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63-431: The original banana split was made with three scoops of different flavored ice creams, topped with fruits, and served over a banana that was split vertically down the middle. The original recipe used strawberries, raspberries and crushed pineapple with marshmallow syrup, chopped nuts, and pitted black cherries. The banana split is traditionally served in an elongated glass dish called a "boat". Strickler's marshmallow sauce

126-477: A campaign was started to move the county seat from Phelps Center to Holdrege, and an election was scheduled for October. By that time, the town had acquired a block of ground on which to erect a courthouse. With calm assurance of victory at the polls, Holdrege laid the cornerstone of the building intended to be the Phelps County Courthouse. At the special election, Holdrege received a majority of

189-431: A chewier texture, while higher-DE syrups make the product more tender. In addition, depending on the type of DE used, can alter the sweetness, hygroscopicity, and browning of the marshmallow. Corn syrup is flavorless and cheap to produce, which is why candy companies love using this product. Invert sugar is produced when sucrose breaks down due to the addition of water, also known as hydrolysis. This molecule exhibits all

252-413: A dessert in hopes of attracting students from Wilmington College to his shop during the slow days of winter. The dessert he came up with was the banana split: three scoops of ice cream served between the two halves of a split banana, topped with chocolate, strawberry and pineapple sauces, whipped cream, maraschino cherries and nuts. However, most historians believe the evidence for Strickler's 1904 debut

315-464: A high moisture content. While not widely used for traditional or commercial recipes, fruit syrups have been proposed as an alternative sugar for marshmallows. Unless a variation of the standard marshmallow is being made, vanilla is always used as the flavoring. The vanilla can either be added in extract form, or by infusing the vanilla beans in the sugar syrup during cooking. This is the best technique to get an even distribution of flavor throughout

378-470: A novelty in the mid-1800s when soda fountains began selling ice cream concoctions. A popular recipe published in 1907 called for a lengthwise split banana, two scoops of ice cream at each end and a spoon of whipped cream in between with maraschino cherries on top, with one end covered with chopped mixed nuts and another with chopped mixed fruits. The Spatula Soda Water Guide published in 1919 contained recipes for 25 banana split varieties. The origin of

441-403: A significant amount of gelatin would break down. The marshmallow would have reduced springiness from that loss of gelatin. But since the time the syrup spends at elevated temperature in modern cookers is so short, there is little to no degradation of the gelatin. In terms of texture, and mouth-feel, gelatin makes marshmallows chewy by forming a tangled 3-D network of polymer chains. Once gelatin

504-515: A solid-but-soft consistency. It is used as a filling in baking or molded into shapes and coated with corn starch . This sugar confection is inspired by a medicinal confection made from Althaea officinalis , the marsh-mallow plant. The word "marshmallow" comes from the mallow plant species ( Althaea officinalis ), a wetland weed native to parts of Europe, North Africa, and Asia that grows in marshes and other damp areas. The plant's stem and leaves are fleshy, and its white flower has five petals. It

567-582: A stable network, while the sugar can increase the viscosity. Liquid drainage of the continuous phase must be minimized as well. Thick liquids drain more slowly than thin ones, and so increasing the viscosity of the continuous phase reduces drainage. A high viscosity is essential if a stable foam is to be produced. Therefore, sucrose is a main component of marshmallow. But sucrose is seldom used on its own, because of its tendency to crystallize. Corn syrup , derived from maize , contains glucose , maltose , and other oligosaccharides . Corn syrup can be obtained from

630-673: A substitute non-animal gelling agent such as agar . In addition, marshmallows are generally not considered to be kosher or halal unless either their gelatin is derived from kosher or halal animals or they are vegan. Marshmallow creme and other less firm marshmallow products generally contain little or no gelatin, which mainly serves to allow the familiar marshmallow confection to retain its shape. They generally use egg whites instead. Non-gelatin, egg-containing versions of this product may be consumed by ovo vegetarians . Several brands of vegetarian and vegan marshmallows and marshmallow fluff exist. Holdrege, Nebraska Holdrege

693-521: Is a city in Phelps County , Nebraska , United States. The population was 5,495 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Phelps County. The Nebraska Prairie Museum is located in Holdrege. Holdrege was established in 1883 when the railroad was extended to that point. It was named for George Ward Holdrege , a railroad official. Holdrege was designated county seat in 1884. Holdrege

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756-412: Is a disaccharide that consists of one glucose and fructose molecule. This sugar provides sweetness and bulk to the marshmallow, while simultaneously setting the foam to a firm consistency as it cools. Sucrose, and sugars in general, impair the ability of a foam to form, but improve foam stability. Therefore, sucrose is used in conjunction with a protein like gelatin. The protein can adsorb, unfold, and form

819-413: Is around 95 °F (35 °C), which is just below normal body temperature (around 97 °F (36 °C)). This is what contributes to the "melt-in-your-mouth" sensation when a marshmallow is consumed—it actually starts to melt when it touches the tongue. During preparation, the temperature needs to be just above the melting point of the gelatin, so that as soon as it is formed it cools quickly, and

882-457: Is boiled to about 252 °F (122 °C). In a separate step, gelatin is hydrated with enough warm water to make a thick solution. Once the sugar syrup has cooled to about 100 °F (38 °C), the gelatin solution is blended in along with desired flavoring, and whipped in a mixer to reach the final density. The marshmallow is then scooped out of the bowl, slabbed on a table, and cut into pieces. A popular camping or backyard tradition in

945-447: Is dissolved in warm water (dubbed the "blooming stage"), it forms a dispersion , which results in a cross-linking of its helix-shaped chains. The linkages in the gelatin protein network trap air in the marshmallow mixture and immobilize the water molecules in the network. The result is the well-known spongy structure of marshmallows. This is why the omission of gelatin from a marshmallow recipe results in marshmallow creme , since there

1008-590: Is land and 0.01 square miles (0.03 km ) is water. The 2020 United States census counted 5,515 people, 2,438 households, and 1,370 families in Holdrege. The population density was 1,303.8 per square mile (503.7/km ). There were 2,560 housing units at an average density of 605.2 per square mile (233.8/km ). The racial makeup was 92.09% (5,079) white , 0.45% (25) black or African-American , 0.34% (19) Native American , 0.34% (19) Asian , 0.0% (0) Pacific Islander , 2.09% (115) from other races , and 4.68% (258) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race

1071-592: Is more convincing, and, in 2004, the National Ice Cream Retailers Association (NICRA) certified the city of Latrobe, Pennsylvania, as the birthplace of the banana split. Both towns hold an annual festival in honor of the dessert. Latrobe and Wilmington are not the only towns to claim the distinction of inventing the banana split. In Boston it is said the dessert was created at the Butler Department Store by

1134-441: Is no gelatin network to trap the water and air bubbles. A traditional marshmallow might contain about 60% corn syrup, 30% sugar, and 1–2% gelatin. A combination of different sugars is used to control the solubility of the solution. The corn syrup/sugar ratio influences the texture by slowing crystallization of the sucrose. The smooth texture of marshmallows relies on disordered, or amorphous, sugar molecules. In contrast, increasing

1197-504: Is no longer used as a topping. The traditional toppings used in today's banana split include pineapple, strawberry and chocolate sauce, whipped cream, nuts, and cherries. Caramel sauce, on the other hand, is a non-traditional topping used in later variations of the classic banana split. Variations on the classic may use grilled bananas, experiment with different flavors of ice cream such as coconut or coffee, or sauces like salted caramel and warm butterscotch. Cold beverages and ice cream were

1260-454: Is not known exactly when marshmallows were invented, but their history goes back as early as 2000  BCE . Ancient Egyptians were said to be the first to make and use the root of the plant to soothe coughs and sore throats and to heal wounds. The first marshmallows were prepared by boiling pieces of root pulp with honey until thick. Once thickened, the mixture was strained, cooled, then used as intended. Whether used for candy or medicine,

1323-453: Is used in conjunction with gelatin. Gelatin is the aerator most often used in the production of marshmallows. It is made up of collagen , a structural protein derived from animal skin, connective tissue, and bones. Not only can it stabilize foams, like albumen, but when combined with water it forms a thermally-reversible gel. This means that gelatin can melt , then reset due to its sensitivity to temperature. The melting point of gelatin gel

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1386-714: The caramelization process. S'mores are a traditional campfire treat in the United States, made by placing a toasted marshmallow on a slab of chocolate , which is placed between two graham crackers . These can then be squeezed together, causing the chocolate to begin melting. Marshmallows are defined in US law as a food of minimal nutritional value . The traditional marshmallow recipe uses powdered marshmallow root , but most commercially manufactured marshmallows instead use gelatin in their manufacture. Vegans and vegetarians avoid gelatin, but there are versions that use

1449-477: The United Kingdom, North America, New Zealand and Australia is the roasting or toasting of marshmallows over a campfire or other open flame. A marshmallow is placed on the end of a stick or skewer and held carefully over the fire. This creates a caramelized outer skin with a liquid, molten layer underneath. Major flavor compounds and color polymers associated with sugar browning are created during

1512-468: The advantages of using dried albumen are an increase in food safety and the reduction of water content in the marshmallow. Fresh egg whites carry a higher risk of Salmonella, and are approximately 90 percent water. This is undesirable for the shelf life and firmness of the product. For artisan-type marshmallows, prepared by a candy maker, fresh egg whites are usually used. Albumen is rarely used on its own when incorporated into modern marshmallows, and instead

1575-406: The aerated product before the gas can escape. When the gas is introduced into the system, tiny air bubbles are created. This is what contributes to the unique textural properties and mouth-feel of this product. In marshmallows, proteins are the main surface-active agents responsible for the formation, and stabilization of the dispersed air. Due to their structure, surface-active molecules gather at

1638-481: The aerator en route to the forming step. The marshmallow confection is typically formed in one of three ways. First, it can be extruded in the desired shape and cut into pieces, as done for Jet-Puffed marshmallows . Second, it can be deposited onto a belt, as done for Peeps . Third, it can be deposited into a starch-based mold in a mogul to make various shapes. The home process for making marshmallow differs from commercial processes. A mixture of corn syrup and sugar

1701-427: The age of 18 living with them, 52.1% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.4% were non-families. 32.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.87. The median age in

1764-420: The age of 18 living with them, 56.3% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.4% were non-families. 30.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.93. In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.5% under

1827-471: The age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 18.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.2 males. As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $ 36,225, and the median income for a family was $ 44,939. Males had a median income of $ 29,288 versus $ 22,281 for females. The per capita income for

1890-618: The banana split is disputed, but most historians believe it was first created in 1904 by an optometrist in Latrobe, Pennsylvania , named David "Doc" Strickler. Strickler was inspired by the fruit laden sundaes he saw while vacationing in Atlantic City in the summer of 1904, and aspired to create something similar when he returned to Latrobe using the banana fruit, which, in those days, was shipped to Pennsylvania by way of New Orleans . The sundae he concocted originally cost 10 cents, twice

1953-415: The characteristics of honey except the flavor because it is the primary sugar found in honey. This means that invert sugar has the ability to prevent crystallization, and produce a tender marshmallow. It is also an effective humectant , allowing it to trap water and prevent the marshmallow from drying out. For some candies, this is not a good trait to have, but for marshmallows, it is an advantage since it has

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2016-742: The city was $ 20,569. About 5.7% of families and 8.8% of the population were below the poverty line , including 11.5% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over. Holdrege is home of the Nebraska Prairie Museum . US 183 passes south to north through the city, while US 6 / 34 traverses it west to east. A bus system is operated by the Phelps County Senior Center. Amtrak , the national passenger rail system, provides daily service through Holdrege, operating its California Zephyr daily in both directions between Chicago and Emeryville, California , across

2079-399: The city was 42.4 years. 23.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.3% were from 25 to 44; 28% were from 45 to 64; and 19.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.5% male and 51.5% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,636 people, 2,355 households, and 1,544 families living in the city. The population density

2142-477: The city. The population density was 1,423.6 inhabitants per square mile (549.7/km ). There were 2,589 housing units at an average density of 670.7 per square mile (259.0/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 96.7% White , 0.1% African American , 0.4% Native American , 0.2% Asian , 1.5% from other races , and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.7% of the population. There were 2,351 households, of which 28.6% had children under

2205-501: The counties of Devon and Cornwall in England about how to correctly assemble a traditional cream tea . With food rationing imposed after WW2 , ice cream was in short supply, so the split's usual ingredients were partly replaced by scones made with locally grown ingredients. Local traditions developed quickly within each county about how best to meet the tastes of their respective tourist trade, leading to differing applications of

2268-409: The cream in the assembly of the dish. This situation was famously satirised in a BBC 1970s mockumentary Bunfight at the O.K. Tea Rooms . This divergence continues into the modern day. Marshmallow Marshmallow ( UK : / m ɑːr ʃ ˈ m æ l oʊ / , US : / ˈ m ɑːr ʃ m ɛ l oʊ , - m æ l -/ ) is a confectionery made from sugar, water and gelatin whipped to

2331-411: The end of the whipping process after a stable foam has been created. In commercial marshmallow manufacture, the entire process is streamlined and fully automated. Gelatin is cooked with sugar and syrup. After the gelatin-containing syrup is cooked, it is allowed to cool slightly before air is incorporated. Whipping is generally accomplished in a rotor-stator type device. Compressed air is injected into

2394-416: The extrusion process that involved running marshmallow ingredients through tubes. The tubes created a long rope of marshmallow mixture and were then set out to cool. The ingredients were then cut into equal pieces and packaged. Modern marshmallow manufacturing is highly automated and has been since the early 1950s when the extrusion process was first developed. Numerous improvements and advancements allow for

2457-413: The final product. The marshmallow is a foam , consisting of an aqueous continuous phase and a gaseous dispersed phase (in other words, a liquid with gas bubbles spread throughout). In addition to being a foam, this also makes marshmallows an "aerated" confection because it is made up of 50% air. The goal of an aerated confection like a marshmallow is to incorporate gas into a sugar mixture, and stabilize

2520-573: The first banana royale , a sundae made with banana slices.) The lack of evidence presents an obstacle to proving any of these claims. Walgreens is credited with spreading the popularity of the banana split. The early drug stores operated by Charles Rudolph Walgreen in the Chicago area adopted the banana split as a signature dessert. Fountains in the stores proved to be a draw, attracting customers who might otherwise have been just as satisfied having their prescriptions filled at some other drug store in

2583-409: The gelatin is added after the syrup has been heated and cooled down. In commercial operations, the gelatin is simply cooked with the sugar syrup, rather than being added later after the syrup has cooled. In this case, kinetics play an important role, with both time and temperature factoring in. If the gelatin was added at the beginning of a batch that was then cooked to 112–116 °C in 20–30 minutes,

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2646-400: The gelatin sets, retaining the desired shape. If the marshmallow rope mixture exiting the extruder during processing is too warm, the marshmallow starts to flow before the gelatin sets. Instead of a round marshmallow, it takes on a more oval form. Excessive heat can also degrade, or break down, the gelatin itself. Therefore, when marshmallows are being produced at home or by artisan candy makers,

2709-476: The head soda jerk who, in 1905, served a banana split with two scoops of vanilla ice cream, topped with peaches, walnuts and pistachios . Davenport, Iowa , claims it was invented by a local Davenport confectioner in 1906, and similar claims have been made by Columbus, Ohio , where the banana split is said to have been created by Letty Lally when a customer at Foeller's Drug Store asked for "something different." (Food writer Mike Turback considers Lally's creation

2772-459: The manufacture of marshmallows was limited to a small scale. In the early to mid 19th century, the marshmallow had made its way to France, where confectioners augmented the plant's traditional medicinal value. Owners of small confectionary stores would whip the sap from the mallow root into a fluffy candy mold. This candy, called Pâte de Guimauve, was a spongy-soft dessert made from whipping dried marshmallow roots with sugar, water, and egg whites. It

2835-458: The marshmallow. Acids, such as cream of tartar or lemon juice, may also be used to increase foam stability. Addition of acid decreases the pH. This reduces the charge on the protein molecules, and brings them closer to their isoelectric point . This results in a stronger, more stable inter-facial film. When added to egg whites, acid prevents excessive aggregation at the interface. However, acid delays foam formation. It may therefore be added toward

2898-485: The median family income $ 72,500 (+/- $ 8,145). Males had a median income of $ 42,031 (+/- $ 2,653) versus $ 27,450 (+/- $ 3,404) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $ 34,981 (+/- $ 3,807). Approximately, 10.2% of families and 15.2% of the population were below the poverty line , including 18.1% of those under the age of 18 and 8.0% of those ages 65 or over. As of the census of 2010, there were 5,495 people, 2,351 households, and 1,496 families living in

2961-648: The metropolis of the county, being well located with good roads from all directions. The early history of the town was one of ups and downs—good crops one year then drought and no crops at all for several years. In 1910, C. W. McConaughy, a Holdrege grain dealer, began crusading for use of the Platte River to supplement subsoil moisture for farmlands in the area. His dream became reality when Central Nebraska Public Power and Irrigation District began its power production and irrigation operations and water flowed into Phelps County for irrigation in 1941. A large increase in

3024-427: The molecule orients with the polar section in the water, with the non-polar section in the air. Two primary proteins that are commonly used as aerators in marshmallows are albumen (egg whites) and gelatin. Albumen is a mixture of proteins found in egg whites and is utilized for its capacity to create foams. In a commercialized setting, dried albumen is used as opposed to fresh egg whites. In addition to convenience,

3087-613: The neighborhood. The banana split pie was created by Janet Winquest, a 16-year-old resident of Holdrege, Nebraska . In 1952, she won a $ 3,000 prize in Pillsbury's Grand National Recipe and Baking Contest for the recipe. Louis Prima played a song called "Banana Split for My Baby" at the Casbar Lounge of the Sahara Hotel in 1956. The banana split is reputed to have inspired the longstanding debate between residents of

3150-522: The partial hydrolysis of cornstarch . Corn syrup is important in the production of marshmallow because it prevents the crystallization of other sugars (like sucrose). It may also contribute body, reduce sweetness, and alter flavor release, depending on the Dextrose Equivalent (DE) of the glucose syrup used. The DE is the measure of the amount of reducing sugars present in a sugar product in relation to glucose. Lower-DE glucose syrups provide

3213-543: The population of Holdrege in the immediate post-war years was due mostly to irrigation. With irrigation came both stable and increased crop production, which brought a pipeline company, grain elevators, and agriculture-related businesses to town. The city was declared a first-class city on May 4, 1967. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 3.87 square miles (10.02 km ), of which 3.86 square miles (10.00 km )

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3276-436: The price of other sundaes, and caught on with students of nearby Saint Vincent College . News of a new variety of sundae quickly spread by word-of-mouth and through correspondence and soon progressed far beyond Latrobe. Strickler went on to buy the pharmacy, naming it Strickler's Pharmacy, while keeping his office on a top floor. Wilmington, Ohio , also claims an early connection dating to 1907 when Ernest "Doc" Hazard created

3339-401: The production of thousands of pounds of marshmallow a day. Today, the marshmallow typically consists of four ingredients: sugar, water, air, and a whipping agent. Marshmallows consist of four ingredients: sugar, water, air, and a whipping agent/aerator (usually a protein). The type of sugar and whipping agent varies depending on desired characteristics. Each ingredient plays a specific role in

3402-425: The sugar ratio to about 60–65% produces a grainy marshmallow. Temperature also plays an important role in producing smooth marshmallows by reducing the time window for ordered crystals to form. To ensure the sugars are disordered, the sugar syrup solution is heated to a high temperature and then cooled rapidly. Sugarcane and sugar beet are the two primary sources of sugar, consisting of sucrose molecules. Sucrose

3465-414: The surface area of a portion of (water-based) liquid. A portion of each protein molecule is hydrophilic , with a polar charge, and another portion is hydrophobic and non-polar. The non-polar section has little or no affinity for water, and so this section orients as far away from the water as possible. However, the polar section is attracted to the water and has little or no affinity for the air. Therefore,

3528-408: The votes but the legality of the election was questioned. So citizens of Holdrege went to Phelps Center, picked up the official records and books and hid them for two months pending the arrival of new county officials who would take over on January 1, 1885. Holdrege succeeded in becoming the county seat and the courthouse was completed. Holdrege was incorporated on February 14, 1884, and quickly became

3591-415: The warm syrup, held at a temperature just above the melting point of gelatin. In a marshmallow aerator, pins on a rotating cylinder (rotor) intermesh with stationary pins on the wall (stator) provide the shear forces necessary to break the large injected air bubbles into numerous tiny bubbles that provide the smooth, fine-grained texture of the marshmallow. A continuous stream of light, fluffy marshmallow exits

3654-494: The whipped marshmallow sap mixture and allowed to cool or harden. At the same time, candy makers began to replace the mallow root with gelatin, which created a stable form of marshmallow. By the early 20th century, thanks to the starch mogul system , marshmallows were available for mass consumption. In the United States they were sold in tins as penny candy and used in a variety of food recipes like banana fluff, lime mallow sponge, and tutti frutti . In 1956, Alex Doumak patented

3717-453: Was 1,498.5 inhabitants per square mile (578.6/km ). There were 2,602 housing units at an average density of 691.8 per square mile (267.1/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 97.29% White , 0.14% African American , 0.34% Native American , 0.25% Asian , 1.03% from other races , and 0.96% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.11% of the population. There were 2,355 households, out of which 30.7% had children under

3780-412: Was 8.0% (468) of the population. Of the 2,438 households, 24.8% had children under the age of 18; 47.2% were married couples living together; 22.7% had a female householder with no husband present. 33.7% of households consisted of individuals and 14.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.1 and the average family size was 2.8. 21.0% of the population

3843-534: Was settled primarily by immigrants from Sweden in the 1880s and was named after George Ward Holdrege, general manager of the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad Company. He constructed most of the line's mileage in Nebraska, including a section through this small settlement in Phelps County. On December 10, 1883, the first train arrived in Holdrege, a little pioneer town inhabited by 200 people. In 1884,

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3906-404: Was sold in bar form as a lozenge . Drying and preparation of the marshmallow took one to two days before the final product was produced. In the late 19th century, candy makers started looking for a new process and discovered the starch mogul system , in which trays of modified corn starch had a mold firmly pushed down in them to create cavities within the starch. The cavities were then filled with

3969-435: Was under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 20.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.4 years. For every 100 females, the population had 92.7 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 93.4 males. The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey estimates show that the median household income was $ 53,241 (with a margin of error of +/- $ 6,868) and

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