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58-621: Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster Robert Holland, 1st Baron Holand The Banastre Rebellion was an uprising in Lancashire , England, in 1315 against the Earl of Lancaster and his supporters. A group of disaffected knights decided to revenge themselves on the Earl of Lancaster by attacking his chief retainer and their rival, Sir Robert de Holland . The group was led by Sir Adam Banastre of Bank Hall , Bretherton , who had extensive landholdings in

116-499: A Lancaster adherent Thurstan de Norley, seizing goods and livestock. The mob traversed far and wide across South Lancashire, attacking the homes and property of the earl's supporters. Halton Castle in Cheshire was captured by burning down the gates but an attempt to capture Liverpool Castle (then in the hands of Sir Robert Holland) was unsuccessful. Clitheroe Castle was taken and Preston terrorised. Eventually Edmund de Neville,

174-827: A delegate to the Khangan Güyük Khan ( r.  1246–1248 ) in Mongolia . However, Güyük's death preceded the arrival of the emissary, and his widow and acting regent, Oghul Qaimish , rejected the diplomatic proposition. Louis sent another representative, the Franciscan missionary and explorer William of Rubruck , to the Mongol court. Rubruck visited the Khagan Möngke ( r.  1251–1259 ) in Mongolia and spent several years there. In 1259, Berke ,

232-400: A fair and judicious ruler led to his being solicited to mediate disputes beyond his own kingdom. Louis' admirers through the centuries have celebrated him as the quintessential Christian monarch. His skill as a knight and engaging manner with the public contributed to his popularity, although he was occasionally criticized as being overly pious, earning the moniker of a " monk king". Louis

290-529: A feud between Lancaster and Surrey; Lancaster seized two of Surrey's castles in retaliation. King Edward then intervened, and the two earls came to an uneasy truce. Thomas continued to hold the powerful earldoms of Lincoln and Salisbury. This was due to the marriage contract the two families had agreed; upon the death of his father-in-law, Thomas would hold these earldoms in his own right, not, as would be expected, in right of his wife. On reaching full age he became hereditary sheriff of Lancashire , but spent most of

348-664: A large stone coffin buried in a field in the parish of Ferry Fryston . In 1942 it was reported by E. J. Rudsdale that some of Thomas's bones had been found in a box at Paskell's auctioneers in Colchester, Essex, having been removed from Pontefract Castle in 1885. From his father, Thomas inherited the earldoms of Lancaster , Leicester and a Ferrers earldom of Derby . By his marriage to Alice de Lacy, Countess of Lincoln , daughter and heiress of Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln , he became Earl of Lincoln , Earl of Salisbury , 11th Baron of Halton and 7th Lord of Bowland upon

406-516: A mortal sin." Louis authored and sent the Enseignements , or teachings, to his son Philip III . The letter outlined how Philip should follow the example of Jesus Christ in order to be a moral leader. The letter is estimated to have been written in 1267, three years before Louis's death. Louis and his followers landed in Egypt on 4 or 5 June 1249 and began their campaign with the capture of

464-568: A mother can love her child; but I would rather see you dead at my feet than that you should ever commit a mortal sin. His younger brother Charles I of Sicily (1227–85) was created count of Anjou , thus founding the Capetian Angevin dynasty. In 1229, when Louis was 15, his mother ended the Albigensian Crusade by signing an agreement with Raymond VII of Toulouse . Raymond VI of Toulouse had been suspected of ordering

522-650: A promise he made while praying for recovery from a grave illness, Louis led the ill-fated Seventh and Eighth Crusades against the Muslim dynasties that controlled North Africa, Egypt , and the Holy Land . He was captured and ransomed during the Seventh Crusade, and later succumbed to dysentery during the Eighth Crusade. His son, Philip III , succeeded him. Louis instigated significant reforms in

580-577: Is believed to have ordered the production of the Morgan Bible and the Arsenal Bible , both deluxe illuminated manuscripts . During the so-called "golden century of Saint Louis", the kingdom of France was at its height in Europe, both politically and economically. Saint Louis was regarded as " primus inter pares ", first among equals, among the kings and rulers of the continent. He commanded

638-474: Is known of Louis's life comes from Jean de Joinville 's famous Life of Saint Louis . Joinville was a close friend, confidant, and counselor to the king. He participated as a witness in the papal inquest into Louis's life that resulted in his canonization in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII . Two other important biographies were written by the king's confessor, Geoffrey of Beaulieu , and his chaplain, William of Chartres . While several individuals wrote biographies in

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696-556: The Cathedral of Monreale near Palermo . Louis's bones were carried overland in a lengthy processional across Sicily, Italy, the Alps, and France, until they were interred in the royal necropolis at Saint-Denis in May 1271. Charles and Philip III later dispersed a number of relics to promote Louis's veneration. Louis and Margaret's two children who died in infancy were first buried at

754-626: The Cistercian abbey of Royaumont . In 1820 they were transferred and reinterred to Saint-Denis Basilica . Pope Boniface VIII proclaimed the canonization of Louis in 1297; he is the only French king to be declared a saint . Louis IX is often considered the model of the ideal Christian monarch. Named in his honour, the Sisters of Charity of St. Louis is a Roman Catholic religious order founded in Vannes , France, in 1803. A similar order,

812-593: The French legal system , creating a royal justice mechanism that allowed petitioners to appeal judgements directly to the monarch. He abolished trials by ordeal , endeavored to terminate private wars, and incorporated the presumption of innocence into criminal proceedings . To implement his new legal framework, he established the offices of provosts and bailiffs . Louis IX's reign is often marked as an economic and political zenith for medieval France , and he held immense respect throughout Christendom . His reputation as

870-560: The Mongol rulers of his era. During his first crusade in 1248, he received envoys from Eljigidei , the Mongol military leader stationed in Armenia and Persia . Eljigidei proposed that Louis should launch an offensive in Egypt while he targeted Baghdad to prevent the unification of the Muslim forces in Egypt and Syria. In response, Louis sent André de Longjumeau , a Dominican priest, as

928-584: The Quinze-Vingt for 300 blind men (1254), and hospitals at Pontoise, Vernon, and Compiègne. St. Louis installed a house of the Trinitarian Order at Fontainebleau , his chateau and estate near Paris. He chose Trinitarians as his chaplains and was accompanied by them on his crusades. In his spiritual testament he wrote, "My dearest son, you should permit yourself to be tormented by every kind of martyrdom before you would allow yourself to commit

986-565: The Treaty of Corbeil to end areas of contention between them. By this treaty, Louis renounced his feudal overlordship over the County of Barcelona and Roussillon , which was held by the King of Aragon. James in turn renounced his feudal overlordship over several counties in southern France, including Provence and Languedoc . In 1259 Louis signed the Treaty of Paris , by which Henry III of England

1044-698: The Ayyubid sultan died, and the sultan's wife Shajar al-Durr set in motion a shift in power that would make her Queen and eventually result in the rule of the Egyptian army of the Mamluks . On 8 February 1250, Louis lost his army at the Battle of Fariskur and was captured by the Egyptians. His release was eventually negotiated in return for a ransom of 400,000 livres tournois (roughly US$ 80 million today) and

1102-659: The Capetian cause in the Albigensian Crusade , which had been ongoing for the past two decades. As an adult, Louis IX grappled with persistent conflicts involving some of the most influential nobles in his kingdom, including Hugh X of Lusignan and Peter of Dreux . Concurrently, England's Henry III sought to reclaim the Angevin continental holdings , only to be decisively defeated at the Battle of Taillebourg . Louis expanded his territory by annexing several provinces, including parts of Aquitaine , Maine , and Provence . Keeping

1160-530: The Cathars and others reached its highest levels in the years before his first crusade and slowed upon his return to France in 1254. In 1250, Louis headed a crusade to Egypt and was taken prisoner. During his captivity, he recited the Divine Office every day. After his release against ransom, he visited the Holy Land before returning to France. In these deeds, Louis IX tried to fulfill what he considered

1218-574: The Deputy Sheriff of Lancashire, organised a force loyal to the earl and confronted the rebels at Deepdale in Preston. Within an hour the rebels were routed and Sir Ralph Bickerstaff killed. Joined by a force under Robert de Holland, Neville moved south to round up fugitives. Sir Adam Banastre and Sir Henry de Lea were captured at Charnock Richard after being betrayed and were summarily beheaded. Sir William Bradshaigh escaped, possibly to Wales, and

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1276-633: The Sisters of St Louis, was founded in Juilly in 1842. He is honoured as co-patron of the Third Order of St. Francis , which claims him as a member of the Order. When he became king, over a hundred poor people were served meals in his house on ordinary days. Often the king served these guests himself. His acts of charity, coupled with his devout religious practices, gave rise to the legend that he joined

1334-520: The Venetian merchant Niccolo Quirino, for which Baldwin had pledged the Crown of Thorns as collateral. Louis IX paid the exorbitant sum of 135,000 livres to clear the debt. In 1230, the King forbade all forms of usury , defined at the time as any taking of interest and therefore covering most banking activities. Louis used these anti-usury laws to extract funds from Jewish and Lombard moneylenders, with

1392-595: The arms of the kingdom, differenced by a label France of three points (that is to say azure three fleur-de-lys or , each) . Thomas was closely related to both the Capetian kings of France and the Plantagenet kings of England . His contemporaries commented that "as each parent was of royal stock, he was clearly of nobler descent than the other earls". Louis IX of France Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), also known as Saint Louis ,

1450-641: The assassination of Pierre de Castelnau , a Roman Catholic preacher who attempted to convert the Cathars . On 27 May 1234, Louis married Margaret of Provence (1221–1295); she was crowned in the cathedral of Sens the next day. Margaret was the sister of Eleanor of Provence , who later married Henry III of England . The new queen's religious zeal made her a well-suited partner for the king, and they are attested to have gotten along well, enjoying riding together, reading, and listening to music. His closeness to Margaret aroused jealousy in his mother, who tried to keep

1508-474: The barons declined and he was persuaded "to accept a diminished authority." The new leadership, eventually headed by Hugh le Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester , and his son Hugh Despenser the Younger , proved no more popular with the baronage, and in 1321 Lancaster was again at the head of a rebellion. This time he was defeated at the Battle of Boroughbridge on 16 March 1322, and taken prisoner. Lancaster

1566-693: The burning of 12,000 Talmudim, along with other important Jewish books and scripture. The edict against the Talmud was eventually overturned by Gregory IX's successor, Innocent IV . Louis also expanded the scope of the Inquisition in France. He set the punishment for blasphemy to mutilation of the tongue and lips. The area most affected by this expansion was southern France, where the Cathar sect had been strongest. The rate of confiscation of property from

1624-552: The conflict between the king and the nobles wore on, Lancaster's allegiances changed. He despised the royal favourite , Piers Gaveston , who mocked him as "the Fiddler", and swore revenge when Gaveston demanded that the king dismiss one of Lancaster's retainers. Lancaster was one of the Lords Ordainers who demanded the banishment of Gaveston and the establishment of a baronial oligarchy . His private army helped separate

1682-543: The county, Sir William de Bradshaigh of Haigh Hall and Sir Henry Lea of Charnock Richard . The cause of their grievance was that the powerful earl, the dominant force in the north-west of England, appeared to be favouring the Holland family to their disadvantage. The group met on 8 October 1315 at Wingates , in Westhoughton , where they planned an attack on the pro-Holland Radcliffes of Radcliffe . Adam de Radcliffe

1740-491: The couple apart as much as she could. While his contemporaries viewed his reign as co-rule between the king and his mother, historians generally believe Louis began ruling personally in 1234, with his mother assuming a more advisory role. She continued to have a strong influence on the king until her death in 1252. Louis's patronage of the arts inspired much innovation in Gothic art and architecture . The style of his court

1798-564: The death of his father-in-law in 1311. Master of five earldoms, he was one of the wealthiest and most powerful men in England. Thomas was in possession of many key fortresses, including Clitheroe Castle , particularly in northern England. He was responsible for the extension of Pontefract Castle and in 1313 he began the construction of Dunstanburgh Castle , a massive fortress in Northumberland . Inherited from his father, Thomas bore

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1856-408: The decades following the king's death, only Jean of Joinville, Geoffrey of Beaulieu, and William of Chartres wrote from personal knowledge of the king and of the events they describe, and all three are biased favorably to the king. The fourth important source of information is William of Saint-Parthus's 19th-century biography, which he wrote using material from the papal inquest mentioned above. Louis

1914-702: The duty of France as "the eldest daughter of the Church" ( la fille aînée de l'Église ), a tradition of protector of the Church going back to the Franks and Charlemagne , who had been crowned by Pope Leo III in Rome in 800. The kings of France were known in the Church by the title "most Christian king" ( Rex Christianissimus ). Louis founded many hospitals and houses: the House of the Filles-Dieu for reformed prostitutes;

1972-547: The hopes that it would help pay for a future crusade. Louis also oversaw the Disputation of Paris in 1240, in which Paris's Jewish leaders were imprisoned and forced to admit to anti-Christian passages in the Talmud, the major source of Jewish commentaries on the Bible and religious law. As a result of the disputation, Pope Gregory IX declared that all copies of the Talmud should be seized and destroyed. In 1242, Louis ordered

2030-511: The king and Gaveston, and Lancaster was one of the "judges" who convicted Gaveston and saw him executed in 1312. After the disaster at Bannockburn in 1314, Edward submitted to Lancaster, who in effect became ruler of England. He attempted to govern for the next four years, but was unable to keep order or prevent the Scots from raiding and retaking territory in the North. In 1318 his popularity with

2088-582: The largest army and ruled the largest and wealthiest kingdom, the European centre of arts and intellectual thought at the time. The foundations for the notable college of theology, later known as the Sorbonne , were laid in Paris about the year 1257. The prestige and respect felt by Europeans for King Louis IX were due more to the appeal of his personality than to military domination. For his contemporaries, he

2146-700: The leader of the Golden Horde , demanded Louis's submission. In contrast, Mongol emperors Möngke and Khubilai 's brother, the Ilkhan Hulegu , sent a letter to the French king, soliciting his military aid; this letter, however, never reached France. In a parliament held at Paris, 24 March 1267, Louis and his three sons "took the cross." On hearing the reports of the missionaries, Louis resolved to land at Tunis , and he ordered his younger brother, Charles of Anjou, to join him there. The crusaders, among whom

2204-455: The lord arrested and brought to the Louvre by his sergeants. Enguerrand demanded judgment by his peers and trial by battle, which the king refused because he thought it obsolete. Enguerrand was tried, sentenced, and ordered to pay 12,000 livres. Part of the money was to pay for masses to be said in perpetuity for the souls of the men he had hanged. In 1258, Louis and James I of Aragon signed

2262-540: The next ten years fighting for Edward I in Scotland, leaving the shrievalty in the care of deputies. He was present at the Battle of Falkirk in 1298 as part of Edward I's wing of the army. He served in the coronation of his cousin, King Edward II of England , on 25 February 1308, carrying Curtana , the sword of Edward the Confessor . At the beginning of the king's reign, Lancaster openly supported Edward, but as

2320-635: The port of Damietta . This attack caused some disruption in the Muslim Ayyubid empire, especially as the current sultan, Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub , was on his deathbed. However, the march of Europeans from Damietta toward Cairo through the Nile River Delta went slowly. The seasonal rising of the Nile and the summer heat made it impossible for them to advance. During this time,

2378-803: The royal palace complex (now the Paris Hall of Justice ), on the Île de la Cité in the centre of Paris. The Sainte Chapelle , a prime example of the Rayonnant style of Gothic architecture , was erected as a shrine for the crown of thorns and a fragment of the True Cross , precious relics of the Passion of Christ. He acquired these in 1239–41 from Emperor Baldwin II of the Latin Empire of Constantinople by agreeing to pay off Baldwin's debt to

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2436-729: The surrender of the city of Damietta. Upon his liberation from captivity in Egypt, Louis IX devoted four years to fortifying the Kingdom of Jerusalem , focusing his efforts in Acre , Caesarea , and Jaffa . He used his resources to aid the Crusaders in reconstructing their defenses and actively engaged in diplomatic endeavors with the Ayyubid dynasty . In the spring of 1254, Louis and his remaining forces made their return to France. Louis maintained regular correspondence and envoy exchanges with

2494-438: Was Earl of Lancaster , Leicester , and Derby from 1296 to 1322, and Earl of Lincoln and Salisbury jure uxoris from 1311 to 1322. As one of the most powerful barons of England, Thomas was one of the leaders of the baronial opposition to his first cousin, King Edward II . Thomas was the eldest son of Edmund Crouchback and Blanche of Artois , Queen Dowager of Navarre and niece of King Louis IX of France . Crouchback

2552-481: Was King of France from 1226 until his death in 1270. He is widely recognized as the most distinguished of the Direct Capetians . Following the death of his father, Louis VIII , he was crowned in Reims at the age of 12. His mother, Blanche of Castile , effectively ruled the kingdom as regent until he came of age and continued to serve as his trusted adviser until her death. During his formative years, Blanche successfully confronted rebellious vassals and championed

2610-417: Was a staunch Christian and rigorously enforced Catholic orthodoxy . He enacted harsh laws against blasphemy , and he also launched actions against France's Jewish population , including ordering them to wear a yellow badge of shame, as well as the notorious burning of the Talmud following the Disputation of Paris . Louis IX holds the distinction of being the sole canonized king of France. Much of what

2668-424: Was born on 25 April 1214 at Poissy , near Paris, the son of Louis the Lion and Blanche of Castile , and was baptized there in La Collégiale Notre-Dame church. His grandfather on his father's side was Philip II , king of France; his grandfather on his mother's side was Alfonso VIII , king of Castile . Tutors of Blanche's choosing taught him Latin , public speaking, writing, military arts, and government. He

2726-432: Was captured and the raiding party moved to the home of Sir Henry de Bury looking for his brothers and Sir Henry de Bury was killed. The next day, they were joined by Sir Ralph Bickerstaff , the High Sheriff of Lancashire , and his men in Standish . That day the group raided the farm of the bailiff of the Rector of Wigan , another Holland supporter, stealing crops and other goods. They then raided Norley Hall , belonging to

2784-405: Was confirmed in his possession of territories in southwestern France, and Louis received the provinces of Anjou , Normandy (Normandie), Poitou , Maine, and Touraine . The perception of Louis IX by his contemporaries as the exemplary Christian prince was reinforced by his religious zeal. Louis was an extremely devout Catholic, and he built the Sainte-Chapelle ("Holy Chapel"), located within

2842-488: Was executed on 22 March 1322 near Pontefract Castle . Upon his death, his titles and estates were forfeited, and the Scots, whom Lancaster gained aid from in his rebellion, mainly to weaken the English in their war, seized the opportunity to take his inheritance in the Great Raid of 1322 . In 1323, his younger brother Henry successfully petitioned to take possession of the earldom of Leicester, and in 1326 or 1327 Parliament posthumously reversed Thomas's conviction, and Henry

2900-418: Was further permitted to take possession of the earldoms of Lancaster, Derby, Salisbury and Lincoln. Soon after Thomas's death, miracles were reported at his tomb at Pontefract, and he became venerated as a martyr and saint . In 1327 the Commons petitioned Edward III to ask for his canonisation , and popular veneration continued until the reformation. On 23 March 1822, Thomas's remains were discovered in

2958-430: Was influential throughout Europe, both because of artwork purchased from Parisian masters for export, and by the marriage of the king's daughters and other female relatives to foreigners. They became emissaries of Parisian models and styles elsewhere. Louis's personal chapel, the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, which was known for its intricate stained-glass windows, was copied more than once by his descendants elsewhere. Louis

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3016-462: Was nine years old when his grandfather Philip II died and his father became King Louis VIII. Louis was 12 years old when his father died on 8 November 1226. He was crowned king on 29 November 1226 at Reims Cathedral , officiated by the bishop of Soissons . His mother, Blanche, ruled France as regent during his minority. Louis's mother instilled in him her devout Christianity. She is once recorded to have said: I love you, my dear son, as much as

3074-406: Was outlawed. After the Battle of Boroughbridge the Earl of Lancaster was executed at Pontefract and Sir Robert de Holland imprisoned. Sir William Bradshaigh was able to return to continue his feud with Sir Robert de Holland's successor, Sir Richard de Holland. Edward II had them arrested and Bradshaigh was imprisoned for several months. After Edward was overthrown in 1326, Sir Robert de Holland

3132-409: Was released, only to be killed in 1328 by the new Earl of Lancaster's men for his treachery at Boroughbridge. Sir William Bradshaigh was killed in 1333 in a fight with the Radcliffes at Newton-le-Willows. Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster ( c. 1278 – 22 March 1322) was an English nobleman of the first House of Lancaster of the royal Plantagenet Dynasty . He

3190-548: Was the English prince Edward Longshanks , landed at Carthage 17 July 1270, but disease broke out in the camp. Louis died at Tunis on 25 August 1270, during an epidemic of dysentery that swept through his army. According to European custom, his body was subjected to the process known as mos Teutonicus prior to his remains being returned to France. Louis was succeeded as King of France by his son, Philip III . Louis's younger brother, Charles I of Naples , preserved his heart and intestines, and conveyed them for burial in

3248-477: Was the quintessential example of the Christian prince and embodied the whole of Christendom in his person. His reputation for fairness and even saintliness was already well established while he was alive, and on many occasions he was chosen as an arbiter in quarrels among the rulers of Europe. Shortly before 1256, Enguerrand IV, Lord of Coucy , arrested and without trial hanged three young squires of Laon, whom he accused of poaching in his forest. In 1256 Louis had

3306-453: Was the son of King Henry III of England . Through his mother, Thomas was a half-brother of Queen Joan I of Navarre . His marriage to Alice de Lacy was not successful. They had no children together, while he fathered, illegitimately, two sons named John and Thomas. In 1317 Alice was abducted from her manor at Canford , Dorset , by Richard de St Martin, a knight in the service of John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey . This incident caused

3364-454: Was tried by a tribunal consisting of, among others, the two Despensers ; Edmund Fitzalan, 9th Earl of Arundel ; and King Edward. Lancaster was not allowed to speak in his own defence, nor was he allowed to have anyone to speak for him. He was convicted of treason and sentenced to death. Because of their kinship and Lancaster's royal blood, the king commuted the sentence to beheading, as opposed to being hanged, drawn and beheaded , and Lancaster

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