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58-568: The Baltic Cable uses a transmission voltage of 450  kV – the highest operating voltage for energy transmission in Germany. The total project cost was 2 billion SEK (US$ 280 million), and the link was put into operation in December 1994. With a length of 250 kilometres (160 mi), it was the second longest high voltage undersea cable on earth, until Basslink came into service in 2006. The Baltic Cable starts in Germany at

116-733: A bridge circuit . The cathode-ray oscilloscope works by amplifying the voltage and using it to deflect an electron beam from a straight path, so that the deflection of the beam is proportional to the voltage. A common voltage for flashlight batteries is 1.5 volts (DC). A common voltage for automobile batteries is 12 volts (DC). Common voltages supplied by power companies to consumers are 110 to 120 volts (AC) and 220 to 240 volts (AC). The voltage in electric power transmission lines used to distribute electricity from power stations can be several hundred times greater than consumer voltages, typically 110 to 1200 kV (AC). The voltage used in overhead lines to power railway locomotives

174-549: A bare copper ring with a 2-kilometre diameter. It is connected to the static inverter plant in Lübeck-Herrenwyk with a 32-kilometre-long cable. The first 20 kilometres of this cable have a cross section of 1400 mm and the last of 800 mm. This cable is laid in the tunnel under Trave River at a distance of 2.5 metres from the high voltage cable. The separation reduces the magnetic field, which may affect compasses of vessels in this highly frequented area. As

232-412: A crime rate over 17,000 total offenses committed per 100,000 inhabitants; thus being 1st in the list of Germany's most dangerous cities. The larger cities, such as Berlin , Frankfurt am Main , or Bremen , all have crime rates ranging from 14,000 to 16,000 total offenses committed per 100,000 people. However, Schwerin is the only city where riding a bus (or tram) without a ticket and social security fraud

290-469: A new 220 kV cable and a static var compensator in Lübeck-Siems after 2005. Download coordinates as: Potential difference Voltage , also known as (electrical) potential difference , electric pressure , or electric tension is the difference in electric potential between two points. In a static electric field , it corresponds to the work needed per unit of charge to move

348-550: A positive test charge from the first point to the second point. In the International System of Units (SI), the derived unit for voltage is the volt (V) . The voltage between points can be caused by the build-up of electric charge (e.g., a capacitor ), and from an electromotive force (e.g., electromagnetic induction in a generator ). On a macroscopic scale, a potential difference can be caused by electrochemical processes (e.g., cells and batteries),

406-798: A right of initiative. However, the final decisions are made by the city council of the city as a whole. The 17 districts and 26 boroughs: There is a small enclave between the boroughs of Neumühle and Görries, belonging to the neighbouring municipality of Klein Rogahn . Schwerin clockwise borders the municipalities of Klein Trebbow (N), Seehof (Mecklenburg) , Leezen (Mecklenburg) (lake border and border on Paul's Dam ( Paulsdamm ) only), Raben Steinfeld (E), Plate , Banzkow , Lübesse (S), Holthusen , Pampow , Klein Rogahn (W), Wittenförden , Brüsewitz , and Pingelshagen . Schwerin has an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ; Trewartha : Dobk ). Schwerin

464-428: A voltmeter. The Galvani potential that exists in structures with junctions of dissimilar materials is also work per charge but cannot be measured with a voltmeter in the external circuit (see § Galvani potential vs. electrochemical potential ). Voltage is defined so that negatively charged objects are pulled towards higher voltages, while positively charged objects are pulled towards lower voltages. Therefore,

522-423: A well-defined voltage between nodes in the circuit, since the electric force is not a conservative force in those cases. However, at lower frequencies when the electric and magnetic fields are not rapidly changing, this can be neglected (see electrostatic approximation ). The electric potential can be generalized to electrodynamics, so that differences in electric potential between points are well-defined even in

580-468: Is a well-defined voltage across the inductor's terminals. This is the reason that measurements with a voltmeter across an inductor are often reasonably independent of the placement of the test leads. The volt (symbol: V ) is the derived unit for electric potential , voltage, and electromotive force . The volt is named in honour of the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745–1827), who invented

638-548: Is affected by thermodynamics. The quantity measured by a voltmeter is the negative of the difference of the electrochemical potential of electrons ( Fermi level ) divided by the electron charge and commonly referred to as the voltage difference, while the pure unadjusted electrostatic potential (not measurable with a voltmeter) is sometimes called Galvani potential . The terms "voltage" and "electric potential" are ambiguous in that, in practice, they can refer to either of these in different contexts. The term electromotive force

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696-427: Is between 12 kV and 50 kV (AC) or between 0.75 kV and 3 kV (DC). Inside a conductive material, the energy of an electron is affected not only by the average electric potential but also by the specific thermal and atomic environment that it is in. When a voltmeter is connected between two different types of metal, it measures not the electrostatic potential difference, but instead something else that

754-578: Is located not far from the Baltic Sea coast. Its climate is moderated by the ocean, with warm winters and cool summers throughout the year, with an average temperature ranging from 1 °C (34 °F) in winter to 18 °C (64 °F) in summer. The Schwerin weather station has recorded the following extreme values: Schwerin has two academic colleges, the Schwerin campus of the "Fachhochschule des Mittelstands" ( University of Applied Sciences of

812-487: Is situated in the Baltic Sea, consists of 40 titanium nets each with a surface of 20 m, which are laid on the sea bottom under plastic tubes and stones. It is connected to Kruseberg converter station with a 23-kilometre-long underground and submarine power line, which consists of two parallel-connected cables with 630 mm cross section. The cathode is situated in the Baltic Sea north of Elmenhorst. It consists of

870-419: Is subdivided into 17 local districts, each with a local council. The districts consist of one or more boroughs. The local councilors have between 5 and 15 members depending on the number of inhabitants. They are determined by the city council for the duration of the election period of the city council after each municipal election. The local councilors are to hear important matters concerning the district and have

928-482: Is surrounded by the district of Northwestern Mecklenburg to the north, and the district of Ludwigslust-Parchim to the south. Schwerin and the two surrounding districts form the eastern outskirts of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region . The name of the city is of Slavic origin, deriving from the root "zvěŕ" ( wild animal ) or "zvěŕin" ( game reserve , animal garden , stud farm ). Schwerin

986-530: Is the intensity of the electric field. In this case, the voltage increase from point A to point B is equal to the work done per unit charge, against the electric field, to move the charge from A to B without causing any acceleration. Mathematically, this is expressed as the line integral of the electric field along that path. In electrostatics, this line integral is independent of the path taken. Under this definition, any circuit where there are time-varying magnetic fields, such as AC circuits , will not have

1044-450: Is the sum of the voltage between A and B and the voltage between B and C . The various voltages in a circuit can be computed using Kirchhoff's circuit laws . When talking about alternating current (AC) there is a difference between instantaneous voltage and average voltage. Instantaneous voltages can be added for direct current (DC) and AC, but average voltages can be meaningfully added only when they apply to signals that all have

1102-656: The Schweriner See , has an area of 60 km . In the middle part of these lakes there was a settlement of the Slavic Obotrite (dated back to the 11th century). The area was called Zuarin ( Polabian Zwierzyn ), and the name Schwerin is derived from that designation. In 1160, Henry the Lion defeated the Obotrites and captured Schwerin. The town was later expanded into a powerful regional centre. A castle

1160-605: The Mittelstand ), and the Schwerin campus of the "Hochschule der Bundesagentur für Arbeit" ( University of the Federal Employment Agency ). City buses and trams are run by NVS (Nahverkehr Schwerin). Schwerin Hauptbahnhof (central station) is connected by rail to Berlin , Hamburg and Rostock . According to the official 2007 Crime Report for Germany, Schwerin was the only German city with

1218-403: The conventional current in a wire or resistor always flows from higher voltage to lower voltage. Historically, voltage has been referred to using terms like "tension" and "pressure". Even today, the term "tension" is still used, for example within the phrase " high tension " (HT) which is commonly used in thermionic valve ( vacuum tube ) based and automotive electronics. In electrostatics ,

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1276-430: The voltaic pile , possibly the first chemical battery . A simple analogy for an electric circuit is water flowing in a closed circuit of pipework , driven by a mechanical pump . This can be called a "water circuit". The potential difference between two points corresponds to the pressure difference between two points. If the pump creates a pressure difference between two points, then water flowing from one point to

1334-525: The 380 kV line between Krümmel and Lübeck-Siems was canceled according to speakers from E.ON AG . There is still the option to build a 380 kV line from Lübeck to another 380 kV substation in Schleswig-Holstein , Hamburg or Lower Saxony . The construction of the 380 kV link between Lübeck-Herrenwyk and Schwerin is not progressing due to opposition from ecologists . A transmission rating of 600 MW should be possible via

1392-514: The Altstadt (Old Town) and Schelfstadt ( Reed City) quarters. Major industries and employers include high technology, machine building, healthcare, government agencies, railway supply, consumer goods and tourism.There is a regional airport in Parchim , southeast of the city, while Hamburg Airport serves as the city's main airport. Schwerin is enclosed by lakes. The largest of these lakes,

1450-675: The Castle Church, the throne room, and the Niklot statue, used to be the seat of the dukes and grand dukes of Mecklenburg-Schwerin , and since 1990, it is the seat of the state parliament of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Schwerin's silhouette is completed by the towers of Schwerin Cathedral , St Paul's Church and St Nicholas' Church . Because of only minor damage in World War II, the city has a largely intact building structure, both in

1508-540: The GDR, in 1952, Schwerin served as the capital of the Schwerin district (Bezirk Schwerin). After reunification in 1990, the former state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern was recreated as one of the Bundesländer . Rostock was a serious contender for state capital but the decision went in favour of Schwerin. Schwerin has a population of about 95,000 and is the smallest state capital of Germany. In East Germany era, Schwerin

1566-707: The German side. The cable cannot be operated at the maximum transmission rating of 600 megawatts, because the 380 kV line which begins at the converter station of Lübeck-Herrenwyk ends at the Lübeck-Siems substation. This is the only 380 kV powerline in Germany which has no direct connection to the Central European 380 kV grid, which caused the Baltic Cable to have a 372 megawatt (MW) capacity instead of 600 MW. This bottleneck

1624-626: The Grand Duke abdicated. Schwerin became capital of the Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin thereafter. During World War II , Schwerin was hit by bombs in July 1940, on 7 April 1945 and 19 April 1945. At the end of World War II, on 2 May 1945, Schwerin was taken by United States troops. It was turned over to the British on 1 June 1945, and one month later, on 1 July 1945, it was handed over to

1682-669: The Soviet forces, as the British and American forces pulled back from the line of contact to the predesignated occupation zones. Schwerin was then in the Soviet Occupation Zone which was to become the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Initially, it was the capital of the State of Mecklenburg which at that time included the western part of Pomerania ( Vorpommern ). After the states were dissolved in

1740-432: The area of the Lübeck-Herrenwyk converter station. In 2016, the owner Statkraft started a court case against Swedish authorities in disagreements over profits from electricity trade in the cable. In the night from April 16, 2017 to April 17, 2017 on the electrode cable on Priwall peninsula a fault occurred, which resulted in the generation of hydrogen at the fault location as it acted as cathode. The hydrogen got ignited by

1798-531: The cable is a monopolar line, it produces much higher magnetic fields than bipolar cables with the same ratings. Because this overhead line can generate radio interference, there is a highly effective active filter system installed at the Kruseberg converter station. In the Lübeck-Herrenwyk converter station , there is no requirement for such a system, because there is no overhead powerline section on

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1856-646: The capital of the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin . Between 1765 and 1837, the town of Ludwigslust served as the capital, until Schwerin was reinstated. In the mid-1800s, many residents from Schwerin moved to the United States, many to Milwaukee, Wisconsin . Today Milwaukee and Schwerin are sister cities. After 1918, and during the German Revolution , resulting in the fall of all the German monarchies ,

1914-413: The circuit are not negligible, then their effects can be modelled by adding mutual inductance elements. In the case of a physical inductor though, the ideal lumped representation is often accurate. This is because the external fields of inductors are generally negligible, especially if the inductor has a closed magnetic path . If external fields are negligible, we find that is path-independent, and there

1972-515: The converter station at Lübeck-Herrenwyk, which is on the site of a former coal-fired power station , It crosses the river Trave in a channel 6 metres (20 ft) below the bottom of the river and then follows its course as sea cable laid at the eastern side of the river. After crossing the Priwall Peninsula the cable runs parallel to the coast of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , before turning north-easterly toward Sweden . At sea, it crosses

2030-467: The definition of all SI units. Voltage is denoted symbolically by Δ V {\displaystyle \Delta V} , simplified V , especially in English -speaking countries. Internationally, the symbol U is standardized. It is used, for instance, in the context of Ohm's or Kirchhoff's circuit laws . The electrochemical potential is the voltage that can be directly measured with

2088-431: The device with respect to a common reference point (or ground ). The voltage drop is the difference between the two readings. Two points in an electric circuit that are connected by an ideal conductor without resistance and not within a changing magnetic field have a voltage of zero. Any two points with the same potential may be connected by a conductor and no current will flow between them. The voltage between A and C

2146-539: The duke was elevated to the title of a grand duke) from 1815 to 1918, of the Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1918 to 1934, of the State of Mecklenburg (after it was merged with the Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz ) from 1934 to 1952, and of the District of Schwerin from 1952 to 1990. The romantic Schwerin Palace , situated on Castle Island between Lake Schwerin and Castle Lake , known for its golden dome,

2204-446: The electric field in the region exterior to each component is conservative, and voltages between nodes in the circuit are well-defined, where as long as the path of integration does not pass through the inside of any component. The above is the same formula used in electrostatics. This integral, with the path of integration being along the test leads, is what a voltmeter will actually measure. If uncontained magnetic fields throughout

2262-428: The electric field, rather than to differences in electric potential. In this case, the voltage rise along some path P {\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}} from r A {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{A}} to r B {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{B}} is given by: However, in this case the "voltage" between two points depends on

2320-451: The generated heat and a 3 metres high flame shot off the ground. As there is no device monitoring the state of the electrode cable, no alert was made to the operators. Fire brigades were first not able to extinguish the fire, but the flame went out when the current was switched off. Of the two originally planned 380 kV lines to Lübeck (from Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant to Lübeck-Siems and from Schwerin substation to Lübeck-Herrenwyk ),

2378-580: The northeastern German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern as well as of the region of Mecklenburg , after Rostock . It has around 96,000 inhabitants, and is thus the least populous of all German state capitals. Schwerin is located on the southwestern shore of Lake Schwerin ( Schweriner See ), the second-largest lake of the Mecklenburg Lake Plateau after the Müritz , and there are eleven other lakes within Schwerin's city limits. The city

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2436-458: The observed potential difference at the terminals of an electrochemical cell when it was open circuit must exactly balance the emf of the cell so that no current flowed. Schwerin Schwerin ( German: [ʃveˈʁiːn] ; Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch Low German : Swerin ; Polabian : Zwierzyn ; Latin : Suerina , Suerinum ) is the capital and second-largest city of

2494-458: The other measurement point. A voltage can be associated with either a source of energy or the loss, dissipation, or storage of energy. The SI unit of work per unit charge is the joule per coulomb , where 1 volt = 1 joule (of work) per 1 coulomb of charge. The old SI definition for volt used power and current ; starting in 1990, the quantum Hall and Josephson effect were used, and in 2019 physical constants were given defined values for

2552-407: The other will be able to do work, such as driving a turbine . Similarly, work can be done by an electric current driven by the potential difference provided by a battery . For example, the voltage provided by a sufficiently-charged automobile battery can "push" a large current through the windings of an automobile's starter motor . If the pump is not working, it produces no pressure difference, and

2610-424: The path taken. In circuit analysis and electrical engineering , lumped element models are used to represent and analyze circuits. These elements are idealized and self-contained circuit elements used to model physical components. When using a lumped element model, it is assumed that the effects of changing magnetic fields produced by the circuit are suitably contained to each element. Under these assumptions,

2668-430: The points across which the voltage is measured. When using a voltmeter to measure voltage, one electrical lead of the voltmeter must be connected to the first point, one to the second point. A common use of the term "voltage" is in describing the voltage dropped across an electrical device (such as a resistor). The voltage drop across the device can be understood as the difference between measurements at each terminal of

2726-414: The presence of time-varying fields. However, unlike in electrostatics, the electric field can no longer be expressed only in terms of the electric potential. Furthermore, the potential is no longer uniquely determined up to a constant, and can take significantly different forms depending on the choice of gauge . In this general case, some authors use the word "voltage" to refer to the line integral of

2784-432: The pressure-induced piezoelectric effect , and the thermoelectric effect . Since it is the difference in electric potential, it is a physical scalar quantity . A voltmeter can be used to measure the voltage between two points in a system. Often a common reference potential such as the ground of the system is used as one of the points. In this case, voltage is often mentioned at a point without completely mentioning

2842-415: The same frequency and phase. Instruments for measuring voltages include the voltmeter , the potentiometer , and the oscilloscope . Analog voltmeters , such as moving-coil instruments, work by measuring the current through a fixed resistor, which, according to Ohm's law , is proportional to the voltage across the resistor. The potentiometer works by balancing the unknown voltage against a known voltage in

2900-535: The submarine cable of HVDC Kontek . This is the only crossing of two submarine HVDC cables in the Baltic Sea and one of the only few worldwide. From the landing point at the southern coast of Sweden, the powerline transitions to an overhead line a few kilometres inland. It runs to a termination tower in Kruseberg which is attached to a 400 kV/130 kV substation of the Swedish power grid. The anode, which

2958-401: The turbine will not rotate. Likewise, if the automobile's battery is very weak or "dead" (or "flat"), then it will not turn the starter motor. The hydraulic analogy is a useful way of understanding many electrical concepts. In such a system, the work done to move water is equal to the " pressure drop" (compare p.d.) multiplied by the volume of water moved. Similarly, in an electrical circuit,

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3016-548: The voltage increase from point r A {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{A}} to some point r B {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{B}} is given by the change in electrostatic potential V {\textstyle V} from r A {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{A}} to r B {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{B}} . By definition, this is: where E {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }

3074-465: The work done to move electrons or other charge carriers is equal to "electrical pressure difference" multiplied by the quantity of electrical charges moved. In relation to "flow", the larger the "pressure difference" between two points (potential difference or water pressure difference), the greater the flow between them (electric current or water flow). (See " electric power ".) Specifying a voltage measurement requires explicit or implicit specification of

3132-562: Was a industry city known for its leather productions. In 1991, when Schwerin became the capital of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state, it had a population of 126,000. After the German Reunification , Schwerin's population started to decline and fell below 100,000 in 2000, so that it lost its official status as a major city. Schwerin is also the only state capital that has no universities. The 12 lakes within Schwerin's city limits and their size in km : The urban area of Schwerin

3190-478: Was built on this site, and expanded to become a ducal palace. It is supposedly haunted by the small, impious ghost, called Petermännchen ( "Peterman" ). In 1358, Schwerin became a part of the Duchy of Mecklenburg , making it the seat of the duchy from then on. About 1500, the construction of the Schwerin Palace began, as a residence for the dukes. After the division of Mecklenburg (1621), Schwerin became

3248-578: Was first mentioned in 1018 as Zuarina and was granted city rights in 1160 by Henry the Lion , thus it is the oldest city of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . As main residence of the House of Mecklenburg , a dynasty with Slavic roots also known as the Obotrites or Niklotides, Schwerin was the capital of the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1379 to 1815, of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (after

3306-617: Was first used by Volta in a letter to Giovanni Aldini in 1798, and first appeared in a published paper in 1801 in Annales de chimie et de physique . Volta meant by this a force that was not an electrostatic force, specifically, an electrochemical force. The term was taken up by Michael Faraday in connection with electromagnetic induction in the 1820s. However, a clear definition of voltage and method of measuring it had not been developed at this time. Volta distinguished electromotive force (emf) from tension (potential difference):

3364-401: Was solved in 2004 when an additional 220 kV line was built. However power flows on 220 kV and 110 kV lines face increased losses of the transmission. In the area of the converter station there is also a 110 kV/220 kV sub-station, fed by two 110 kV circuits from the Lübeck-Siems sub-station. There is no transformer for coupling the 380 kV- and the 110 kV-grid in

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