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107-463: The first attempt to establish professional policing in Baltimore was in 1784, nearly 60 years after the founding of the colonial town and eight years after United States independence. The city authorized a night watch and a force of day constables to enforce town laws, particularly catching runaway slaves. Nightwatchman George Workner was the first law enforcement officer to be killed in the city; he

214-554: A police station , traffic police constables control road traffic, telecommunication constables manage communications, whereas armed police constables are attached to armed police units. The types of constables are based on nature of their duties. The Indian police constables do a wide range of duties like patrol, beat system, crime detection, escorting of prisoners and VIPs, guarding vital offices and installations, vehicle traffic control on roads, riot control, assisting civil administration during disasters, epidemics and elections. Generally

321-409: A Virginia couple for asking for directions to a major highway. The couple, released after seven hours in city jail, were not charged with any crime. They were initially taken into custody for trespassing on a public street. Their vehicle was impounded at the city lot, with windows down and doors unlocked, resulting in theft of several personal items. In 2007, the state of Maryland passed a law requiring

428-573: A ceiling in promotion and were limited to patrolling black neighbourhoods or assignments in the Narcotics Division or as undercover officers. They were subjected to racial harassment from both white coworkers (including the use of racial slurs during roll call) and African American residents (including degrading racial graffiti). Bishop L. Robinson and Edward J. Tilghman were two black police officers during this period; both later served as police commissioner. In 1962, Patrolman Henry Smith Jr.

535-461: A constable, that of the collation of evidence , comes from Bracton , a jurist writing between 1220 and 1250: In whatever way they come and on whatever day, it is the duty of the constable to enroll everything in order, for he has record as to the things he sees; but he cannot judge, because there is no judgment at the Tower , since there the third element of a judicial proceeding is lacking, namely

642-525: A court commissioner. All arrestees in Maryland are required to have an initial appearance before a court commissioner within 24 hours of their arrest. The exposure of these cases led to judicial and legislative action. In 2005, the Maryland Court of Appeals ordered all arrestees not charged within 24 hours to be released. On May 16, 2006, a Baltimore City police officer, Natalie Preston, arrested

749-454: A judge and jurisdiction. He has record as to matters of fact, not matters of judgment and law. In Bracton's time, anyone seeing a "misdeed" was empowered to make an arrest. The role of the constable in Bracton's description was as the "eyes and ears" of the court, finding evidence and recording facts on which judges could make a ruling. By extension, the constable was also the "strong arm" of

856-485: A lawyer, junior police prosecutor, outranks the most senior rank for a policeman, chief superintendent, as the former is the most junior of the "higher ranks" whereas the latter is the most senior of the "lower ranks". The fire brigades (all municipal) still use "konstabel" as in "brannkonstabel" (fire-constable). In 2016 the Royal Norwegian Navy started using "konstabel" to describe the enlisted ranks in

963-420: A list of "hundreds of officers" who had allegations of misconduct that called their credibility into question. Commissioner James M. Hepbron was subject to a hearing on February 19, 1959, led by Jerome Robinson, Democratic State Delegate for the fourth district. Delegate Robinson had a long history of challenging wiretapping and search warrants, as he believed the practice unconstitutional, against Federal law and

1070-579: A massive loss of industrial jobs in Baltimore. These changes resulted in depopulation, unemployment and poverty; all serious challenges for the police department. Police community relations were severely strained in Baltimore during the " war on drugs ", as with other cities, adding to the stresses of several African American neighborhoods in East and West Baltimore already hollowed out by drug use. African American police officers were intensely disliked, as were white ones. In 1971, African American officers founded

1177-556: A memorial service, which lasted until 2 p.m. without incident. Street traffic began to increase. A crowd formed on Gay St. in East Baltimore, and by 5 p.m. some windows on the 400 block had been smashed. Police began to move in. People began to report fires after 6 p.m. Soon after, the city declared a 10 p.m. curfew and called in 6,000 troops from the national guard. Sales of alcohol and firearms were immediately banned. At this point, some reports described about

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1284-400: A police constable does his duty in his jurisdiction area, but can be assigned anywhere by his superiors depending on the situation or need. The duty hours of Indian police constables are erratic, many times without weekly time off or leave. Police recruitment is based on a written test, plus physical and medical tests. After appointment all police constables have to undergo compulsory training;

1391-399: A qualification basis, but must have a minimum of seven years' service amongst other criteria in order to be eligible. Leading senior constable is a specialist position of which there are limited allocated numbers within any section/unit or local area command. If an officer is transferred to another duty type or station, the officer is then relieved of the position of leading senior constable: it

1498-631: A reserve. These were (roughly), the XVIII Airborne Corps troops, the Maryland National Guard, and troops from the 197th Infantry Brigade from Fort Benning, Georgia (which arrived two days later). The 1,300 troops of the Maryland Air National Guard were organized in a provisional battalion and used to guard critical infrastructure throughout the city, as well as an ad hoc detention facility at

1605-418: A state. A constable may be an official responsible for service of process , such as summonses and subpoenas for people to appear in court in criminal and/or civil matters; on the other hand, they can be fully empowered law enforcement officers. Constables may also have additional specialized duties unique to the office. In some states, a constable may be appointed by the governor or a judge or magistrate of

1712-415: A thousand people in the crowd, which moved north on Gay St. up to Harford Rd. and Greenmount Ave . Mayor Thomas D'Alesandro III was unable to respond effectively. Around 8 p.m., Governor Agnew declared a state of emergency . Many Black Businesses managed to avoid the destruction by painting the words "Soul Brother" on their doors or windows, and the rioters knew not to attack that business. By

1819-572: A tie. Short sleeve uniform shirts are authorized for warmer months. The 8-point peaked cap is worn by all officers. Its cap device is the Maryland Coat of Arms; silver for those below the rank of Lieutenant, gold for Lieutenants, and gold with coloured detail for Captains and above. The hat has a chin strap; black for Police Officers and Detectives, blue for Sergeants and gold for Lieutenants and above. Captains and above have gold fretting on their visor. Police Officers have their badge number below

1926-411: A violation of the natural rights of the citizen. In the 90-day public hearing and investigation, Robinson stated that the commissioner "demonstrate[d] lack of a sense of propriety and in several respects a lack of comprehension on the part of the commissioner of the nature of his duties, the functions of the department, and the obligations to the citizenry" During the public hearing Hepbron incessantly left

2033-908: A year of negotiations between the city and plaintiffs. The settlement provides for far-reaching reforms of the BPD's arrest and monitoring practices. The suit, which was filed in 2006, and amended in 2007, was brought on behalf of thirteen individual plaintiffs and the Maryland State Conference and Baltimore City Branch of the NAACP. In 2016, the United States Justice Department issued a 163-page report which "condemned many long-standing discriminatory enforcement practices by Baltimore police that allowed for illegal searches, arrests and stops of African Americans for minor offenses." The highly critical report also chastised

2140-585: Is marshal . The titles of sparapet and spaspet , derived from the ancient Iranian spahbod , were used to designate the supreme commander of the armed forces in the medieval kingdoms of Armenia and Georgia, respectively. The position of constable originated from the Roman Empire ; by the 5th century AD the Count of the Stable ( Latin : comes stabuli ) was responsible for the keeping of horses at

2247-758: Is "senior", and this is acceptable even in courts. In Canada, as in the United Kingdom, constable is the lowest rank in most law enforcement services, including the Royal Canadian Mounted Police . In Newfoundland the provincial police are the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary , whereby all officers are addressed by the term "constable". In addition, the chief officers of some municipal police services in Canada, notably Vancouver Police Department , carry

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2354-475: Is a person holding a particular office, most commonly in law enforcement . The office of constable can vary significantly in different jurisdictions. Constable is commonly the rank of an officer within a police service. Other people may be granted powers of a constable without holding this title. Historically, the title comes from the Latin comes stabuli ( attendant to the stables , literally 'count of

2461-814: Is centralised under the Volunteer Special Constabulary in Singapore. In South Africa , this rank is the first rank that you come across when you join the South African Police Service In Sri Lanka , the Sri Lanka Police have the rank of "police constable", with four classes. There are two main definitions of a constable in the United Kingdom: The latter usage is mainly in formal contexts, including legislation such as

2568-460: Is not a rank: it is merely a designation for officers who have served for 18 years. Police constable (abbreviated PC) is the lowest police rank in India, below head constable . General law and order being a state subject in India, each state government recruits police constables. A police constable has no shoulder insignia, while a head constable has one or more stripes or chevrons, depending on

2675-673: Is only used within the army, as both the navy and air force use a specialist rank instead. In the Finnish Police , the lowest rank of police officer is called nuorempi konstaapeli , translated into English as (junior) constable. The next rank is vanhempi konstaapeli or senior constable. The next highest rank (equivalent to a police sergeant in the English-speaking world) is ylikonstaapeli ( yli- "leading"), literally "over-constable". The Hong Kong Police Force have two ranks for constables: Senior constable

2782-613: Is primarily a position for field training officers who oversee the training and development of inexperienced probationary constables or constables. Within the Victoria Police , senior constable is the rank above constable, while above senior constable is leading senior constable. When first introduced into the Victoria Police, leading senior constable was a classification not a rank, somewhat like "detective"; leading senior constables were appointed specifically to assist in

2889-421: Is senior to a constable but junior to an incremental senior constable. Promotion to senior constable can occur after a minimum of five years' service (one year as a probationary constable in addition to four years as constable) and then upon passing probity checks and an exam. Incremental senior constable is attained after ten years of service automatically. One is appointed to the rank of leading senior constable on

2996-468: Is that of marshal , which derives from Old High German marah ('horse') and schalh ('servant'), and originally meant "stable keeper", which has a similar etymology. In Australia, as in the United Kingdom, constable is the lowest rank in most police services. It is often categorised into the following (from lowest to highest): probationary constable; constable; constable first class; senior constable; leading senior constable. These variations depend on

3103-618: The French monarchy , was the First Officer of the Crown of France and was originally responsible for commanding the army . His symbol of office was a longsword held by a hand issuing out of a cloud, a reference to the constable's duty of carrying the king's sword during a coronation ceremony. Some constables were prominent military commanders in the medieval period, such as Bertrand du Guesclin who served from 1370 to 1380. The office of

3210-685: The Government of India , also maintain the same ranks as state police even though their jurisdiction varies considerably, with the constables recruited to the CAPF having to do duty all over India. They perform duties such as maintaining internal security, border guarding , and counter-insurgency operations and riot control . Similarly, the Railway Protection Force (RPF) maintains the ranks of Constable and Head Constable. However, their duties and jurisdiction are specifically focused on

3317-480: The Great Officers of State , was established in the kingdoms of England and Scotland during the reigns of King Stephen (1135–1154) and King David (1124–1154) respectively, and was responsible for the command of the army. However, the term was also used at the local level within the feudal system , describing an officer appointed to keep order. One of the first descriptions of one of the legal duties of

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3424-482: The International Association of Chiefs of Police in the city for two years and writing a damning report on the department. Pomerleau described the BPD as "the most corrupt and antiquated in the nation, and had developed almost no positive relationship with the city's Negro community". Pomerleau oversaw many reforms, including the racial integration of the department by 1966, also partly a result of

3531-556: The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 . By this definition all police officers are constables, even those that do not hold the actual rank of constable. The head of most police forces is a chief constable , volunteer officers of any rank are known as special constables , and some police forces have the word "Constabulary" in their name. In the United States, use of the term constable is inconsistent, and use may even vary within

3638-750: The Vanguard Justice Society , to represent their rights and interests. Throughout the 1970s, more African Americans advanced in the department; Black officers were promoted to positions of district commanders and chief of patrol. In July 1974, officers joined other striking municipal workers for five days during the Baltimore police strike . In 1984, Mayor Donald Schaefer appointed veteran police officer Bishop L. Robinson as Baltimore's first black police commissioner. The department had previously long been dominated by ethnic Irish American and briefly by Italian Americans . Robinson had been

3745-650: The Baltimore Civic Center. Task Force Baltimore peaked at 11,570 Army and National Guard troops on April 9, of which all but about 500 were committed to riot control duties. Unrest continued for several days as the Task Force sought to reassert control. Early on April 12, federal troops began to depart and by 6 p.m. that evening responsibility for riot control returned to the National Guard. At midnight Task Force Baltimore ceased to exist and

3852-652: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and efforts by local black activists. However, the riot of 1968 broke out across the city's African-American neighborhoods in response to the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Because few black officers held rank within the department, the African American community was confronted by a white-dominated police department. In the latter part of the 20th century, restructuring of industry and railroads resulted in

3959-502: The Colt LE6946CQB. The espantoon is an ornate, straight wooden baton with a long swiveled leather strap designed for twirling. It is distinct to the city of Baltimore and has been in use for generations. Between 1994 and 2000, the espantoon was banned by commissioner Thomas Frazier in favor of the koga stick due to the perception that its twirling intimidated the citizenry. In 2000, Edward T. Norris became commissioner and lifted

4066-477: The Indian railway network. RPF personnel are responsible for protecting railway property, preventing accidents, and ensuring passenger safety. Nearly all the police constables wear khaki -coloured uniforms, which indicate that they are police personnel. Generally there are three types of constables in India, depending upon the unit, wing, branch or section they are attached to. Civil police constables are attached to

4173-634: The National Guard force and also was given control of local and state police forces in the city (approximately 1,900 police officers). The combined National Guard and police force proved unable to contain the uprising. On Sunday, April 7, federal troops were requested, and the President invoked the Insurrection Act of 1807 . Late that evening, elements of the XVIII Airborne Corps at Fort Bragg, North Carolina , began arriving on

4280-522: The United States a constable is generally an elected peace officer with lesser jurisdiction than a sheriff ; however, in the Channel Islands a constable is an elected office-holder at the parish level. Historically, a constable could also refer to a castellan , the officer charged with the defence of a castle. Even today, there is a Constable of the Tower of London . An equivalent position

4387-412: The attention of Richard Nixon , who was looking for someone on his ticket who could counter George Wallace's American Independent Party third party campaign. Agnew became Nixon's vice presidential running mate in 1968 . The uprising had broken out mainly in the black neighborhoods of East and West Baltimore in which extensive property damage and looting occurred. Many of the businesses destroyed in

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4494-425: The automatic expungement of the record of one who is arrested, but then released without being charged, thereby eliminating the dilemma many such victims faced that would prevent them from passing a criminal background check if the record remained, but would not allow for a wrongful arrest lawsuit if the record were expunged. On June 23, 2010, a $ 870,000 comprehensive settlement was reached which culminated more than

4601-431: The ban on the espantoon to raise staff morale and instill a more aggressive approach to policing, although he did not make its use mandatory. Norris stated, "When I found out what they meant to the rank and file, I said, 'Bring them back.' ... It is a tremendous part of the history of this Police Department." Sergeants and below wear a navy blue shirt and pants, with a felt stripe down the pant leg, with any rank insignia on

4708-691: The bill become law without his signature. As of 2021, 60% of sworn BPD officers were racial or ethnic minorities, with both black and white officers making up 40% of the force. Female officers comprised 15% of the department. The department absorbed the City Park Police in the early 1960s. In 2005, the Housing Authority Police were disbanded and operations taken over by the Baltimore Police Department. Housing Authority officers had to reapply for jobs with

4815-546: The charges against him. De Sousa resigned several days later. In 2021, the Maryland General Assembly passed a bill to transfer full control of the department from the state to the city. The transfer is contingent on city voters' approval of a charter amendment. Mayor Brandon Scott plans to assemble a panel tasked with finding ways that funding could be shifted from police to other agencies. Though Gov. Larry Hogan publicly questioned Scott's plans, he let

4922-475: The city or a specialized unit. Officers in patrol units work 5 eight-hour shifts a week. As of 2024, the department is administered by Police Commissioner Richard Worley . The Commissioner is head of the department. Under him are four Deputy Commissioners, heading the Operations, Public Integrity, Compliance and Administrative Bureaus. In addition, the rank of Colonel and Lieutenant Colonel generally serve as

5029-518: The city police, losing any previous seniority. In the 2010s, there has been discussion of merging the Baltimore Schools Police into the department as well. Promotion is possible after three years of service. Opportunities for advanced training are provided, including specialized firearms training, defense tactics, and job-related topics such as basic criminal investigation. Hash marks, one for every five years service, will be worn on

5136-783: The civilian chief financial officer who oversees the Management Services Division. The main squad cars used by the department are the Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor and Chevrolet Caprice , along with Harley Davidson motorcycles. Newer versions of the Ford Taurus SHO and Chevrolet Caprice are being implemented. Some older Chevrolet Impalas are still in service. Unmarked Dodge Chargers, Chevrolet Cobalts and Impalas and assorted Kias are used by some command staff and specialized units. The older vehicle paint scheme

5243-469: The coat of arms, while Detectives and any supervisory rank has their title below the coat of arms. The current badge was designed in 1976. It is a shield, with "Police" written at the top, the Maryland state shield with the Battle Monument in the middle, and the words "Baltimore Maryland" and the officer's badge number at the bottom. An eagle is perched on top, holding a ribbon in its beak showing

5350-469: The commanding officer of each district. In a similar fashion, apart from those serving as the Major's Executive Officer at the district level, Captains may also oversee a particular sub-division as well (Traffic, Tactical, Major Crimes). Lieutenants are tasked with being the shift commander within their respective districts. Some jobs are filled by non-sworn personnel as Directors and Coordinators; in particular,

5457-537: The constable ( Polish : posterunkowy ) is the lowest rank in the Police . The next rank in hierarchy is the senior constable ( Polish : starszy posterunkowy ), and then, the sergeant . To be promoted, the police officer has to serve as a constable for a year, and again for a year as a senior constable. In Singapore , a police constable (abbreviated to PC) is the lowest rank in the Singapore Police Force . The rank of special constable exists, but

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5564-577: The constable was introduced in England following the Norman Conquest of 1066 and was responsible for the keeping and maintenance of the king's armaments and those of the villages as a measure of protecting individual settlements throughout the country. Some authorities place the origins of constables in England earlier, attributing the creation of the office to during the reign of King Alfred (871 A.D.). The office of Lord High Constable , one of

5671-784: The constable was the highest-ranking officer of the army, and was responsible for the overseeing of martial law . Village -level Chinese officials – known as tingzhang during the Qin and Han dynasties , lizheng , during the Sui and Tang , baozheng during the Song , and dibao and shoubao during the Qing  – are sometimes translated constable for their functions of reporting crimes and administering local justice, although they also served as tax agents and notaries . The Constable of France ( Connétable de France ), under

5778-452: The court (i.e., of the common law ), marking the basic role of the constable that continues into the present day. Baltimore riot of 1968 [REDACTED] Federal government of the United States [REDACTED] Government of Maryland [REDACTED] City of Baltimore The Baltimore riot of 1968 was a period of civil unrest that lasted from April 6 to April 14, 1968, in Baltimore . The uprising included crowds filling

5885-405: The court which he or she serves; in others the constable is an elected or appointed position at the state or local level of local government. Their jurisdiction can vary from statewide to county/parish and local township boundaries based on the state's laws. The office developed from its British counterpart during the colonial period. Prior to the modernization of law enforcement which took place in

5992-416: The decline in Baltimore's manufacturing sector. Black unemployment was more than double the national rate, and even higher in especially poor communities. Those who did have jobs were paid less and worked in unsafe conditions. With the spread of civil disturbances across the nation, Maryland National Guard troops were called up for state duty on April 5, 1968, in anticipation of disturbances in Baltimore or

6099-476: The decree for 30 days in order to allow review by the Trump Administration. On May 10, 2018, newly appointed Police Commissioner Darryl De Sousa was charged in U.S. District Court with three misdemeanor counts of failing to file federal taxes for 2013, 2014 and 2015. Mayor Catherine Pugh initially expressed support for De Sousa, but a day later she suspended him with pay pending the resolution of

6206-562: The decree in early April 2017, with commitment from Mayor Catherine Pugh and Police Commissioner Kevin Davis to make the changes proposed. Pugh already had included $ 10 million in the city budget for this purpose. The city will also be required to invest in better technology and equipment, and "for the Police Department to enhance civilian oversight and transparency." He denied a Department of Justice request to postpone signing

6313-540: The department began its patrol rifle program, issuing Colt LE6920 rifles to selected members of the patrol division. The department's SWAT team (originally the Quick Response Team) carried a mix of weapons in its early years, including M1 carbines, M16 assault rifles, Colt 9 mm SMGs and Ruger Mini 14 rifles. In the early 2000s, SWAT rearmed with a mix of UMP40 sub machine guns and G36K assault rifles. In 2014, SWAT replaced their assault rifles with

6420-485: The department has now found itself transitioning back from black to white for the primary vehicle color. The stripes largely remained unchanged. The primary service weapon is the Glock 22 .40 caliber pistol , replacing the Glock 17 9mm pistol. Officers are also issued a Monadnock expandable straight baton, TASER 7 and pepper spray . Lethal and less-lethal Remington 870 shotguns are available for patrol. In 2014,

6527-465: The department was a woman: Violet Hill Whyte , in 1937. The first black male officers (Walter T. Eubanks Jr., Harry S. Scott, Milton Gardner, and J. Hiram Butler Jr.) were hired the year after. They were all assigned to plainclothes duty to work undercover. In 1943, African Americans were allowed to wear police uniforms, and by 1950 there were 50 black officers in the department. African American officers at this point were barred from using squad cars, hit

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6634-479: The department's "zero tolerance" and "broken windows" policing, and found that the department's practices "regularly discriminated against black residents in poor communities". In April 2017, U.S. District Judge James K. Bredar approved a consent decree signed by the Baltimore Police Department and former acting U.S. Assistant Attorney General Vanita Gupta , rejecting an objection by new U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions . In 2016, continuous aerial surveillance

6741-410: The disturbance. Damage was estimated at over $ 12 million (equivalent to $ 77.5 million today). Of the arrests, 3,488 were for curfew violations, 955 for burglary, 665 for looting, 391 for assault, and five for arson. One of the major outcomes of the uprising was the attention Agnew received when he criticized local black leaders for not doing enough to help stop the disturbance. These statements caught

6848-525: The disturbance. When it was determined that the state forces could not control the rebellion, Agnew requested Federal troops from President Lyndon B. Johnson . Between World War II and 1968, Baltimore had changed demographically. The total population remained constant, but the black percentage of the total population had grown, while other populations shrank (a shift of 200,000 people). Black communities had sub-par housing, high rates of infant mortality , and more crime. They also suffered disproportionately from

6955-580: The duration of training may vary from nine months to one year depending on state. The training and duty of police is physically and mentally strenuous in India. In the Norwegian Police Service the rank politikonstabel was until 2003 the lowest rank in the police, the next ranks being "politioverkonstabel", "politibetjent", "politiførstebetjent", "politioverbetjent" and "politistasjonssjef", "lensmann" or "sysselmannsoverbetjent" (all officially translated as chief superintendent). In 2003,

7062-557: The entire Maryland National Guard , both Army and Air, were called up to deal with the unrest. The notable exceptions were the state's air defense units (which manned surface-to-air missile sites around the state), those units already on duty in the Washington, D.C., area, and a unit positioned in Cambridge, Maryland (the site of race riots in 1963 and 1967). The Adjutant General of Maryland, Major General George M. Gelston, commanded

7169-695: The force's first Black officer to command the Eastern District and the Patrol Division. The department redefined several of its policies in effort to avoid the mistakes other departments made in the Watts riots of Los Angeles and Liberty City riots in Miami . The department began using computerized booking procedures and 911 emergency systems in 1985, and created the first ever 311 non-emergency system in 1996. CCTV cameras began to be used in

7276-405: The head of a particular section or division across the entire agency (Patrol, Criminal Investigations, Neighborhood Services, etc.). The rank of Major is assigned to those who develop, implement, coordinate, and ultimately supervise the day-to-day activities of the department in notable areas of prominence (Special Operations, Homicide/Shootings, Communications, etc.), as well as to those who serve as

7383-575: The head of the city police was "an SS officer in a Chesterfield coat who is impatient with the Bill of Rights and intolerant of the constitutional liberties and prerogatives of the people" Alvin J. T. Zumbrun, former managing director of the Criminal Justice Commission , issued a statement against Robinson in the commissioner's defense. He described the charges brought against Hepbron "the utterances of an angry madman possessed with

7490-419: The hearing and/or refused to answer specifications against him. During the hearing, Robinson urged the commissioner to resign in the public interest. Robinson wrote, "it is obvious that he has outlived his position. His administration has produced continuing deterioration and the demoralization of the department". The charges against Hepbron included: Despite considerable evidence, Hebron denied to address he

7597-583: The high crime rate in the city of Baltimore , which in some years has been ranked among the highest in the nation. In the mid-2000s, Maryland State Delegate Jill P. Carter , daughter of local civil rights leader, Walter P. Carter , publicized numerous cases of the Baltimore City Police arresting people for seemingly minor offenses, detaining them at Central Booking for several hours. Many were released without charges. Some were reportedly detained at Central Booking for several days before seeing

7704-583: The imperial court. The West European term "constable" itself was adopted, via the Normans , as konostaulos in the Komnenian and Palaiologan periods, when it became a high military office of dignity. Late Roman administrative titles were used by Charlemagne in developing his empire; the position of Constable, along with the similar office of Marshal , spread throughout the emerging states of Western Europe during this period. In most medieval nations,

7811-465: The individual state or territory police force in question. Senior constable generally refers to a police officer of the rank above constable, and is denoted by way of two chevrons or stripes. The New South Wales Police Force has three grades of senior constable, namely senior constable (two chevrons), incremental senior constable (two chevrons and a horizontal bar), and leading senior constable (two chevrons and two horizontal bars). A senior constable

7918-483: The king) until Prime Minister Cardinal Richelieu abolished the charge in 1627). Most constables in modern jurisdictions are law enforcement officers. In the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth of Nations and some Continental European countries, a constable is the lowest rank of police officer (it is also, when preceded by the term sworn , used to describe any police officer with arrest and other powers), while in

8025-629: The left sleeve of the uniform as of 2015. In July 2016 the ranks of Lieutenant Colonel and Colonel were intended to be eliminated as a streamlining and standardisation measure, with all affected personnel being appointed to the rank of Chief, a title formerly used only by certain civilian employees within the department. However, as of 2018 both Colonel and Lieutenant Colonel ranks are still in use. The Baltimore Police Department has 2,935 sworn and civilian personnel, including dispatchers , crime lab technicians, chaplains , and unarmed auxiliary police officers. Officers are assigned to one of nine districts in

8132-562: The mania to have the police commissioner removed at all costs." Zumbrun cited details of multiple instances where he believed Robinson had lied, citing instances as small as a phone call, office visit or passing informal greeting by Robinson to Zumbrun. While Zumbrun's evidence never addressed actual police violations of state law, Zumbrun continued to press for the expulsion of Robinson of the General Assembly of Maryland to Governor J. Millard Tawes . Constable A constable

8239-562: The mid 20th century. The police department remained dominated by whites; traditionally mostly Irish Americans . During the Civil Rights Movement , trust between the department and the predominantly black city became increasingly strained, as African Americans pressed for fair treatment and social justice. In the 1960s, race riots erupted in Baltimore and other cities. Some positive change was implemented under Commissioner Donald Pomerleau , appointed in 1966 after consulting for

8346-519: The mid-19th century, local law enforcement was performed by constables and watchmen . Constables were appointed or elected at the local level for specific terms and, like their UK counterparts the parish constable , were not paid and did not wear a uniform. However, they were often paid a fee by the courts for each writ served and warrant executed. Following the example of the British Metropolitan Police established in 1829,

8453-614: The morning of April 7, reports to the White House described five deaths, 300 fires, and 404 arrests. Unrest also broke out on Pennsylvania Ave in West Baltimore. At one point, white counter-rioters assembled near Patterson Park ; they dispersed after National Guard troops prevented them from entering a black neighborhood. Violence decreased after April 9, and the Baltimore Orioles played their opening game

8560-512: The navy. Other ranks (OR) 2 to 4+ all use the term "konstabel": In Pakistan , constable and head constable are, respectively, the lowest and second-lowest ranks in the police force. The police constables in Pakistan do a wide range of duties like patrol, crime detection, escort of prisoners and VIPs, vehicle traffic control on roads, riot control, assisting civil administration during disasters, epidemic, elections and other tasks. In Poland ,

8667-464: The next day, though the April 12 James Brown concert remained cancelled. On the afternoon of April 9, federal troops dispersed crowds at a permitted peace rally, apparently unaware that General Gelston had issued a permit for the event. The situation was defused by Major William "Box" Harris, the highest-ranking police officer in the city. When violent protest broke out in Baltimore on April 6, nearly

8774-474: The next few days, six people died, 700 were injured, and 5,800 were arrested. One thousand small businesses were damaged or robbed. Property damages, assessed financially, were more severe in DC ($ 15 million), Baltimore ($ 12 million), and Chicago ($ 10 million) than in any other cities. In addition, an active Army soldier died in a traffic crash while redeploying from the city. Rioters set more than 1,200 fires during

8881-585: The officer's rank. Badges are silver for those below Lieutenant, and gold for Lieutenants and above. BPD has experienced negative publicity in recent years due to several high-profile corruption and brutality allegations, including the 2005 arrest of Officers William A. King and Antonio L. Murray by the FBI for federal drug conspiracy charges. During the past generation, the Baltimore Police Department has faced criticism from local media, elected officials, and citizen advocacy groups. The criticism has pertained to

8988-736: The police department and its relations with the community. It found evidence of widespread unconstitutional and discriminatory police practices in the city, especially in poor, black neighborhoods. Following reporting from the investigation, the city, police department and the Civil Rights Division of DOJ negotiated a consent decree, including limits on when and how the [police] can engage individuals suspected of criminal activity. It orders more training for police on de-escalation tactics and interactions with youths, those with mental illness and protesters, as well as more supervision for officers. U.S. District Judge James K. Bredar approved

9095-547: The police department was taken over by the federal government after police helped push pro-U.S. and pro-Confederate rioters into a full-out armed confrontation in the Baltimore riot of 1861 . The U.S. military ran the police department until 1862, when they turned authority back to the state legislature. The department introduced call boxes in 1885, the Bertillon identification system in 1896, and radio communications in 1933. The first African American officer hired by

9202-485: The police lawyers, who all hold higher ranks, require the law degree " candidatus/candidata juris " or "Master of Laws" ( master i rettsvitenskap ), awarded after five or six years of law studies. Following reforms of the police, a law degree is no longer required by law for all higher ranks, although only lawyers can act as prosecutors and supervise criminal investigations, for which reason it is still common for those holding higher ranks to be lawyers. The entry-level rank for

9309-399: The police were reorganized by Mayor Thomas Swann and new men were recruited; many came from Know Nothing gangs in the city and maintained loyalties to former leaders. The first BPD officer to die in the line of duty was Sergeant William Jourdan, who was shot and killed by an unknown gunman during the first city council elections on October 14, 1857. In 1861, during the U.S. Civil War ,

9416-469: The ranks "politikonstabel", "politioverkonstabel" and "politibetjent" were renamed "politibetjent 1", "politibetjent 2" and "politibetjent 3", where "politibetjent 1" is the entry-level rank for a policeman and most junior rank of the police service. All ranks higher than chief superintendent are commissioned ranks, known simply as "higher ranks", and traditionally required a law degree. The Norwegian Police Service has an integrated prosecution service in which

9523-602: The remainder of federal troops were withdrawn. Maryland National Guard troops remained on duty in the city until April 14, when Agnew declared the emergency over and sent them home. After action reports credited both the National Guard and active Army forces for being extremely disciplined and restrained in dealing with the disturbance, with only four shots fired by National Guard troops and two by active Army troops. These forces had received orders to avoid firing their weapons, as part of an intentional strategy to decrease fatalities. A total of 10,956 troops had been deployed. In

9630-563: The same year, while the CitiStat system was introduced in 2000, enabling police to concentrate resources where they would be most needed or effective. During Martin O'Malley 's administration as mayor, the department was made up of 43% African American officers. Following the death of Freddie Gray in police custody in 2015, there was rioting in black neighborhoods. The city invited the Department of Justice to conduct an investigation of

9737-590: The scene, while several Marine units from Camp Lejeune were put on standby status. With the intervention of federal forces, the Maryland National Guard was called into federal duty, resulting in a shift from state control (reporting to the Governor of Maryland) to federal control (reporting through the Army chain of command to the President). The federal force, Task Force Baltimore, was organized into three brigades and

9844-410: The sleeve and collar devices denoting district or unit. Lieutenants and above wear a white shirt with navy blue pants, with rank insignias on the collar. Nametags are worn above the right breast pocket, and sleeve patches are worn on both arms. Ties are worn with the long sleeve uniform shirt. Turtlenecks with BPD embroidered in gold letters at the collar may be worn with the long sleeve uniform in lieu of

9951-571: The stable') and originated from the Roman Empire ; originally, the constable was the officer responsible for keeping the horses of a lord or monarch . The title was imported to the monarchies of medieval Europe, and in many countries developed into a high military rank and great officer of state (e.g. the Constable of France , in French Connétable de France , who was the commander-in-chief of all royal armed forces (second to

10058-542: The state. Since each state has its own police force, the uniforms and insignia of the police vary, though the rank structure is the same. In the Kerala State Police , the designations for personnel in the ranks of constable and head constable are Civil Police Officer (CPO) and Senior Civil Police Officer (SCPO), respectively. The Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF), under the Ministry of Home Affairs of

10165-499: The states gradually enacted laws to permit municipalities to establish police departments. This differed from the UK in that the old system was not uniformly abolished in every state. Often the enacting legislation of the state conferred a police officer with the powers of a constable, the most important of these powers being the common law power of arrest. Police and constables exist concurrently in many jurisdictions. Perhaps because of this,

10272-659: The streets, burning and looting local businesses, and confronting the police and national guard. The immediate cause of the riot was the April 4 assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in Memphis, Tennessee , which triggered unrest in over 100 cities across the United States. These events are sometimes described as the Holy Week Uprising. Spiro Agnew , the Governor of Maryland , called out thousands of National Guard troops and 500 Maryland State Police to quell

10379-415: The suburban portions of Maryland bordering Washington, D.C. Black Baltimore was quiet on April 5, despite riots in nearby Washington, D.C. One white student at UMBC reported a quiet scene, with noticeable sadness, but little violence or unrest: April 5, "in many cases, was just another day". Baltimore remained peaceful into the day on April 6. Three hundred people gathered peacefully around noon for

10486-571: The title "constable" is not used for police of any rank. The lowest rank in a police organization would be officer, deputy, patrolman, trooper and, historically, private , depending on the particular organization. In many states, constables do not conduct patrols or preventive policing activities. In such states the office is relatively obscure to its citizens. A constable may be assisted by deputy constables as sworn officers or constable's officers as civil staff, usually as process servers. In some states, villages or towns, an office with similar duties

10593-623: The title of chief constable . In Canadian French , constable is translated to agent , except in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police where it is translated as gendarme . Appointments can further be separated into: Within the Danish Defence , constables are the lowest rank group. The ranks of Konstabel , Overkonstabel and Overkonstabel af 1. grad are used for professional enlisted soldiers, sailors and airmen. However, Overkonstabel af 1. grad

10700-437: The training and mentoring of more junior members. The last round of wage negotiations, however, saw leading senior constable become a rank in its own right, one that a lot of members pass through on their way from constable to sergeant, though this is not strictly necessary and it is permissible to be promoted to sergeant direct from senior constable. The general form of address for both senior constable and leading senior constable

10807-518: The uprising were located along the main commercial avenues of the neighborhoods and were often owned by Baltimore Jews. Media and academic coverage of the events has been thin, partly because the event remains emotional for those involved. In April 2008, for the fortieth anniversary of the events, the University of Baltimore organized an exhibit, "Baltimore '68: Riots and Rebirth." It utilized oral history testimonies from people who lived through

10914-533: Was acting illegally. Delegate Robinson cited 36 instances where the cases were dropped or defendants released because of planted evidence and other means of framing suspects. He called these offenses, "a creature of commissioner Hepbron". Robinson also cited the Green Spring Avenue assault by a police officer of a 15-year-old boy, countless shootings of unarmed auto-thieves, and illegal raids on properly licensed establishments. At one point Robinson stated

11021-546: Was detectives showing Wilds what they thought was the correct answer. Wilds himself later said that he was coached to say that he first saw the victim's body at a certain Best Buy . On 4 October 2019, Baltimore State's Attorney Marilyn Mosby said she had begun the process of asking courts to throw out 790 convictions which depended on the testimony of 25 Baltimore police officers who she said were discredited. On 14 October 2019, Baltimore State's Attorney Marilyn Mosby said she had

11128-615: Was disclosed. The program had private funding from John D. Arnold , and was contracted to Persistent Surveillance Systems Inc. Attorney Susan Simpson, working with the Undisclosed podcast, investigated the 2001 murder conviction of Adnan Syed for the 1999 killing of Hae Min Lee . She found that during a Baltimore police interview of witness Jay Wilds, when Wilds didn't know what to say a tapping sound would be heard, after which Wilds suddenly knew what to say. The podcast said that this tapping

11235-593: Was stabbed during an escape attempt by nine inmates at Baltimore City Jail on March 14, 1808. The department was founded in its current form (with uniforms and firearms) in 1853 by the Maryland state legislature "to provide for a better security for life and property in the City of Baltimore". The state did not give the city the power to run its own police affairs. The early decades of the department were marked by internal political conflict over split loyalties. In 1857

11342-412: Was the first African American officer to die in the line of duty; he was shot breaking up a dice game on North Milton Avenue . As with other American cities post-World War II suburbanization, encouraged by government programs, drew large numbers of white residents out of the city. There had always been a large African American minority in Baltimore, which had been growing steadily and became a majority in

11449-417: Was white with blue and silver striping and a replica of an officer's badge on the front doors. A new black paint scheme with blue and yellow stripes is gradually being implemented. As of 2021 the introduction of Ford Interceptor Utilities began the retirement of Caprices, Impalas and Tauruses due to age, high mileage or general retirement from discontinued models. With the 2020-2022 Ford Explorer being delivered,

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