Misplaced Pages

#178821

59-792: The Balboa Pier was constructed in 1906 as a sister project of the Balboa Pavilion . The Newport Bay investment Company wanted to attract lot buyers to an undeveloped spit of sandy land now called the Balboa Peninsula. In order to do so, they built both the Balboa Pavilion and the Balboa Pier. These two structures were built to coincide with the opening of the southern terminus of the Pacific Electric Railway Red Car line from Long Beach to

118-488: A 1975 PBS tribute to Hammond but remained at a distance. In the 1980s, after the death of Alice Goodman, Hammond and Goodman reconciled. On June 25, 1985, Goodman appeared at Avery Fisher Hall in New York City for "A Tribute to John Hammond". Goodman was regarded by some as a demanding taskmaster, by others as an arrogant and eccentric martinet. Many musicians spoke of "The Ray", the glare that Goodman directed at

177-435: A bebop band for over a year, he returned to his swing band because he concluded that was what he knew best. In 1953, he said, "Maybe bop has done more to set music back for years than anything ... Basically it's all wrong. It's not even knowing the scales ... Bop was mostly publicity and people figuring angles." In 1949 he studied with clarinetist Reginald Kell , requiring a change in technique: "instead of holding

236-859: A clarinet and bust you across your head with it". In 1962, the Benny Goodman Orchestra toured the Soviet Union as part of a cultural exchange program between the two nations after the Cuban Missile Crisis and the end of that phase of the Cold War ; both visits were part of efforts to normalize relations between the United States and the USSR. Members of the band included Jimmy Knepper , Jerry Dodgion, and Turk Van Lake (Vanig Hovsepian). Bassist Bill Crow published

295-554: A classical pianist. She sometimes performed in concert with him, beginning when she was sixteen. Goodman and Hammond had disagreements from the 1930s onwards. For the 1939 Spirituals to Swing concert Hammond had placed Charlie Christian into the Kansas City Six to play before Goodman's band, which had angered Goodman. They disagreed over the band's music until Goodman refused to listen to Hammond. Their arguments escalated, and in 1941 Hammond left Columbia. Goodman appeared on

354-413: A discerning listening audience. It was the start of jazz being recognized as an art form on a par with classical music." Recordings of the concert were made, but even by the technology of the day the equipment used was not of the finest quality. These recordings were made on acetate , and aluminum studio masters were cut. The idea of recording the concert came from Albert Marx, a friend of Goodman's, for

413-688: A large family, they moved to the Maxwell Street neighborhood, an overcrowded slum near railroad yards and factories that was populated by German, Irish, Italian, Polish, Scandinavian, and Jewish immigrants. Money was a constant problem. On Sundays, his father took the children to free band concerts in Douglass Park , which was the first time Goodman experienced live professional performances. To give his children some skills and an appreciation for music, his father enrolled ten-year-old Goodman and two of his brothers in music lessons, from 1919, at

472-529: A life sentence." He was generous and funded several college educations, though always secretly. When a friend asked him why, he said, "Well, if they knew about it, everyone would come to me with their hand out." "As far as I'm concerned, what he did in those days—and they were hard days, in 1937—made it possible for Negroes to have their chance in baseball and other fields." —Lionel Hampton on Benny Goodman Goodman helped racial integration in America. In

531-699: A local dance hall. In the summer of 1923, he met cornetist and composer Bix Beiderbecke . He attended the Lewis Institute ( Illinois Institute of Technology ) in 1924 as a high-school sophomore and played clarinet in a dance hall band. When he was 17, his father was killed by a passing car after stepping off a streetcar, which Goodman called "the saddest thing that ever happened in our family". His early influences were New Orleans jazz clarinetists who worked in Chicago, such as Jimmie Noone , Johnny Dodds , and Leon Roppolo . He learned quickly, becoming

590-450: A musician who failed to perform to his standards. After guitarist Allan Reuss incurred Goodman's displeasure, Goodman relegated him to the rear of the bandstand where his contribution would be drowned out by the other musicians. Vocalists Anita O'Day and Helen Forrest spoke bitterly of their experiences singing with Goodman: "The twenty or so months I spent with Benny felt like twenty years," said Forrest. "When I look back, they seem like

649-537: A number one hit and was followed by the Top Ten hits "Take My Word" and " Bugle Call Rag ". NBC hired Goodman for the radio program Let's Dance . John Hammond asked Fletcher Henderson if he wanted to write arrangements for Goodman, and Henderson agreed. During the Depression, Henderson disbanded his orchestra because he was in debt. Goodman hired Henderson's band members to teach his musicians how to play

SECTION 10

#1732786698179

708-468: A restaurant and upstairs ballroom for banquets, receptions and conferences. 33°36′10″N 117°53′56″W  /  33.60278°N 117.89889°W  / 33.60278; -117.89889 Benny Goodman Benjamin David Goodman (May 30, 1909 – June 13, 1986) was an American clarinetist and bandleader, known as the "King of Swing". From 1936 until the mid-1940s, Goodman led one of

767-620: A sales campaign, but shortly after Goodman and his crew left Chicago in May 1936 to spend the summer filming The Big Broadcast of 1937 in Hollywood, the title "King of Swing" was applied to Goodman by the media. At the end of June 1936, Goodman went to Hollywood, where, on June 30, 1936, his band began CBS's Camel Caravan , its third and (according to Connor and Hicks) its greatest sponsored radio show, co-starring Goodman and his former boss Nathaniel Shilkret. By spring 1936, Fletcher Henderson

826-659: A second story meeting room and a first story bathhouse. In the bathhouse, people could change from street attire into rented "bathing suits." Soon, yearly Fourth of July bathing beauty parades brought large gatherings of people to Balboa. The 1930s ushered in the Big Band era. On weekends the Pavilion featured such prominent bands as Count Basie , Benny Goodman , and the Dorsey Brothers . Phil Harris and his band played regularly on weekdays. The dance step called

885-485: A session musician for radio, Broadway musicals, and in studios. In addition to clarinet, he sometimes played alto saxophone and baritone saxophone. His first recording pressed to disc (Victor 20394) occurred on December 9, 1926, in Chicago. The session resulted in the song "When I First Met Mary", which also included Glenn Miller , Harry Goodman, and Ben Pollack. In a Victor recording session on March 21, 1928, he played alongside Miller, Tommy Dorsey , and Joe Venuti in

944-667: A strong player at an early age, and was soon playing in bands. He made his professional debut in 1921 at the Central Park Theater on the West Side of Chicago. He entered Harrison Technical High School in Chicago in 1922. At fourteen he became a member of the musicians' union and worked in a band featuring Bix Beiderbecke. Two years later he joined the Ben Pollack Orchestra and made his first recordings, in 1926. Goodman moved to New York City and became

1003-737: A very colorful view of the tour and Goodman's conduct during it under the title "To Russia Without Love". Goodman was honored with the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . After winning polls as best jazz clarinetist, Goodman was inducted into the DownBeat Jazz Hall of Fame in 1957. He was a member of the radio division of the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame . His papers were donated to Yale University after his death. He received honorary doctorates from Union College,

1062-573: A vocal by Scrappy Lambert for Melotone . After signing with Columbia in 1934, he had top ten hits with "Ain't Cha Glad?" and "I Ain't Lazy, I'm Just Dreamin'" sung by Jack Teagarden , "Ol' Pappy" sung by Mildred Bailey , and "Riffin' the Scotch" sung by Billie Holiday . An invitation to play at the Billy Rose Music Hall led to his creation of an orchestra for the four-month engagement. The orchestra recorded " Moonglow ", which became

1121-431: Is a California Historical Landmark and a National Historic Place . Established on July 1, 1906, the Balboa Pavilion played a prominent role in the development of Newport Beach by attracting real estate buyers to an area formerly designated as "swamp and overflow" land. The Balboa Pavilion is one of California's last surviving waterfront recreational pavilions from the turn of the century. The Pavilion continues to serve

1180-517: The " Balboa " originated at the Balboa Pavilion and swept across the United States. The Pavilion had several upstairs and downstairs card rooms where patrons would gamble. Until the later 1930s, the Pavilion offered speed boat rides. Two speedy 35-foot (11 m) boats would take off full speed from underneath the Balboa Pavilion with sirens blaring and race out of the bay and into the Pacific Ocean. Right after World War II , Newport Harbor

1239-833: The 1980s, the first of Orange County's Ruby's Diner restaurants opened on the pier. The 1940s nostalgia-themed restaurant has since become an Orange County landmark. The pier was heavily damaged in the severe El Niño storms of 1998, which also destroyed the famous diamond-shaped Aliso Pier in Laguna Beach . One of the pillars was damaged, causing a partial collapse of one corner. The wooden posts have since been reinforced with steel sheathing and braces to prevent further damage. 33°36′03″N 117°54′00″W  /  33.60092°N 117.90006°W  / 33.60092; -117.90006 Balboa Pavilion The Balboa Pavilion in Newport Beach , Orange County , California ,

SECTION 20

#1732786698179

1298-673: The 65-foot (20 m)-high Victorian style building was fully completed to coincide with the completion of the Pacific Electric Railway Red Car Line extension to central Balboa near the Balboa Pavilion on July 4, 1906, after only 10 days of construction. With the extension of the Red Car line, People began to flock to Balboa and some purchased lots, and, thus, the Newport Investment Company's plan worked. The original building had

1357-597: The All-Star Orchestra directed by Nathaniel Shilkret . He played with the bands of Red Nichols , Ben Selvin , Ted Lewis , and Isham Jones and recorded for Brunswick under the name Benny Goodman's Boys, a band that featured Glenn Miller. In 1928, Goodman and Miller wrote " Room 1411 ", Miller's first known composition, which was released as a Brunswick 78. He reached the charts for the first time in January 1931 with "He's Not Worth Your Tears", featuring

1416-609: The B-side, both arranged by Henderson and recorded on July 1. In Pittsburgh at the Stanley Theater some members of the audience danced in the aisles. But these arrangements had little impact on the tour until August 19 at McFadden's Ballroom in Oakland, California. Goodman and his band, which included trumpeter Bunny Berigan , drummer Gene Krupa , and singer Helen Ward were met by a large crowd of young dancers who cheered

1475-640: The Balboa Pavilion Company branched off from Davey's Locker and took over ownership of the Pavilion. In late November 2005, the Balboa Pavilion Company sold the Balboa Pavilion to the Gugasians. Currently, the Balboa Pavilion is used as a marine recreation facility, with sportfishing boats, the transportation terminal for the Catalina Flyer to Catalina Island , small boat (skiff) and (duffy) rentals, whale watching, sunset cruises,

1534-412: The Balboa Peninsula. The plan worked; multitudes of beachgoers flocked to Balboa, and many purchased lots. The pier is a popular fishing spot. The fish caught from the pier consist mostly of mackerel and flounder . The pilings are home to a large population of starfish that feed on the large colonies of mussels growing there. Fishermen catching starfish by mistake are a relatively common sight. In

1593-462: The Cupula on top of the building, additionally serve as a navigation beacon for night boat travelers. In 1969, Davey's Locker Inc., a sport fishing operation, purchased the Balboa Pavilion to provide a permanent terminal for the expansion of its Catalina Island passenger service. Its president, Phil Tozer, refurbished the building's interior to reflect the early 1900s architecture. On May 20, 1980,

1652-647: The Kehelah Jacob Synagogue. Benny also received two years of instruction from the classically trained clarinetist and Chicago Symphony member, Franz Schoepp. During the next year Goodman joined the boys club band at Hull House , where he received lessons from director James Sylvester. By joining the band, he was entitled to spend two weeks at a summer camp near Chicago. It was the only time he could get away from his bleak neighborhood. At 13, he got his first union card. He performed on Lake Michigan excursion boats, and in 1923 played at Guyon's Paradise,

1711-767: The Lewisohn Stadium in New York City. Despite health problems, he continued to perform, his last concert being six days before his death. Goodman died on June 13, 1986, from a heart attack while taking a nap at his apartment in Manhattan House . One of Goodman's closest friends was Columbia producer John Hammond, who influenced Goodman's move from Victor to Columbia. Goodman married Hammond's sister, Alice Frances Hammond Duckworth (1905–1978), on March 20, 1942. They had two daughters and raised Alice's three daughters from her first marriage to British politician Arthur Duckworth . Goodman's daughter Rachel became

1770-643: The Newport Harbor side of the sand spit and its sister project, the Balboa Pier , on the adjacent ocean side of the sand spit, which is today called the Balboa Peninsula . These two structures were built to attract lot purchasers to this area of Newport Beach called Balboa. The pavilion was designed by Los Angeles freelance architect Fred R. Dorn, who would later go on to work as an associate of Morgan, Walls & Clements . On July 1, 1906,

1829-413: The cancellation of the radio show. An engagement was booked at Manhattan's Roosevelt Grill filling in for Guy Lombardo , but the audience expected "sweet" music and Goodman's band was unsuccessful. Goodman spent six months performing on Let's Dance , and during that time he recorded six more Top Ten hits for Columbia. On July 31, 1935, " King Porter Stomp " was released with " Sometimes I'm Happy " on

Balboa Pier - Misplaced Pages Continue

1888-722: The early 1930s, black and white musicians could not play together in most clubs and concerts. In the Southern states, racial segregation was enforced by Jim Crow laws . Goodman hired Teddy Wilson for his trio and added vibraphonist Lionel Hampton for his quartet. In 1939 he hired guitarist Charlie Christian. This integration in music happened ten years before Jackie Robinson broke Major League Baseball's six-decade-long color line. According to Jazz (Episode 5) by Ken Burns, Lionel Hampton states that when someone asked Goodman why he "played with that nigger " (referring to Teddy Wilson), Goodman replied, "If you say that again to me, I'll take

1947-427: The early 1970s he collaborated with George Benson after the two met taping a PBS tribute to John Hammond, recreating some of Goodman's duets with Charlie Christian. Benson appeared on Goodman's album Seven Come Eleven . Goodman continued to play swing, but he practiced and performed classical pieces and commissioned them for clarinet. In 1960 he performed Mozart's Clarinet Concerto with conductor Alfredo Antonini at

2006-424: The evening with stock arrangements, but after an indifferent response, he began the second set with arrangements by Fletcher Henderson and Spud Murphy. According to Willard Alexander, the band's booking agent, Krupa said, "If we're gonna die, Benny, let's die playing our own thing." The crowd broke into cheers and applause. News reports spread word of the exciting music and enthusiastic dancing. The Palomar engagement

2065-405: The first racially integrated big band appearing before a paying audience in the United States. Goodman and Krupa played in a trio with Teddy Wilson on piano. Both combinations were well received, and Wilson remained. In his 1935–1936 radio broadcasts from Chicago, Goodman was introduced as the " Rajah of Rhythm". Slingerland Drum Company had been calling Krupa the "King of Swing" as part of

2124-654: The first integrated jazz groups, his trio and quartet. He continued performing up until the end of his life while also pursuing an interest in classical music. Goodman was the ninth of twelve children born to poor Jewish emigrants from the Russian Empire . His father, David Goodman, came to the United States in 1892 from Warsaw in partitioned Poland and became a tailor. His mother, Dora Grisinsky, came from Kaunas . They met in Baltimore, Maryland , and moved to Chicago before Goodman's birth. With little income and

2183-474: The mid-1940s, however, big bands had lost much of their popularity. In 1941, ASCAP had a licensing war with music publishers. From 1942 to 1944, and again in 1948, the musicians' union went on strike against the major record labels in the United States, and singers acquired the popularity that the big bands had once enjoyed. During the 1942–44 strike, the War Department approached the union and requested

2242-411: The most popular swing big bands in the United States. His concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City on January 16, 1938, is described by critic Bruce Eder as "the single most important jazz or popular music concert in history: jazz's 'coming out' party to the world of 'respectable' music." Goodman's bands started the careers of many jazz musicians. During an era of racial segregation, he led one of

2301-822: The mouthpiece between his front teeth and lower lip, as he had done since he first took a clarinet in hand 30 years earlier, Goodman learned to adjust his embouchure to the use of both lips and even to use new fingering techniques. He had his old finger calluses removed and started to learn how to play his clarinet again—almost from scratch." Goodman commissioned compositions for clarinet and chamber ensembles or orchestra that have become standard pieces of classical repertoire. He premiered works by composers, such as Contrasts by Béla Bartók ; Clarinet Concerto No. 2, Op. 115 by Malcolm Arnold ; Derivations for Clarinet and Band by Morton Gould ; Sonata for Clarinet and Piano by Francis Poulenc , and Clarinet Concerto by Aaron Copland . Prelude, Fugue, and Riffs by Leonard Bernstein

2360-408: The music of Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker. Pianist Mel Powell was also an adviser in 1945. Goodman enjoyed bebop. When he heard Thelonious Monk , he said, "I like it, I like that very much. I like the piece and I like the way he played it ... I think he's got a sense of humor and he's got some good things there." He also admired Swedish clarinetist Stan Hasselgård . But after playing with

2419-668: The music they had heard on Let's Dance . Herb Caen wrote, "from the first note, the place was in an uproar." One night later, at Pismo Beach , the show was a flop, and the band thought the overwhelming reception in Oakland had been a fluke. The next night, August 21, 1935, at the Palomar Ballroom in Los Angeles, Goodman and his band began a three-week engagement. On top of the Let's Dance airplay, Al Jarvis had been playing Goodman's records on KFWB radio. Goodman started

Balboa Pier - Misplaced Pages Continue

2478-437: The music. Goodman's band was one of three to perform on Let's Dance , playing arrangements by Henderson along with hits such as " Get Happy " and " Limehouse Blues " by Spud Murphy . Goodman's portion of the program was broadcast too late at night to attract a large audience on the east coast. He and his band remained on Let's Dance until May of that year when a strike by employees of the series' sponsor, Nabisco , forced

2537-514: The pins. Because the Pavilion is anchored on a narrow strip of sandy waterfront, about 90% of the building was supported on wooden pilings, which extend over the bay. In 1947, the wooden pilings deteriorated, and the building began to collapse into the bay. In 1947 or 1948, the Gronsky family purchased the deteriorated Balboa Pavilion at a very low price and replaced the deteriorating original wooden pilings with large, concrete pilings. The result

2596-647: The production of V-Discs , a set of records containing new recordings for soldiers, thereby boosting the rise of new artists. Also, by the late 1940s, swing was no longer the dominant style of jazz musicians. By the 1940s, some jazz musicians were borrowing from classical music, while others, such as Charlie Parker , were broadening the rhythmic, harmonic, and melodic vocabulary of swing to create bebop (or bop). The bebop recordings Goodman made for Capitol were praised by critics. For his bebop band he hired Buddy Greco , Zoot Sims , and Wardell Gray . He consulted his friend Mary Lou Williams for advice on how to approach

2655-522: The public today as a marine recreational facility and is Newport Beach's most famous landmark, as well as its oldest standing building. On September 20, 1905, the War Department in Washington D.C. granted a group of promoters, called the "Newport Bay Investment Company," permission to construct the Pavilion as a "boat-house, bath-house, and pavilion." The promoters built the pavilion on

2714-475: The purposes of a gift for his wife Helen Ward, as well as gifting a second set to Goodman. Sometime in or before 1950, Goodman recovered the acetates from his sister-in-law's closet, who had informed him about them, and took them to the audio engineer William Savory . The pair took them to Columbia, with Goodman realising the recordings could be used as leverage to make a recording contract with Columbia (having been eager to end his contract with Capitol). A selection

2773-547: The radio, claiming it was part of a Jewish conspiracy to destroy the culture. Italy's fascist government banned the broadcast of any music composed or played by Jews which they said threatened "the flower of our race, the youth." In November 1935, Goodman accepted an invitation to play in Chicago at the Joseph Urban Room at the Congress Hotel. His stay there was extended to six months, and his popularity

2832-507: The same occasion he recorded Mozart's Clarinet Concerto in A major , K. 622, with the Boston Symphony Orchestra conducted by Charles Munch . He also recorded the clarinet concertos of Weber After forays outside swing, Goodman started a new band in 1953. According to Donald Clarke, this was not a happy time for Goodman. He reunited the band to tour with Louis Armstrong. But he insulted Armstrong and "was appalled at

2891-728: The vaudeville aspects of Louis's act...a contradiction of everything Goodman stood for". Armstrong left Goodman hanging during a joint performance where Goodman called Armstrong back onstage to wrap up the show. Armstrong refused to perform alongside Goodman, which led essentially to the end of their friendship. Goodman's band appeared as a specialty act in the films The Big Broadcast of 1937 ; Hollywood Hotel (1938); Syncopation (1942); The Powers Girl (1942); Stage Door Canteen (1943); The Gang's All Here (1943); Sweet and Low-Down (1944), Goodman's only starring feature; Make Mine Music (1946) and A Song Is Born (1948). He continued to play on records and in small groups. In

2950-589: Was a member of the Benny Goodman Sextet from 1939 to 1941, and during these two years he turned the electric guitar into a popular jazz instrument. Goodman continued his success throughout the late 1930s with his big band , his trio and quartet, and the sextet formed in August 1939, the same month Goodman returned to Columbia Records after four years with RCA Victor . At Columbia, John Hammond, his future brother-in-law, produced most of his sessions. By

3009-419: Was a newly fortified, element-resistant city landmark. In the later 1940s and early 1950s the Balboa Pavilion housed a "Skil-O-Quiz" bingo parlor which gave prizes rather than cash. But bingo was deemed too wicked, was outlawed, and the sheriff shut the establishment down. In 1954, Gronsky instituted a shell museum upstairs. The museum displayed over 2.5 million shells. Eventually, the shell fish collection

SECTION 50

#1732786698179

3068-496: Was cemented by nationwide radio broadcasts over NBC affiliate stations. While in Chicago, the band recorded " If I Could Be with You (One Hour Tonight) ", " Stompin' at the Savoy ", and " Goody Goody ". Goodman also played three concerts produced by Chicago socialite and jazz aficionado Helen Oakley . These "Rhythm Club" concerts at the Congress Hotel included sets in which Goodman and Krupa sat in with Fletcher Henderson's band, perhaps

3127-610: Was commissioned for Woody Herman 's big band, but it was premiered by Goodman. Herman was the dedicatee (1945) and first performer (1946) of Igor Stravinsky 's Ebony Concerto , but many years later Stravinsky made another recording with Goodman as the soloist. He made a recording of Mozart's Clarinet Quintet in July 1956 with the Boston Symphony String Quartet at the Berkshire Festival ; on

3186-547: Was donated to Bowers Museum in Santa Ana . In 1961, the Gronskys sold the Balboa Pavilion to Ducommun Realty Company of Los Angeles. Edmond G. "Alan" Ducommun's "mission" was to restore the building to its original 1906 look, and he generously invested an estimated one million dollars into the property. In 1963, Ducommun added 1500 lights to the buildings exterior which remain on the building today. These lights, along with

3245-743: Was put off by Christian's taste in gaudy clothing. Unbeknownst to Goodman, at an August 16 concert at the Victor Hugo Restaurant in Beverly Hills , Hammond inserted Christian onto the stage. Goodman started playing " Rose Room " on the assumption that Christian didn't know it, but his performance impressed the audience immensely. According to Hammond, "before long the crowd was screaming with amazement. 'Rose Room' continued for more than three quarters of an hour and Goodman received an ovation unlike any even he had before. No one present will ever forget it, least of all Benny." Christian

3304-651: Was such a marked success that it is often described as the beginning of the swing era . According to Donald Clarke , "It is clear in retrospect that the Swing Era had been waiting to happen, but it was Goodman and his band that touched it off." The reception of American swing was less enthusiastic in Europe. British author J. C. Squire filed a complaint with BBC Radio to demand it stop playing Goodman's music, which he called "an awful series of jungle noises which can hearten no man." Germany's Nazi party barred jazz from

3363-429: Was the center of sport fishing activity in southern California with over 100 boats and 9 landings, one of which operated out of the Pavilion. Today, only two sport fishing landings with less than ten boats survive, one of which still operates out of the Balboa Pavilion. In 1942, the Pavilion's owners leased the upstairs of the building to a gentleman who built and operated a ten-lane bowling alley. Pinsetters hand set

3422-480: Was then released as an LP entitled The Famous 1938 Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert . In 1939, pianist and arranger Mary Lou Williams suggested to John Hammond, who was responsible for finding new talent for Goodman, that he see guitarist Charlie Christian . Hammond had seen Christian perform in Oklahoma City on July 10, 1939, and recommended him to Goodman, but Goodman was uninterested in electric guitar and

3481-535: Was writing arrangements for Goodman's band. In late 1937, Goodman's publicist Wynn Nathanson suggested that Goodman and his band play Carnegie Hall in New York City. The sold-out concert was held on the evening of January 16, 1938. It is regarded as one of the most significant concerts in jazz history. After years of work by musicians from all over the country, jazz had finally been accepted by mainstream audiences—according to Stan Ayeroff, "the concert helped jazz evolve from being strictly dance music to music worthy of

#178821