna-centered worship as Svayam Bhagavan in the medieval times of Indian history, there is some evidence suggesting the opposite. In antiquity Krishna images were worshiped at many places. Quoting Curtius, Dr. D.C. Sircar says that an image of Herakles (i.e. Vasudeva-Krishna according to Sircar) was being carried in front of the Paurava army, as it advanced against

2673-637: The svayaṁ-rūpa in his Laghu-bhāgavatāmṛta : "The form of the Supreme Personality of Godhead that does not depend on other forms is called svayaṁ-rūpa , the original form." The tad-ekātma-rūpa forms are also described in the Laghu-bhāgavatāmṛta "The tad-ekātma-rūpa forms simultaneous to svayaṁ-rūpa form and are non-different. At the same time by their bodily features and specific activities they appear to be different." Two best known Vedic descriptions of

2754-555: The Bhagavata Purana , Vishnu appeared before Vasudeva and Devaki in his divine original four-armed form before being born as Krishna. After worshipping Vishnu, Vasudeva and Devaki asked him to conceal his heavenly appearance. Vishnu complied by changing into his infant form of Krishna. Svayam Bhagavan is a term most often used in Gaudiya Vaishnava and other Krishna-centered theologies, and that title

2835-642: The Arthashastra of Kautilya , when Vāsudeva, as the son of Vasudeva , was worshipped as the supreme deity in a strongly monotheistic format, where the Supreme Being was perfect, eternal, and full of grace. The veneration of Bala Krishna is included as a part of the various forms of worship that culminated with the worship of Krishna as the Svayam Bhagavan in various schools of Vaishnavism . The monotheistic tradition of Bhagavatism , and

2916-615: The Bhagavad-gita states that this bhakti-yoga is secretive: - "Just hear from Me again about the most confidential part of the instructions in Bhagavad-gītā ." It is also described as such in Bhagavata Purana Vaishnavas of ISKCON often stress their view that in both cases Krishna is speaking about himself, aham and me in Sanskrit mean, I am and Me respectively. While some commentators derive secondary meanings, all major Sanskrit dictionary accept that

2997-413: The Bhagavata Purana 's story of Manigriva and Nalakuvara . The sons of Kubera , the god of wealth, these brothers are described to have once caroused with maidens at Shiva's mountain pleasure garden, when the divine sage, Narada , appeared. While the girls respectfully covered themselves, the brothers ignored him, their arrogance caused by their great wealth. This prompted Narada to curse them to take

3078-455: The Bhagavata Purana , that at the end of the list of avataras concludes with the following text: All of the above-mentioned incarnations are either plenary portions or portions of the plenary portions of the Lord, but Sri Krishna is the original Personality of Godhead ( Svayam Bhagavan ). Not all commentators on the Bhagavata Purana stress this verse, however a majority of Krishna-centered and contemporary commentaries highlight this verse as

3159-602: The Gaudiya guru Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada wanted to establish a prominent temple in New York City dedicated to Bala Krishna, even before starting ISKCON . He wrote the following to one of his supporters in India: I think therefore that a temple of Bala Krishna in New York may immediately be started for this purpose. And as a devotee of Lord Bala Krishna, you should execute this great and noble work. Till now there

3240-797: The Goa Inquisition they were taken to Mayem in Bicholim and from there shifted to the present location at Mashel . The garbhagriha (inner sanctum) of the temple has an idol of Devaki and Krishna. The idol of Devaki is in standing posture holding baby Krishna with her left hand. Mata Devaki is worshipped separately in a small temple dedicated to her inside the Dwarkadhish temple complex in Dwarka, Gujarat. Svayam bhagavan Svayam Bhagavan ( Sanskrit : स्वयं भगवान् , romanized :  Svayaṁ-Bhāgavan ; roughly: "God Itself")

3321-833: The Wayback Machine are among quoted works by Jiva Goswami , "Vaishnavas don't argue among themselves if Krishna or Vishnu is the Supreme. They consider it a matter of one's relationship with the Lord. Someone has a relationship with Vishnu, someone with Rama, someone with Krishna, etc. as per rasa theology." In the Caitanya Caritamrita Chaitanya discusses this in a joking mood with Venkatta Bhatta from Sri sampradaya . While Pustimarga tradition predates Gaudiya Vaisnavism in Radha worship. When Chaitanya traveled through South India in 1509-10, he stayed at

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3402-550: The "famous statement" of the Bhagavatam (1.3.28). A different viewpoint differing from this theological concept is the concept of Krishna as an avatar of Narayana or Vishnu. It should be however noted that although it is usual to speak of Vishnu as the source of the avatars, this is only one of the names of the God of Vaishnavism, who is also known as Narayana, Vasudeva-Krishna, and just Krishna, and behind each of those names there

3483-535: The Gaudiyas, falls under category of tad-ekātma-rūpa , According to the Gaudiya Vaishnava interpretation, it is also confirmed in the Bhagavad-gītā (7.7), which says, mattaḥ parataraṁ nānyat : "There is no truth superior to Me." Where Krishna is 'bhagavan' himself, whose partial manifestations are the other gods. This idea is reflected in the Bhagavata Purana . The Brahma Vaivarta Purana tells us Krishna

3564-687: The Greeks led by Alexander the Great ( The Cultural Heritage of India , vol. 4. p. 115) An interesting terracotta plaque showing Vasudeva carrying the infant Krishna over his head across the flooded Yamuna river, belonging to c. first century is housed in the Mathura Museum. A Mora stone inscription of about the same time refers to some images of Bhagavata Vrshni Panchaviras, Sankarshana, Vasudeva, Pradyumna, Samba and Aniruddha – which were very beautifully carved in stone. A Gupta period research makes

3645-704: The Krishna-centered theology, Gaudiya Vaishnavas and followers of the Vallabha Sampradaya and Nimbarka Sampradaya, use the Gopala Tapani Upanishad , Vedanta Sutras and other Hindu scriptures such as the Bhagavata Purana as in verse 1.3.28 and the Brahma Vaivarta Purana , among others, to support their view that Krishna is indeed the Svayam Bhagavan . This belief was summarized by the 16th century author Jiva Goswami in some of his works, such as Krishna-sandarbha . In

3726-646: The Madhya lila of the Chaitanya charitamrita a presentation is given, with a reference to the particular verse of the tenth canto of Bhagavata Purana as to the reason why Lakshmi also known as Sri (thus the name of Sri Sampradaya) is burning with desire and still not capable of entering to the realm of Vrindavana . Prabodhananda Sarasvati who was a Sri Sampradaya sannyasi was converted as to supreme position of Radha-Krishna being Svayam Bhagavan instead of Lakshmi-Narayana. He as well apparently came to appreciate

3807-423: The Vedic sentences ordaining sacrifice on the grounds that it is based on knowledge free from all defects". Amalananda, also defends Pancaratra and while confirming that Agamas do not have the same self-authenticating validity, as the four Vedas, but the authenticity of it assured because Veda bear witness to the omniscience of Vasudeva . This position also forms the basis of Bhagavata Purana based theology. It

3888-449: The baby Krishna sucked her life from her by taking the poisoned breast she offered him. Another asura named Bakasura assumed the form of a crane or a stork and attempted to swallow Krishna, but he was slain instead when the deity broke his beak. When Aghasura , assuming the form of a snake, swallowed Krishna and his friends, the deity grew to a massive size within him, slaying him. Some of his legends are associated with liberation, as in

3969-555: The concept as for example followers of the Swaminarayan Sampraday believe that Lord Narayana manifested himself as Swaminarayan . This view is only supported within their particular tradition. Some early schools of thought, such as Pancaratra in particular, refer to Vasudeva-Krishna (Krishna, the son of Vasudeva) as the source of all incarnations and as no different from the ultimate and absolute reality, and as non-distinct from Vasudeva and any other manifestations of

4050-531: The conclusion of Vishnu worship is meditation on gopa-rupah or specific form of Krishna. The Krishna Upanishad supports this conclusion of Gopala Tapani, and refers to the original "the most divine form of bliss dwells in the supremacy of love of Lord Krishna", saksad , Hari as gopa-rüpa . (1.10-12): Gaudiya Vaishnava believe that Krishna possesses qualities that are absent in other forms and they relate to his sweetness in Vrindavana lila . Krishna

4131-566: The creation are purusha sukta and nasadiya sukta . One hymn addresses to Vishvakarma, The one who makes all. To beliefs of Vaishnavas , the Visvakarma Sukta of Rig Veda (10.82) refers to Garbhodakasayi Viṣṇu indirectly as the Supreme God: The waters verily first retained the embryo in which all the gods were aggregated, single deposited on the navel of the unborn (ajah), in which all beings abide. and according to

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4212-586: The cults of Gopala Krishna , Radha Krishna , and Vasudeva-Krishna , form the basis of the current tradition of Krishnaism, as well as Krishna in mainstream Vaishnavism. A prominent historical site dedicated to the veneration of Bala Krishna is the Balakrishna temple in Hampi , built by the Vijayanagara ruler Krishnadevaraya in 1513 CE. The main altar of this temple is dedicated to Bala Krishna, and it

4293-459: The deity before they returned to their abode. In one of his most popular legends, Krishna's playmates are said to have accused him of eating mud to Yashoda. When Yashoda started to scold him, Krishna denied this claim, and opened his mouth wide so that she could see for herself. Yashoda witnessed a cosmic vision of all matter within his mouth, observing space, the cardinal directions, earth and its islands, oceans, and mountains, constellations,

4374-505: The direct meaning of aham and me , refers to Krishna himself. When Gaudiya Vaishnavas present their views on Krishna being Svayam Bhagavan , they present a number of perspectives some include comparison with other forms such as Vishnu, that are considered supreme in other sampradayas. The Bhagavat Sandarbha Archived 16 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine and the Tattva Sandabha Archived 16 February 2011 at

4455-462: The eighth child of Devaki would become Kamsa's death, and deliver the land from his wickedness. Angered, Kamsa rose to kill Devaki, but was stopped by Vasudeva, who promised to give each child to Kamsa, whom he would subsequently kill. Devaki and Vasudeva were imprisoned by Kansa due to the paranoia that had taken root in the tyrant's mind. Her six children were killed, while the seventh Balarama survived after being transferred by divine will into

4536-517: The focus of the medieval devotional cults that started to develop into a number of movements in medieval India. The worship of Bala Krishna, the divine child, while a significant feature of the Krishna religion, often receives less attention, despite being one of the most popular deities of Krishna in many parts of India today. Early evidence of such worship can be found or as early as the 4th century BCE, according to evidence in Megasthenes and in

4617-472: The forms of two motionless trees until they were freed by Krishna. Once, in order to prevent her son from causing further mischief, Yashoda tied him up to a grinding mortar. The child Krishna was still able to crawl away, and found himself being wedged between two arjuna trees . His waist tethered to the mortar behind him, Krishna pulled, uprooting the trees. Freed from Narada's curse, Manigriva and Nalakuvara assumed their true forms, and offered their obeisance to

4698-468: The four Kumaras, Brahma needed to relate this secret word of the seed mantra. And this is believed to be the answer to the question, who is supreme god and how he creates this world. Brahma replied to the sages: "Krisna is the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Death fears Govinda. By knowing Gopijanavallabha everything becomes realized. By pronouncing the word "svaha" the Personality of Godhead created

4779-486: The giant Kesi, Keshava. The Kaustiki Brahmana (30.9) alludes to Krishna Angirasa, who is an object of evening ceremony in connection with Brahmanaacchamsin priest. The Aitareya Aranyaka speaks of two Krishnas of Harita Gotra. However the south Indian Vaishnavism makes very little stress on Krishna and altogether ignored Radha in contrast with the other traditions. To the views of the Gaudiya Sampradaya,

4860-513: The heavens. Devaki and Vasudeva's imprisonment came to an end after Kamsa's death. Devaki, upon hearing how Krishna restored his Guru Sandipani 's son, wished to see her own children. Krishna acceded her request and brought the children to Devaki from Patala . She nursed them with her milk and they attained heaven. After the passing of Vasudeva after the Yadu massacre , Devaki cremated herself on Vasudeva's pyre, performing sati , along with his other wives, Rohini, Bhadra, and Madira. In

4941-508: The highest Self who transcends the perishable and imperishable. The Sri Vaishnavas identify Vishnu with the Brahman, while Krishna-centered traditions will associate Para Brahman with Krishna as Svayam Bhagavan. According to Ramanujacharya , Brahman is personal . Indeed, he is the supreme person, creator and Lord, who leads souls to salvation. Far from having no (positive) attributes, as some Advaita Vedanta followers maintain, Brahman

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5022-531: The house of Venkata Bhatta, the father of Gopala Bhatta , priest of Srirangam . Venkata and his two brothers, Gopala's uncles Trimalla and Prabodhananda Sarasvati "were converted from their Sri Vaishnava faith in Lakshmi - Narayana as supreme to one in Radha Krishna " as Svayam Bhagavan. The dialog of this conversion is recorded in 16 c. Caitanya Caritamrita biography by Krishna dasa Kaviraja . In

5103-502: The mind, the elements, and finally also herself in his gaping mouth, leaving her bewildered. In his iconography, he is often depicted as a small child crawling on his hands, and knees or dancing with a piece of butter in his hand. In the Bhagavad Gita , one interpretation speculates Krishna teaching a universal monotheistic religion, a revelation of him being the Svayam Bhagavan . The childhood episodes of Krishna's legend became

5184-721: The most perfect descent (avatāra) of Narayana (Vāsudeva), He is no different from the latter, and hence, the Bhāgavata states kr̥ṣṇastu bhagavān svayam – Kr̥ṣṇa is the Supreme, Blessed Lord (Nārāyaṇa) Himself. Early commentators of Bhagavata Purana such as Madhvacharya translated the term Svayam Bhagavan as "he who has bhagavata "; meaning "he who has the quality of possessing all good qualities". Others have translated it simply as "the Lord Himself". Followers of Vishnu-centered sampradayas of Vaishnavism rarely address this term, but believe that it refers to their belief that Krishna

5265-435: The nuptials of Vasudeva and Devaki following the former's wedding with his bride's six older sisters, Vishnu picked a lock of hair from his mount Shesha as well as his own, proclaiming that they would take be born as Devaki's seventh and eighth children, respectively. After the marriage ceremony, Kamsa volunteered to escort the newly-weds to Mathura and drove their chariot. A celestial voice, an aśarīrī , prophesied that

5346-584: The passing from the world of nirapeksa or unflinching devotees. Baladeva Vidyabhusana , in his commentary on Gopala Tapani Upanishad states: Glory to the Gopala Tapani Upanishad , which to the pious reveals Lord Krishna, the original Personality of Godhead, the Supersoul near to all moving and unmoving creatures. The word used is krsna svayam isvaram , the paraphrase of the Bhagavata Purana verse 1.3.28 that Jiva Goswami has called

5427-579: The sage who composed the Purusha Sukta hymn has been assimilated to the Purusha whose praise he had sung, and he himself became the object of worship. Mentions of a divine sage named Narayana, along with counterpart Nara , appears in many Puranic texts. Purusha is also identified with Vishnu in the Rig Veda and interpreted accordingly by many traditions of Vaishnavism . In the Bhagavata he

5508-408: The same status that of angels have in the western religious traditions. “The entire complex of intelligent and non-intelligent beings – is viewed as real and constitutes the form, i. e., the body of the highest Brahman”. A soul-body relationship, according to Ramanujacharya, is “entirely subordinate” to its soul, having no independent reality or value. However Ramanujacharya himself did not stress

5589-449: The six attributes of the Lord – aiśvaryam (wealth), vīryam (valour), jñānam (wisdom), balam (prowess), śaktī (power) and tejas (splendour). Thus, Bhaga-vān means the possessor of the six divine qualities, ṣadguṇa . Another interpretation of Bhagavān as per Viṣṇu Purāṇa is bha denotes aiśvaryam and vīryam, ga denotes jñānam and balam and va denotes śaktī and tejas, and an which is etymoligically na , means 'none', symbolising that he

5670-590: The sixth book of the Hindu epic Mahābhārata , the Bhishma Parva (where the Bhagavad Gita is part of), Krishna offers numerous quotations that reaffirm the belief that he himself is the Svayam Bhagavan . Verse 7.7 of the Bhagavad Gita, is often used to support the opinion that Krishna himself is the Svayam Bhagavan , and that no impersonal form of Brahman supersedes his existence, as it

5751-401: The state of Goa , Devaki Krishna Sansthan temple is a unique temple, perhaps is the only temple in India where Krishna is worshiped alongside mother Devaki. The main deity Devakikrishna and affiliate deities of Bhumika Devi, Laxmi Ravalnath, Mallinath, Katyayani, Chodaneshwar and Dhada Shankar were originally located at Choodamani island ( Chorão island of today). To avoid persecution during

5832-511: The supremacy of Radha worship from Caitanya. The view of South Indian Vaishnava groups on sarga , or subtle creation, is based upon scriptural adherence to Narayana or Vishnu being the cause of creation expanding into Viraja and then Maha-Viṣṇu glancing over pradhana , and that is the start of actual function of creation. This view is not contradicted by Krishna-centered Vashnavism and does not appear to be in contradiction with Svayam Bhagavan who as Vasudeva (son of Vasudeva, Krishna)

5913-457: The supreme self. The term Krishnaism has been used to describe the cults of Krishna, reserving the term "Vaishnavism" for cults focusing on Vishnu in which Krishna is an Avatar, rather than a transcended being. "Greater Krishnaism" corresponds to the second and dominant phase of Vaishnavism, revolving around the cults of Vasudeva , Krishna, and Gopala . Today the faith has a significant following outside of India as well. Supremacy of Krishna

5994-512: The terms such as Supreme Personality of Godhead and Supreme God as an equivalent to the term Svayam Bhagavan , and may also choose to apply these terms to Vishnu, Narayana and many of their associated avatars . 'Bhagavān', to be understood, is split into Bhaga and vān . vān and mān are Sanskrit male-denoting words, meaning 'possessor of' which are used as a suffix to nouns like Bhaga (blessed attributes), Śrī (splendour), Kīrti (fame) etc. Thus, Bhaga, as per Viṣṇu Purāṇa, refers to

6075-462: The thousand names of the all-pervading supreme being Vishnu, who is the master of all the worlds, supreme over the devas and who is one with Brahman. This seems to indicate that Krishna is identical with Vishnu. Indeed, Krishna himself said, "Arjuna, one may be desirous of praising by reciting the thousand names. But, on my part, I feel praised by one shloka . There is no doubt about it.” Many Vaishnava schools have different interpretation of

6156-556: The uterus of Rohini , one of the other wives of Vasudeva. Devaki's six dead sons were named Kírttimat, Sushena, Udayin, Bhadrasena, Rijudasa, and Bhadradeha. According to the Harivamsa , they were the reincarnations of the sons of the asura Kalanemi . They had performed intense austerities to worship the creator deity Brahma , unbeknownst to their own grandfather, Hiranyakashipu . The latter, furious at their actions, cursed them to be born on earth and be slain by Kansa, who himself

6237-516: The very same day, and returned to the cell. When Kamsa stormed into the chamber after the spell had worn out, he deduced that Devaki had given birth to a girl. Devaki protested against the killing of the daughter of Nanda and Yashoda , but Kamsa hurled her against a rock, recognising that the gender of his prophesied slayer had not been specified. Yashoda's daughter transformed into an eight-armed goddess, and stated, "Fool, your destroyer has already been born elsewhere." She subsequently vanished into

6318-403: The wives speak of themselves as Krishna's devotees. Many Krishna-centered traditions believe that Svayam Bhagavan personally carries his unalloyed devotees ( vahamy aham ) like a husband carries his bride across the threshold into the house of prema bhakti . Badarayana Vyasa says in his Brahma Sutras , visesam ca darsayati , implying that the scripture declares a difference with regard to

6399-517: The world. In the wider context of the Bhagavata's total perspective, Krishna is "not one among many but the Lord himself". Sanat-Kumara Samhita confirms the belief that this Kama Gayatri is the foundational structure of the Goloka , believed to be the abode of Krishna, who is the original Vaasudeva: "In the whorl of the lotus flower which is Lord Krishna's transcendental abode, the Gopala mantra

6480-449: Was a form of their father. Devaki soon mothered Balarama through the surrogacy of Rohini. When Devaki delivered Krishna, he revealed his divine form to his parents, and ordered Vasudeva to take him to Gokulam , placing all the prison guards under a spell of slumber, so that Kamsa would not realise that his prophesied killer had been born. Vasudeva swapped Krishna with Yogamaya , the daughter who had been born to Nanda and Yashoda on

6561-480: Was the easiest way to accommodate Krishna's human story within the composite Vaishnava theological perspective. These "core texts assert and defend the ultimacy of Krishna's identity". However inclusion of Krishna in the list of avataras does not necessarily subordinate him to Vishnu as one of the latter's expansions. Early authors, such as 12th century Jayadeva considered dasavatara to be principal incarnations of Krishna, rather than Vishnu. The prime supporters of

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