A business magnate , also known as an industrialist or tycoon , is a person who has achieved immense wealth through the creation or ownership of multiple lines of enterprise . The term characteristically refers to a powerful entrepreneur and investor who controls, through personal enterprise ownership or a dominant shareholding position, a firm or industry whose goods or services are widely consumed. Such individuals have been known by different terms throughout history, such as robber barons , captains of industry , moguls, oligarchs , plutocrats , or tai-pans .
81-544: The Ball brothers (Lucius, William, Edmund, Frank, and George) were five American industrialists and philanthropists who established a manufacturing business in New York and Indiana in the 1880s that was renamed the Ball Corporation in 1969. The Ball brothers' firm became a global manufacturer of plastic and metal food and beverage containers as well as a manufacturer of equipment and supplier of services to
162-645: A bronze casting of his original 1908 sculpture, Appeal to the Great Spirit . The replica was erected in Muncie in 1929 and donated to the city. In September 1937 a bronze sculpture named Beneficence was installed on the Ball State University campus in Muncie to honor the Ball brothers' contribution to the community. The five columns of Indiana limestone that surround the sculpture represent
243-564: A Universal Savior. According to the Pure Land Sutras (scriptures), before becoming a Buddha Amitabha vowed that he would save all beings and according to some Pure Land authors, all beings will be eventually saved through the work of Amida Buddha. As such, Pure Land Buddhism is often seen as an expression of a Buddhist universalism that compares to Christian universalism. This comparison has also been commented on by Christian theologians like Karl Barth . Chinese Buddhism developed
324-542: A Young Men's Christian Association ( YMCA ) boys' camp. He was also a member of the Universalist church and a Scottish Rite Mason. Edmund married Bertha Crosley on October 7, 1903, in Indianapolis . They had four children, two sons and two daughters. In 1904 Edmund hired Marshall S. Mahurin , a Fort Wayne, Indiana , architect to design his Gothic-Revival style home in Muncie. The family's home, named Nebosham,
405-573: A form of Buddhist universalism which saw Confucianism , Daoism and Buddhism as different aspects of a single universal truth. In Western Buddhism , the term Universalism may also refer to an nonsectarian and eclectic form of Buddhism which emphasizes ecumenism among the different Buddhism schools. American clergyman Julius A. Goldwater was one Buddhist figure who promoted a modern kind of Buddhist Universalism. For Goldwater, Buddhism transcends local contexts and culture, and his practice grew increasingly eclectic over time. Goldwater established
486-543: A former schoolteacher, were born in Canada . They met in Greensburg, Ohio , and married on September 1, 1846. Lucius and Maria had a total of eight children, six sons and two daughters: Lucina Amelia, Lucius Lorenzo, William Charles, Edmund Burke, Frank Clayton, Mary Frances, George Alexander, and Clinton Harvey (died in infancy). The children were raised in eastern Ohio and in upstate New York . The boys' sister, Lucina,
567-522: A greater good, as evidenced, the church believes, by the Passion of Christ being all at once predestined by God, foretold in Scripture, necessitated by original sin , authored by everyone who sins, caused by Christ's executioners, and freely planned and undergone by Christ. The church believes that everyone who goes to Heaven joins the church, and that from the beginning God intended Israel to be
648-593: A medical practice in Buffalo, New York . He moved to Muncie, Indiana , in 1894. In addition to becoming a shareholder and serving on the board of the Ball brothers' manufacturing company, Lucius practiced medicine in the Muncie community. He was a member of the Scottish Rite and the Universalist church. Lucius also retained memberships in national and state medical societies and served as medical adviser to
729-461: A number of philanthropic contributions to support the needs of the community and foster the city's growth, which included working with nonprofit agencies to provide aid to local and regional residents. The Ball Brothers Foundation, established in 1926, further expanded the impact of their philanthropic efforts. Eleven years later, in 1937, the George and Frances Ball Foundation was established to further
810-835: A private liberal arts-based and residential college based in the Finger Lakes region of upstate New York. After they became financially successful, the Ball brothers expressed their gratitude by donating additional land and providing funds to the college. In 1921 Ball Hall (Ball Memorial Hall) was named in honor of George Harvey Ball and the Ball brothers' contributions to the college. The Ball brothers made other donations to support hospitals, schools, and nonprofit organizations. In Indiana these included funding for James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children in Indianapolis; Hanover College , in Hanover, Indiana ; Indiana University ; and
891-636: A wealthy manufacturer, the assets of the Muncie National Institute, a former normal school that was then training hotel employees, were purchased and donated to the State of Indiana to become a branch of the Indiana State Normal School at Terre Haute known today as Indiana State University . In 1918 the school opened as the Indiana State Normal School, Eastern Division. In recognition of the Ball family's generosity,
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#1732793278273972-483: A wide range of diversity within it. There are considered to be six orthodox Hindu schools of philosophy/theology, as well as multiple unorthodox or " heterodox " traditions called darshanas . Hindu universalism, also called Neo-Vedanta and neo-Hinduism , is a modern interpretation of Hinduism which developed in response to western colonialism and orientalism . It denotes the ideology that all religions are true and therefore worthy of toleration and respect. It
1053-419: Is a modern interpretation that aims to present Hinduism as a "homogenized ideal of Hinduism" with Advaita Vedanta as its central doctrine. For example, it presents that: ... an imagined "integral unity" that was probably little more than an "imagined" view of the religious life that pertained only to a cultural elite and that empirically speaking had very little reality "on the ground," as it were, throughout
1134-819: Is blurred) certainly contributed a great deal to the rise of the doctrine of "eternal damnation" and of the "eternity of hell." Among the English translations that do not render αἰώνιος as "eternal" or "everlasting" are Young’s Literal Translation (“age-during”), the Weymouth New Testament ("of the ages”), the Concordant Literal Version ("eonian"), Rotherham's Emphasized Bible ("age-abiding"), Hart's New Testament ("of that Age"), and more. The Catholic church believes that God judges everyone based only on their moral acts, that no one should be subject to human misery, that everyone
1215-430: Is equal in dignity yet distinct in individuality before God, that no one should be discriminated against because of their sin or concupiscence , and that apart from coercion God exhausts every means to save mankind from evil: original holiness being intended for everyone, the irrevocable Old Testament covenants, each religion being a share in the truth, elements of sanctification in non-Catholic Christian communities,
1296-414: Is grounded in history, scripture, and assumptions about the nature of God. That All Shall Be Saved (2019) by Orthodox Christian theologian David Bentley Hart contains arguments from all three areas but with a focus on arguments from the nature of God. Thomas Whittemore wrote the book 100 Scriptural Proofs that Jesus Christ Will Save All Mankind quoting both Old and New Testament verses which support
1377-509: Is not necessarily indicating how long the life and punishment last, but instead what kind the life and punishment are—they are "of the age [to come]" rather than being earthly life or punishment. Dr. Thomas Talbott writes: [The writers of the New Testament] therefore came to employ the term aiōnios as an eschatological term, one that functioned as a handy reference to the realities of the age to come. In that way they managed to combine
1458-512: Is often paraphrased in translations as "forever and ever." This Greek word is the origin of the modern English word eon , which refers to a period of time or an epoch/age. The 19th century theologian Marvin Vincent wrote about the word aion , and the supposed connotations of "eternal" or "temporal": Aion , transliterated aeon , is a period of longer or shorter duration, having a beginning and an end, and complete in itself. [...] Neither
1539-589: Is often seen as promoting the universality of Buddhahood, the Buddha's teaching as well as the equality of all living beings. Mahayana Buddhism also promotes a universal compassion towards all sentient beings and sees all beings as equally deserving of compassion. The doctrine of the One Vehicle (which states that all Buddhist paths lead to Buddhahood) is also often seen as a universalist doctrine. Adherents to Pure Land Buddhism point to Amitabha Buddha as
1620-597: Is the meta-ethical position that some system of ethics applies universally . That system is inclusive of all individuals, regardless of culture , race , sex , religion , nationality , sexual orientation , or any other distinguishing feature. Moral universalism is opposed to moral nihilism and moral relativism . However, not all forms of moral universalism are absolutist , nor do they necessarily value monism . Many forms of universalism, such as utilitarianism , are non-absolutist. Other forms such as those theorized by Isaiah Berlin , may value pluralist ideals. In
1701-480: Is the philosophical concept and a theological concept within Christianity that some ideas have universal application or applicability. A belief in one fundamental truth is another important tenet in universalism. The living truth is seen as more far-reaching than the national, cultural, or religious boundaries or interpretations of that one truth. A community that calls itself universalist may emphasize
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#17327932782731782-538: Is the idea that all living beings have Buddha nature and thus all beings can aspire to become bodhisattvas , beings who are on the path to Buddhahood . This capacity is seen as something that all beings in the universe have. This idea has been termed "bodhisattva universalism" by the Buddhist studies scholar Jan Nattier . The idea of universal Buddha nature has been interpreted in various ways in Buddhism, from
1863-474: The Bhagavad Gītā (4:11), God, manifesting as an incarnation, states: "As people approach me, so I receive them. All paths lead to me." The Hindu religion has no theological difficulties in accepting degrees of truth in other religions. Hinduism emphasizes that everyone actually worships the same God, whether one knows it or not. While Hinduism has an openness and tolerance towards other religions, it also has
1944-688: The Baháʼí teachings acknowledge that in every country and every people God has always revealed the divine purpose via messengers and prophets, masters and sages since time immemorial. Within this universal view, the unity of humanity is one of the central teachings of the Baháʼí Faith. The Baháʼí teachings state that since all humans have been created in the image of God, God does not make any distinction between people with regard to race, colour or religion. Thus, because all humans have been created equal, they all require equal opportunities and treatment. Hence
2025-472: The Bracken Library at Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana. Frank and Edmund Ball founded the Ball brothers' manufacturing business in 1880 in Buffalo, New York . Three other brothers (William, Lucius, and George) soon joined the family business. In 1887–88 the brothers moved their manufacturing operations to Muncie, Indiana , where the firm would be closer to an abundant natural gas supply. As
2106-642: The Dashanami Sampradaya , the Advaita Vedanta Sampradaya founded by Adi Shankara . An early exponent of Hindu Universalism was Ram Mohan Roy , who established the Brahmo Samaj . Hindu Universalism was popularised in the 20th century in both India and the west by Vivekananda and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan . Veneration for all other religions was articulated by Gandhi : After long study and experience, I have come to
2187-881: The Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial at Lincoln City, Indiana . They also contributed to Hillsdale College in Hillsdale, Michigan . Grants from the Ball Brothers Foundation are awarded to organizations that demonstrate "better practices" or strive toward "best practice designation" in conducting their business and have continued interests in improving the quality of life for citizens of Indiana. The foundation looks to fund innovation, programs that are just starting, and companies going through expansion. In 1929 Edmund Ball's wife and children commissioned Cyrus Edwin Dallin to create
2268-793: The Minnetrista Cultural Foundation , restoring it in 1990. Aside from his business interests, George was a collector of children's literature, a hobby he shared with his daughter. In 1964 Elisabeth Ball donated a part of their collection to the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York. Following her death in 1982, other books that she and her father had collected were donated to the Lilly Library at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana , and
2349-793: The Taj Mahal . The term tycoon derives from the Japanese word taikun ( 大君 ) , which means "great lord", used as a title for the shōgun . The word entered the English language in 1857 with the return of Commodore Perry to the United States. US President Abraham Lincoln was humorously referred to as the Tycoon by his aides John Nicolay and John Hay . The term spread to the business community, where it has been used ever since. Modern business magnates are entrepreneurs that amass on their own or wield substantial family fortunes in
2430-555: The Universalist Church of America . The first Universalist Church in America was founded by John Murray (minister) . The Greek term apocatastasis came to be related by some to the beliefs of Christian universalism, but central to the doctrine was the restitution, or restoration of all sinful beings to God, and to His state of blessedness. In early Patristics , usage of the term is distinct. Universalist theology
2511-619: The Western Reserve Life Insurance Company . Lucius married Sarah Rogers in 1893; they relocated from Buffalo to Muncie the following year. The couple had one daughter. Lucius remained a resident of Muncie for thirty years. In the mid-1990s, following the restoration of Oakhurst, George's home, Lucius's residence was renovated to serve as an orientation center for the Oakhurst mansion and its gardens. William Charles Ball (August 13, 1852 – April 30, 1921)
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2592-457: The YMCA , Ball stores department store, and Minnetrista . The Ball Brothers Foundation, established in 1926, continues the family's philanthropic interests. The Ball brothers, whose glass company became known for its home canning jars, went into business together in 1880, and made the decision to move their glass manufacturing operations from Buffalo, New York to Muncie, Indiana , in 1886, due to
2673-493: The teachings of the Baháʼí Faith , a single God has sent all the historic founders of the world religions in a process of progressive revelation . As a result, the major world religions are seen as divine in origin and are continuous in their purpose. In this view, there is unity among the founders of world religions, but each revelation brings a more advanced set of teachings in human history and none are syncretic. In addition,
2754-591: The "central theology of Hinduism". Oriental scholarship portrayed Hinduism as a "single world religion", and denigrated the heterogeneity of Hindu beliefs and practices as 'distortions' of the basic teachings of Vedanta. Islam recognizes to a certain extent the validity of the Abrahamic religions , the Quran identifying Jews, Christians, and " Sabi'un " (usually taken as a reference to the Mandaeans ) as "people of
2835-470: The Baháʼí view promotes the unity of humanity, and that people's vision should be world-embracing and that people should love the whole world rather than just their nation. The teaching, however, does not equate unity with uniformity; instead the Baháʼí writings advocate the principle of unity in diversity where the variety in the human race is valued. Operating on a worldwide basis this cooperative view of
2916-473: The Ball brothers "found a friend and confidant" in their uncle. After the boys' father died in 1878, Uncle George provided financial support and some measure of stability. Later in life, after the Ball brothers had become wealthy businessmen, they became benefactors to their uncle's college. The family descends from an early colonial immigrant, Edward Ball, and several other founders of Newark , New Jersey. Lucius Lorenzo Ball (March 29, 1850 – July 22, 1932),
2997-478: The Ball brothers, was born in Trumball County, Ohio, and grew up in upstate New York. He attended public schools and Canandaigua Academy. George's interest in his brothers' glass manufacturing company was quickly identified after its inception; he joined the family business in 1883, at the age of twenty-one. George rose through the ranks in the family business. He worked as a bookkeeper and went on to become
3078-506: The Book" ( ahl al-kitab ). Later Islamic theologians expanded this definition to include Zoroastrians , and later even Hindus, as the early Islamic empire brought many people professing these religions under its dominion, but the Qur'an explicitly identifies only Jews, Christians, and Sabians as People of the Book. The relation between Islam and universalism has assumed crucial importance in
3159-472: The Middle English spelling of a word meaning a pre-arranged "gathering place", trist or tryst . Frank Ball's estate home, which was also called Minnetrista was the first to be built on the site in 1894; it burned in 1967. Frank's property became the site for a new a cultural center for the Muncie community. The center, which was named Minnetrista , opened in 1988. It preserves artifacts that document
3240-632: The Universalist viewpoint. Some Bible verses he cites and are cited by other Christian universalists are: Christian universalists point towards the mistranslations of the Greek word αιών (literally "age," but often assumed to mean "eternity") and its adjectival form αἰώνιος (usually assumed to mean "eternal" or "everlasting"), as giving rise to the idea of an endless hell and the idea that some people will never be saved. For example, Revelation 14:11 says "the smoke of their torment goes up εἰς αἰῶνας αἰώνων" which most literally means "until ages of ages" but
3321-436: The abundance of natural gas in the area. The brothers opened their factory in Muncie in 1888. The Ball company continued to prosper from their mass production of canning jars, known sometimes as "Ball jars". The company has subsequently expanded and diversified. By 1937, the value of the company was estimated at nearly $ 7 million. The Ball brothers' parents, Lucius Styles Ball, a farmer and merchant, and Maria Polly Bingham Ball,
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3402-461: The aerospace industry. In addition to the brothers' manufacturing business, they were also noted for their philanthropy and community service. Earnings from their business ventures provided the financial resources to support a number of other projects in the community of Muncie, Indiana , and elsewhere. Most notably, the brothers became benefactors of several Muncie institutions including Ball State University , Ball Memorial Hospital , Keuka College ,
3483-486: The beginning of the church, wherein God would unite all persons to each other and to God. The church believes that Heaven and Hell are eternal. Author David Frawley says that Hinduism has a "background universalism" and its teachings contain a "universal relevance." Hinduism is also naturally religiously pluralistic . A well-known Rig Vedic hymn says: "Truth is One, though the sages know it variously." Similarly, in
3564-524: The brothers' company continued to prosper and expand, it became especially well known for its glass canning jars, but diversified into other industries. Beginning in the 1950s, the Ball Corporation entered the aerospace sector, and later became a global manufacturer of plastic and metal food and beverage containers. Due to the financial success of the Ball Corporation , the Ball brothers amassed considerable personal wealth and became influential men in Muncie's political and civic affairs. The Ball brothers made
3645-527: The centuries of cultural development in the South Asian region. Hinduism embraces universalism by conceiving the whole world as a single family that deifies the one truth, and therefore it accepts all forms of beliefs and dismisses labels of distinct religions which would imply a division of identity. This modernised re-interpretation has become a broad current in Indian culture, extending far beyond
3726-539: The company, and as treasurer and secretary of the Ball brothers' corporation. Edmund was also a humanitarian and heavily involved in Muncie's civic activities. He was chair of Muncie's park board and the city's planning commission. He served on several other boards that included traction companies and banks, Muncie's hospital, and Hillsdale College. Edmund and his wife, Bertha, donated funds to renovate property on Tippecanoe Lake in Kosciusko County, Indiana , for
3807-634: The concept of eternal hell is not biblically or historically supported either in Judaism or early Christianity. Universalists cite numerous biblical passages which reference the salvation of all beings (such as Jesus' words in John 12:31-32, and Paul's words in Romans 5:18-19). In addition, they argue that an eternal hell is both unjust and contrary to the nature and attributes of a loving God. The beliefs of Christian universalism are generally compatible with
3888-458: The conclusion that [1] all religions are true; [2] all religions have some error in them; [3] all religions are almost as dear to me as my own Hinduism, in as much as all human beings should be as dear to one as one's own close relatives. My own veneration for other faiths is the same as that for my own faith; therefore no thought of conversion is possible. Western orientalists played an important role in this popularisation, regarding Vedanta to be
3969-531: The context of political Islam or Islamism , particularly in reference to Sayyid Qutb , a leading member of the Muslim Brotherhood movement, and one of the key contemporary philosophers of Islam. There are several views within Islam with respect to Universalism. According to the most inclusive teachings all peoples of the book have a chance of salvation. For example, Surah 2:62 states: Indeed,
4050-596: The corporation's secretary, treasurer, vice president, president, and board chairman. In the 1930s George became a partner in a railroad empire that also included steamship lines, grain elevators, bus and truck lines, coal mines, and a fruit orchard in Georgia. In addition, he served on the boards of organizations that included Borg Warner , Nickel Plate Railroad , several banking institutions, Indiana University , Ball State Teachers College (which became Ball State University ), and Ball Memorial Hospital , among others. George
4131-732: The eldest of the brothers was born in Greensburg, Ohio. He grew up in Ohio and moved with the family to upstate New York, where he attended public schools and Canandaigua Academy at Canandaigua, New York . Lucius, whose ambition was to become a doctor, received his medical degree from the University of Buffalo in 1889, at the age of forty, and served as the house physician in Adrian Hospital in Pennsylvania before establishing
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#17327932782734212-738: The essentials of Christianity, as they do not contradict any of the central affirmations summarized in the Nicene Creed . More specifically, universalists often emphasize the following teachings: In 1899 the Universalist General Convention, later called the Universalist Church of America , adopted the Five Principles: the belief in God, Jesus Christ, the immortality of the human soul, the reality of sin and universal reconciliation . Universalist writers such as George T. Knight have claimed that Universalism
4293-673: The family's philanthropic efforts within Muncie and other locales of interest to the family. Over the years the Ball brothers made financial contributions to establish or strengthen an abundance of institutions: the local branches of the YMCA and the YWCA , the Masonic Temple auditorium, the Art Museum at Ball State, Ball Memorial Hospital , Ball State University , and Minnetrista , Muncie's cultural center, and assisted other groups. One of Ball Brothers Foundation's first projects
4374-463: The family's shingle-style residence, was built in 1895, becoming the second of the Ball brothers' homes to be erected on the family property in Muncie. Indianapolis architect Louis Gibson designed the estate home on Minnetrista Boulevard. At the time of its construction the three-story residence stood on approximately 2 acres (0.81 hectares) of land. George died in 1955 at the age of ninety-two. The Ball Brothers Foundation deeded his home and its grounds to
4455-618: The five Ball brothers. Industrialist The term magnate derives from the Latin word magnates (plural of magnas ), meaning "great man" or "great nobleman". The term mogul is an English corruption of mughal , Persian or Arabic for "Mongol". It alludes to emperors of the Mughal Empire in Early Modern India , who possessed great power and storied riches capable of producing wonders of opulence, such as
4536-597: The good people of every religion and nation, everyone being called to baptism and confession, and Purgatory, suffrages, and indulgences for the dead. The church believes that everyone is predestined to Heaven, that no one is predestined to Hell, that everyone is redeemed by Christ's Passion, that no one is excluded from the church except by sin, and that everyone can either love God by loving others unto going to Heaven or reject God by sin unto going to Hell. The church believes that God's predestination takes everything into account, and that his providence brings out of evil
4617-548: The grace and works of the Lord Jesus Christ . Christian universalists hold that an everlasting hell does not exist (though most believe there is a temporary hell of some kind), and that unending torment was not what Jesus taught. They point to historical evidence showing that many early fathers of the church were universalists and attribute the origin of the idea of hell as eternal punishment to mistranslation. They also appeal to many texts of Scripture to argue that
4698-402: The history of Muncie and east central Indiana , and continues as a gathering place an important part of the Muncie, Indiana, community. Situated on 44 acres (18 hectares), visitors may still visit its gardens and natural areas, which contain an assorted community of native Indiana plant and animal species, for free. Eastern Indiana Normal University, a small, private teacher training school that
4779-463: The idea that all living beings have Buddha nature and thus can become Buddhas to the idea that because all beings have Buddha nature, all beings will definitely become Buddhas. Some forms of East Asian Mahayana Buddhism even extended the Buddha nature theory to plants and insentient phenomena. Some thinkers (such as Kukai ) even promote the idea that the entire universe is the Buddha's body. The Lotus Sutra , an influential Mahayana scripture,
4860-401: The idea that every human will eventually receive salvation in a religious or spiritual sense, a concept also referred to as universal reconciliation . In philosophy, universality is the notion that universal facts can be discovered and is therefore understood as being in opposition to relativism and nominalism . Moral universalism (also called moral objectivism or universal morality )
4941-610: The more literal sense of "that which pertains to an age" with the more religious sense of "that which manifests the presence of God in a special way." Dr. Ken Vincent writes that "When it (aion) was translated into Latin Vulgate, 'aion' became 'aeternam' which means 'eternal'. Likewise, Dr. Ilaria Ramelli explains: The mistranslation and misinterpretation of αἰώνιος as "eternal" (already in Latin, where both αἰώνιος and ἀΐδιος are rendered aeternus and their fundamental semantic difference
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#17327932782735022-611: The nonsectarian Buddhist Brotherhood of America which focused on ecumenical and nonsectarian Buddhism while also drawing on Protestant vocabulary and ideas. The desire to develop a more universalist and nonsectarian form of Buddhism was also shared by some modernist Japanese Buddhist authors, including the influential D.T. Suzuki. The fundamental idea of Christian universalism is universal reconciliation – that all humans will ultimately receive salvation and be reconciled to God. They will eventually enter God's kingdom in Heaven, through
5103-543: The north bank of the White River , outside Muncie, where he built a home designed by Indianapolis architect Louis Gibson. Frank's nineteen-room mansion, named Minnetrista, was the first Ball family home to be built on the site along Minnetrista Boulevard. The home, completed in 1895, was destroyed by fire in 1967. Minnetrista , Muncie's cultural arts center, was built on the site of his former home. George Alexander Ball (November 5, 1862 – October 22, 1955), youngest of
5184-419: The noun nor the adjective, in themselves, carry the sense of endless or everlasting ." A number of scholars have argued that, in some cases, the adjective may not indicate duration at all, but may instead have a qualitative meaning. For instance, Dr. David Bentley Hart translates Matthew 25:46 as "And these will go to the chastening of that Age, but the just to the life of that Age." In this reading, Jesus
5265-454: The peoples and nations of the planet culminates in a vision of the practicality of the progression in world affairs towards, and the inevitability of, world peace . The term Universalism has been applied to different aspects of Buddhist thought by different modern authors. The idea of universal salvation is key to the Mahayana school of Buddhism. A common feature of Mahayana Buddhism
5346-671: The process of building or running their own businesses. Some are widely known in connection with these entrepreneurial activities, others through highly-visible secondary pursuits such as philanthropy , political fundraising and campaign financing, and sports team ownership or sponsorship. The terms mogul , tycoon , and baron were often applied to late-19th- and early-20th-century North American business magnates in extractive industries such as mining , logging and petroleum , transportation fields such as shipping and railroads , manufacturing such as automaking and steelmaking , in banking , as well as newspaper publishing. Their dominance
5427-677: The public affairs of the Muncie community. He was president of the Muncie and Portland Traction Company, the Muncie and Western Railroad Company, and the Muncie YMCA. He also served as director the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago , among his other activities in business and civic organizations. Frank was a Scottish Rite Mason and a member of the Universalist church. Frank married Elizabeth Wolfe Brady in 1893. They had five children, three daughters and two sons. In 1893–94 Frank bought approximately 30 acres (12 hectares) of land along
5508-450: The school was named Ball Teachers College in 1922. The school became Ball State Teachers College in 1929 and was renamed Ball State University in 1965. Ball State is one of only a few public colleges in the United States that includes a family name. Although the Ball brothers moved to Indiana early in their careers, they did not forget New York or the early support they received from their uncle, George Harvey Ball, founder of Keuka College ,
5589-434: The school. Tuition was cheap compared to modern standards with a ten-week session costing students $ 10. Soon after that first year enrollment dropped to 110 and only 40 new students signed up The Eastern Indiana Normal University would close soon after on September 24, 1901. After the college and subsequent efforts to established an institution of higher learning at Muncie had failed, with the financial help of George A. Ball,
5670-518: The universal principles of most religions, and accept others in an inclusive manner. In the modern context, Universalism can also mean the Western pursuit of unification of all human beings across geographic and other boundaries under Western values, or the application of really universal or universalist constructs, such as human rights or international law . Universalism has had an influence on modern-day Hinduism , in turn influencing modern Western spirituality. Christian universalism refers to
5751-403: Was a cofounder of the Ball family business with his brother Edmund. Born in Greensburg, Ohio, Frank grew up in Ohio and upstate New York. He attended public schools and Canandaigua Academy. He became company president in 1888 and served in that capacity for fifty five years. Frank was "a born leader" as well as "a strong, dynamic, and shrewd businessman." Like his brothers, Frank took an interest in
5832-469: Was a forerunner to Ball State University , opened in 1899 to help boost the development of the city of M uncie Indiana located in Delaware County, Indiana . The school opened to much fanfare after the dedication of the administration building on August 28, 1899. The school would go onto have a great first year with an enrollment of 250 students who were enrolled in one of eight programs offered by
5913-811: Was a widely held view among theologians in Early Christianity . These included such important figures such as Alexandrian scholar Origen as well as Clement of Alexandria , a Christian theologian. Origen and Clement both included the existence of a non-eternal Hell in their teachings. Hell was remedial, in that it was a place one went to purge one's sins before entering into Heaven. Between 1648-1697 English activist Gerrard Winstanley , writer Richard Coppin , and dissenter Jane Leade , each taught that God would grant all human beings salvation. The same teachings were later spread throughout 18th-century France and America by George de Benneville . People who taught this doctrine in America would later become known as
5994-543: Was also active in politics, serving as a Republican national committeeman from Indiana. He was a Freemason , a Rotary Club member, and joined the Presbyterian church. George married to Frances Woodworth in Buffalo in 1893. The couple had one daughter, Elisabeth, born on December 26, 1897. Elisabeth, who never married, lived in her parents' home until her death on April 29, 1982, at the age of eighty-four. Oakhurst,
6075-517: Was an educator who assisted in the founding of Drexel Institute in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania, and served as its financial secretary. Their other sister, Mary Frances, married Joseph W. Mauck, who became a longtime president of Hillsdale College in Hillsdale, Michigan . Their uncle, George Harvey Ball , who shared the Ball family dedication to higher education, founded Keuka College in upstate New York in 1890. When their father became ill,
6156-479: Was born in Trumbull County, Ohio , grew up in upstate New York, and attended public school and Canandaigua Academy with his siblings. When two of his brothers, Frank and Edmund, moved to Indiana in the mid-1880s, William remained in Buffalo, New York , to close out business affairs. He moved to Muncie in 1897. William was a Ball company salesman and served as the corporation's secretary. Like his brothers, he
6237-507: Was built on Ball family property just east of Oakhurst, George's home. William died at the age of sixty-nine. Edmund Burke Ball (October 27, 1855 – March 8, 1925) was cofounder of the Ball manufacturing business with his brother, Frank. Born in Greensburg, Ohio, he moved with his family to upstate New York, where he attended public schools and Canandaigua Academy. In the mid-1880s Edmund relocated from Buffalo, New York, to Muncie, Indiana, where he served as vice president and general manager of
6318-624: Was completed in 1907 and served as their residence for fifty years. Following Edmund's death, $ 3.3 million in assets from his estate were used to establish the Ball Brothers Foundation. In 1975 the Ball Foundation donated Nebosham to the Ball State University Foundation for use as a continuing education facility. It was named the E. B. and Bertha C. Ball Center for University and Community Programs in 1986. Frank Clayton Ball (November 24, 1857 – March 19, 1943)
6399-510: Was involved in Muncie's political and civic activities. William served on several boards, including the Muncie and Portland Traction Company, Merchants National Bank, and Hillsdale College. He was also a member of the Scottish Rite and the Universalist church. William and his wife, Emma Wood, had one son. Their home in Muncie was a red brick Georgian design that they named Maplewood. Designed by John Scudder Adkins and completed in 1898, it
6480-1534: Was known as the Second Industrial Revolution , the Gilded Age , or the Robber Baron Era . Examples of business magnates in the western world include historical figures such as pottery entrepreneur Josiah Wedgwood , oilmen John D. Rockefeller and Fred C. Koch , automobile pioneer Henry Ford , aviation pioneer Howard Hughes , shipping and railroad veterans Aristotle Onassis , Cornelius Vanderbilt , Leland Stanford , Jay Gould and James J. Hill , steel innovator Andrew Carnegie , newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst , poultry entrepreneur Arthur Perdue , retail merchant Sam Walton , and bankers J. P. Morgan and Mayer Amschel Rothschild . Contemporary industrial tycoons include e-commerce entrepreneur Jeff Bezos , investor Warren Buffett , computer programmers Bill Gates and Paul Allen , technology innovator Steve Jobs , vacuum cleaner retailer Sir James Dyson , media proprietors Sumner Redstone , Ted Turner and Rupert Murdoch , industrial entrepreneur Elon Musk , steel investor Lakshmi Mittal , telecommunications investor Carlos Slim , Virgin Group founder Sir Richard Branson , Formula 1 executive Bernie Ecclestone , and internet entrepreneurs Larry Page and Sergey Brin . Universalism Universalism
6561-538: Was to establish Ball Memorial Hospital in Muncie. The hospital opened in 1929 and later affiliated with IU Health . In 1893 Frank C. Ball bought approximately 30 acres (12 hectares) of land along the north bank of the White River, outside Muncie, where the Ball family built their homes. His two sisters named the site Minnetrista , a combination of the Native American word for water, mine or minne , and
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