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63-471: The name Bangudae comes from the Korean ban(반), the word for a shell, gu(구), meaning a turtle, and dae(대), a structure or a site since the carving site forms itself like the back of turtle. More than 300 petroglyphs are engraved. Three hundred and four representations can be seen, of which 166 figures are animals and 108 are unidentified motifs. Representations of cetaceans are the most frequent, being 14.4% of

126-415: A pinna and hair . Whales have an elongated head, especially baleen whales , due to the wide overhanging jaw. Bowhead whale plates can be 9 metres (30 ft) long. Their nostril(s) make up the blowhole , with one in toothed whales and two in baleen whales. The nostrils are located on top of the head above the eyes so that the rest of the body can remain submerged while surfacing for air. The back of

189-427: A boat with its body seems to be dead, and stripes carved on its body are thought to be distribution or breakup lines, resembling ethnographic material describing natives distributing pieces of whale. These engravings are assessed to provide important information about the hunting and subsequent distribution of large animals. The three turtles on the upper left of the main rock face appear to be guiding whales swimming in

252-601: A factor in the ability to produce sounds used in echolocation. Mysticeti, who don't have the ability to echolocate, possess general symmetry of the skull and facial region, while Odontoceti display a nasofacial asymmetry that is linked to their echolocating abilities. Differences in the level of asymmetry also seem to correlate with differences in the types of sounds produced. Mysticeti have exceptionally thin, wide basilar membranes in their cochleae without stiffening agents, making their ears adapted for processing low to infrasonic frequencies. The initial karyotype includes

315-435: A group upward as if seen from a bird's-eye view. Sideway engravings of whales are made in a "twisted method" in which the tail is carved sideways to show the horizontal tail of the whale, which is different from fish. Other rock art shows a mother whale with her baby on her back, whale jumping scenes, and large cetaceans migrating to and from the remote sea, all vividly depicting whale behaviour. The whale horizontally overturning

378-450: A group. Since sea turtles come to the shore to spawn between early spring and summer, they are often regarded in ancient myth as symbolic animals crossing the boundary of sea and land. In the case of fish, heads of fish looking like sharks are depicted sideways, and there are salmon jumping above the sea surface. On later engravings there is the suggestion of a wooden fence, but since the inner outlines resemble fish and land animals are lacking

441-439: A large melon and multiple, asymmetric air bags. River dolphins , unlike most other cetaceans, can turn their head 90°. Most other cetaceans have fused neck vertebrae and are unable to turn their head at all. The baleen of baleen whales consists of long, fibrous strands of keratin. Located in place of the teeth, it has the appearance of a huge fringe and is used to sieve the water for plankton and krill. Sperm whales have

504-584: A latitudinal basis to move between seasonal habitats. For example, the gray whale migrates 10,000 miles (16,000 km) round trip. The journey begins at winter birthing grounds in warm lagoons along Baja California, and traverses 5,000–7,000 miles (8,000–11,300 km) of coastline to summer feeding grounds in the Bering, Chuckchi and Beaufort seas off the coast of Alaska. Conscious breathing cetaceans sleep but cannot afford to be unconscious for long, because they may drown. While knowledge of sleep in wild cetaceans

567-661: A relatively small or restricted area by people who lived there in the Jeulmun pottery period . It was excavated three times by archaeologists of the National Museum of Korea from 1969 and was found to be the among oldest Jeulmun middens so far discovered in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula . The presence of Yunggimun (appliqué-pattern) pottery indicates the site was occupied for a time between 8000-7000 BC, but many absolute dates generated from carbon that

630-537: A set of chromosomes from 2n = 44. They have four pairs of telocentric chromosomes (whose centromeres sit at one of the telomeres ), two to four pairs of subtelocentric and one or two large pairs of submetacentric chromosomes. The remaining chromosomes are metacentric—the centromere is approximately in the middle—and are rather small. All cetaceans have chromosomes 2n = 44, except the sperm whales and pygmy sperm whales , which have 2n = 42. Cetaceans are found in many aquatic habitats. While many marine species, such as

693-760: A specific body of water. The southern right whale dolphin and the hourglass dolphin live only in the Southern Ocean . The narwhal and the beluga live only in the Arctic Ocean. Sowerby's beaked whale and the Clymene dolphin exist only in the Atlantic and the Pacific white-sided dolphin and the northern straight dolphin live only in the North Pacific. Cosmopolitan species may be found in

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756-426: A terrestrial mammal breathing out on a cold day, a small cloud of 'steam' appears. This is called the 'spout' and varies across species in shape, angle and height. Species can be identified at a distance using this characteristic. The structure of the respiratory and circulatory systems is of particular importance for the life of marine mammals . The oxygen balance is effective. Each breath can replace up to 90% of

819-654: Is bicornuate . Cetacean eyes are set on the sides rather than the front of the head. This means only species with pointed 'beaks' (such as dolphins) have good binocular vision forward and downward. Tear glands secrete greasy tears, which protect the eyes from the salt in the water. The lens is almost spherical, which is most efficient at focusing the minimal light that reaches deep water. Odontocetes have little to no ability to taste or smell, while mysticetes are believed to have some ability to smell because of their reduced, but functional olfactory system . Cetaceans are known to possess excellent hearing. At least one species,

882-447: Is an infraorder of aquatic mammals belonging to the order Artiodactyla that includes whales , dolphins and porpoises . Key characteristics are their fully aquatic lifestyle, streamlined body shape, often large size and exclusively carnivorous diet. They propel themselves through the water with powerful up-and-down movement of their tail which ends in a paddle-like fluke, using their flipper-shaped forelimbs to maneuver. While

945-515: Is considered to be functionally extinct due to human activity. The two parvorders, baleen whales (Mysticeti) and toothed whales (Odontoceti), are thought to have diverged around thirty-four million years ago. Baleen whales have bristles made of keratin instead of teeth . The bristles filter krill and other small invertebrates from seawater. Grey whales feed on bottom-dwelling mollusks. Rorqual family (balaenopterids) use throat pleats to expand their mouths to take in food and sieve out

1008-509: Is hard to classify them on the basis of engravings on the rock alone. Signs are conceptual expressions that are impossible to find in real life but are repeated expressions of a certain pattern. According to the results of an analysis of animal bones discovered in a shell midden in Ulsan and widespread along the southeastern coasts and of research on Ulsan Bay's archaeological environment, the site dates from 6,000 to 1,000 BC. Many relics related to

1071-430: Is home to elongated spindle neurons that, prior to 2019, were known only in hominids . In humans, these cells are thought to be involved in social conduct, emotions, judgment and theory of mind. Cetacean spindle neurons are found in areas of the brain homologous to where they are found in humans, suggesting they perform a similar function. The cetacean skeleton is largely made up of cortical bone , which stabilizes

1134-433: Is limited, toothed cetaceans in captivity have been recorded to exhibit unihemispheric slow-wave sleep (USWS), which means they sleep with one side of their brain at a time, so that they may swim, breathe consciously and avoid both predators and social contact during their period of rest. A 2008 study found that sperm whales sleep in vertical postures just under the surface in passive shallow 'drift-dives', generally during

1197-424: Is so well-adapted for both air and water that some blind specimens can survive. Some species, such as sperm whales, are well adapted for diving to great depths. Several species of toothed whales show sexual dimorphism , in which the males differ from the females, usually for purposes of sexual display or aggression. Cetacean bodies are generally similar to those of fish, which can be attributed to their lifestyle and

1260-759: Is swallowed whole. Teeth are shaped like cones (dolphins and sperm whales), spades ( porpoises ), pegs ( belugas ), tusks ( narwhals ) or variable (beaked whale males). Female beaked whales' teeth are hidden in the gums and are not visible, and most male beaked whales have only two short tusks. Narwhals have vestigial teeth other than their tusk, which is present on males and 15% of females and has millions of nerves to sense water temperature, pressure and salinity. A few toothed whales, such as some orcas , feed on mammals, such as pinnipeds and other whales. Toothed whales have well-developed senses – their eyesight and hearing are adapted for both air and water, and they have advanced sonar capabilities using their melon . Their hearing

1323-412: Is vital for deep diving, since beyond a depth around 100 m (330 ft), the lung tissue is almost completely compressed by the water pressure. The stomach consists of three chambers. The first region is formed by a loose gland and a muscular forestomach (missing in beaked whales); this is followed by the main stomach and the pylorus . Both are equipped with glands to help digestion. A bowel adjoins

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1386-459: The Amazon river dolphin . The collarbone is completely absent. Cetaceans have a cartilaginous fluke at the end of their tails that is used for propulsion. The fluke is set horizontally on the body and used with vertical movements, unlike fish and ichthyosaurs, which have vertical tails which move horizontally. Cetaceans have powerful hearts. Blood oxygen is distributed effectively throughout

1449-808: The Dongsam-dong Shell Midden suggest that nets were widely used not only for fishing but also for hunting in those days. The site has scenes showing whaling activities in great detail. Around 5–17 people are on boats surrounding whales. The bows and sterns are semi-circular and are connected to a harpoon stuck into the body of whales and to floats hanging on a rope. The tools are almost identical to those used by natives for whaling today. Engravings of uncertain theme and content have been classified into two types: those of unknown theme which are in good condition and those of unknown shape which have been worn and damaged over time and are therefore hard to decode. Some have signs with certain patterns, but it

1512-532: The beaked whale family, several species of the porpoise family, orcas, pilot whales , eastern spinner dolphins and northern right whale dolphins show this characteristic. Males in these species developed external features absent in females that are advantageous in combat or display. For example, male sperm whales are up to 63% percent larger than females, and many beaked whales possess tusks used in competition among males. Hind legs are not present in cetaceans, nor are any other external body attachments such as

1575-664: The blue whale , the humpback whale and the orca , have a distribution area that includes nearly the entire ocean, some species occur only locally or in broken populations. These include the vaquita , which inhabits a small part of the Gulf of California and Hector's dolphin , which lives in some coastal waters in New Zealand. Most river dolphin species live exclusively in fresh water. Many species inhabit specific latitudes, often in tropical or subtropical waters, such as Bryde's whale or Risso's dolphin . Others are found only in

1638-404: The melon as a head buckle. This is filled with air sacs and fat that aid in buoyancy and biosonar . The sperm whale has a particularly pronounced melon; this is called the spermaceti organ and contains the eponymous spermaceti , hence the name "sperm whale". Even the long tusk of the narwhal is a vice-formed tooth. In many toothed whales, the depression in their skull is due to the formation of

1701-404: The sperm whale , and the poorly understood beaked whales ) and the filter feeding Mysticeti or baleen whales (which includes species like the blue whale , the humpback whale and the bowhead whale ). Despite their highly modified bodies and carnivorous lifestyle, genetic and fossil evidence places cetaceans as nested within even-toed ungulates , most closely related to hippopotamus within

1764-433: The tucuxi or Guiana dolphin, is able to use electroreception to sense prey. The external ear has lost the pinna (visible ear), but still retains a narrow ear canal . The three small bones or ossicles that transmit sound within each ear are dense and compact , and differently shaped from those of land mammals. The semicircular canals are much smaller relative to body size than in other mammals. A bony structure of

1827-675: The Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. However, northern and southern populations become genetically separated over time. In some species, this separation leads eventually to a divergence of the species, such as produced the southern right whale , North Pacific right whale and North Atlantic right whale . Migratory species' reproductive sites often lie in the tropics and their feeding grounds in polar regions. Thirty-two species are found in European waters, including twenty-five toothed and seven baleen species. Many species of whales migrate on

1890-402: The amount of brain mass available for cognitive tasks. Allometric analysis of the relationship between mammalian brain mass (weight) and body mass for different species of mammals shows that larger species generally have larger brains. However, this increase is not fully proportional. Typically the brain mass only increases in proportion to somewhere between the two-thirds power (or the square of

1953-522: The animal in the water. For this reason, the usual terrestrial compact bones, which are finely woven cancellous bone , are replaced with lighter and more elastic material. In many places, bone elements are replaced by cartilage and even fat, thereby improving their hydrostatic qualities. The ear and the muzzle contain a bone shape that is exclusive to cetaceans with a high density, resembling porcelain . This conducts sound better than other bones, thus aiding biosonar . The number of vertebrae that make up

Bangudae Petroglyphs - Misplaced Pages Continue

2016-406: The annual change of seasons and the breeding season. Tools relating to hunting and fishing such as boats, floats, harpoons, fishing net, fish pounds, and bows provide information on the age of the rock art and livelihood of the time. This site also has scenes of whales and tigers being captured with a net. Although no prehistoric net has yet been excavated, fine marks of net on pottery discovered in

2079-439: The body wall. The stable lumbar and tail include the other vertebrae. Below the caudal vertebrae is the chevron bone . The front limbs are paddle-shaped with shortened arms and elongated finger bones, to support movement. They are connected by cartilage. The second and third fingers display a proliferation of the finger members, a so-called hyperphalangy. The shoulder joint is the only functional joint in all cetaceans except for

2142-416: The body. They are warm-blooded, i.e., they hold a nearly constant body temperature. Cetaceans have lungs, meaning they breathe air. An individual can last without a breath from a few minutes to over two hours depending on the species. Cetacea are deliberate breathers who must be awake to inhale and exhale. When stale air, warmed from the lungs, is exhaled, it condenses as it meets colder external air. As with

2205-403: The brain folds around the insula and expands more laterally than in terrestrial mammals. As a result, the cetacean prefrontal cortex (compared to that in humans) rather than frontal is laterally positioned. Brain size was previously considered a major indicator of intelligence . Since most of the brain is used for maintaining bodily functions, greater ratios of brain to body mass may increase

2268-556: The clade Whippomorpha . Cetaceans have been extensively hunted for their meat, blubber and oil by commercial operations. Although the International Whaling Commission has agreed on putting a halt to commercial whaling, whale hunting is still going on, either under IWC quotas to assist the subsistence of Arctic native people or in the name of scientific research, although a large spectrum of non-lethal methods are now available to study marine mammals in

2331-542: The cube root) and the three-quarters power (or the cube of the fourth root) of the body mass. m brain ∝ ( m body ) where k is between two-thirds and three-quarters. Thus if Species B is twice the size of Species A, its brain size will typically be somewhere between 60% and 70% higher. Comparison of a particular animal's brain size with the expected brain size based on such an analysis provides an encephalization quotient that can be used as an indication of animal intelligence. The neocortex of many cetaceans

2394-582: The day, during which whales do not respond to passing vessels unless they are in contact, leading to the suggestion that whales possibly sleep during such dives. Dongsam-dong Shell Midden Shell Mound in Dongsam-dong, Busan is located on the west coast of Yeong-do Island in Dongsam-dong , Yeongdo District , Busan , South Korea . This archaeological site consists of a midden of shells of various mollusc taxa that were discarded in

2457-421: The figures. In terms of theme, the representations are either anthropomorphic, depicting the body or face of a human; zoomorphic, showing sea and land animals; hunting and fishing tools; and indeterminate markings whose themes or shapes are hard to identify. The engravings of whales and deer were made in most cases by carving out the body, while those of land animals mostly consist of outlines and patterns drawn on

2520-530: The fin are for stabilization and steering in the water. The male genitals and the mammary glands of females are sunken into the body. The male genitals are attached to a vestigial pelvis . The body is wrapped in a thick layer of fat, known as blubber . This provides thermal insulation and gives cetaceans their smooth, streamlined body shape. In larger species, it can reach a thickness up to one-half meter (1.6 feet). Sexual dimorphism evolved in many toothed whales. Sperm whales, narwhals , many members of

2583-403: The group's members. For example, the blue whale reaches a maximum confirmed length of 29.9 meters (98 feet) and a weight of 173 tonnes (190 short tons), making it the largest animal ever known to have existed. There are approximately 89 living species split into two parvorders : Odontoceti or toothed whales (containing porpoises , dolphins , other predatory whales like the beluga and

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2646-405: The habitat conditions. Their body is well-adapted to their habitat, although they share essential characteristics with other higher mammals ( Eutheria ). They have a streamlined shape, and their forelimbs are flippers . Almost all have a dorsal fin on their backs, but this can take on many forms, depending on the species. A few species, such as the beluga whale , lack them. Both the flipper and

2709-434: The largest brain mass of any animal on Earth, averaging 8,000 cm (490 in ) and 7.8 kg (17 lb) in mature males. The brain to body mass ratio in some odontocetes, such as belugas and narwhals, is second only to humans. In some whales, however, it is less than half that of humans: 0.9% versus 2.1%. In cetaceans, evolution in the water has caused changes to the head that have modified brain shape such that

2772-422: The majority of cetaceans live in marine environments, a small number reside solely in brackish water or fresh water . Having a cosmopolitan distribution , they can be found in some rivers and all of Earth's oceans, and many species inhabit vast ranges where they migrate with the changing of the seasons. Cetaceans are famous for their high intelligence , complex social behaviour, and the enormous size of some of

2835-469: The middle and inner ear, the auditory bulla , is composed of two compact and dense bones (the periotic and tympanic). It is housed in a cavity in the middle ear; in the Odontoceti (apart from in the physeterids , this cavity is filled with dense foam and completely surrounds the bulla, which is connected to the skull only by ligaments. This may isolate the ear from sounds transmitted through the bones of

2898-511: The most ancient evidence of whaling worldwide and is considered highly important not only as a first whaling representation, but also for understanding prehistoric maritime culture in the northern Pacific area. The Sayeon Dam, built from 1962 to 1965 and expanded between 1999 and 2002, helps supply Ulsan with drinking water but has caused the rocks on which the petroglyphs are carved to be flooded for about eight months of every year. This periodic flooding raises concerns of erosion and water damage of

2961-445: The possibility of a fishpond has been considered. Among whole images, whales take its highest priority to look up - as people living in the area used to rely on whales for their livelihood, whales often considered to be even an object of faith. In Ulsan, a whale shrine still exists. Most of the land animals are shown in a side view, which can best express the shape of four-limbed land animals. Some species can be classified according to

3024-524: The rock art seems to have been made between the early and mid-Neolithic era. Before the site was discovered, the first whaling was thought to have taken place between the 10th and 11th century. From the abundant representations of marine animals, the site seems to be in close relationship with hunter-fishers attributed to the Neolithic era (between 8000 BP and 3500 BP). Consequently, the Bangudae site has

3087-477: The rock surface. Such difference suggest difference in the time of production, given the overlapping relationships of the depictions. At the site, cetaceans are most important, followed by deer and land animals in that order, and there are a small number of turtles, deer, seals, fish, and birds. Both sea and land animals are described as being pregnant, referring to the ancient people’s desire for food and fertility. Since these kinds of images are hard to find out around

3150-570: The rock-art motifs, which are considered to be masterpieces of prehistoric art and an invaluable source of prehistoric information. The government of Korea is considering building a polycarbonate “dam” to protect the rock faces. 35°35′57″N 129°11′06″E  /  35.5991°N 129.185°E  / 35.5991; 129.185 Cetacea ( see text for families) Cetacea ( / s ɪ ˈ t eɪ ʃ ə / ; from Latin cetus  ' whale ', from Ancient Greek κῆτος ( kêtos )  ' huge fish , sea monster ')

3213-409: The shape of body, skin patterns, the length of tail and legs, and the shoulder line. These include sika deer , red deer, musk deer, roe deer, and water deer, most of which were deeply valued as a prey for the hunting. Sea birds are always placed around whales as they are hunting prey. Some engravings show mating and molt scenes of land animals and because of different patterns and angle of fall suggest

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3276-788: The shell midden in Sejuk-ri, Ulsan. Furthermore, a boat was excavated from the shell midden in Bibong-ri, Changnyeong, and during the Hwangseong-dong site excavation research project conducted by the Korea Archaeology and Art History Research Institute a whale bone stuck with a harpoon was found, which empirically proves whaling. The layers which contain the bones of captured whales date back to 5500 to 4700 BP. Consequently, considering livelihoods in that period, hunting and fishing tools, related relics, and contemporary contents,

3339-426: The skull is significantly shortened and deformed. By shifting the nostrils to the top of the head, the nasal passages extend perpendicularly through the skull. The teeth or baleen in the upper jaw sit exclusively on the maxilla . The braincase is concentrated through the nasal passage to the front and is correspondingly higher, with individual cranial bones that overlap. In toothed whales, connective tissue exists in

3402-908: The skull, something that also happens in bats . Cetaceans use sound to communicate , using groans, moans, whistles, clicks or the 'singing' of the humpback whale. Odontoceti are generally capable of echolocation . They can discern the size, shape, surface characteristics, distance and movement of an object. They can search for, chase and catch fast-swimming prey in total darkness. Most Odontoceti can distinguish between prey and nonprey (such as humans or boats); captive Odontoceti can be trained to distinguish between, for example, balls of different sizes or shapes. Echolocation clicks also contain characteristic details unique to each animal, which may suggest that toothed whales can discern between their own click and that of others. While differences in ear structure associated with echolocating abilities are found amongst Cetacea, cranial asymmetry has also been found to be

3465-754: The species to be discriminated. Most of them are whales and concentrated on the left main rock face. Ungulate mammals like deer and predatory animals like tigers, leopard, and wolves are mainly on the right main rock face. Animals whose species can be identified include large cetaceans such as the northern right whale , the humpback whale , the right whale , the gray whale , and the sperm whale . There are also sea animals such as sea turtles, seal, salmon-like fish; sea birds; and land animals such as red deer , musk deer , roe deer , water deer , tigers, leopards, wolves, foxes, raccoon dogs , and wild boars . Whale engravings are in general 20 to 30 cm long and between 10 and 80 cm high. Most show whales swimming in

3528-457: The spine varies by species, ranging from forty to ninety-three. The cervical spine , found in all mammals, consists of seven vertebrae which, however, are reduced or fused. This fusion provides stability during swimming at the expense of mobility. The fins are carried by the thoracic vertebrae , ranging from nine to seventeen individual vertebrae. The sternum is cartilaginous. The last two to three pairs of ribs are not connected and hang freely in

3591-500: The stomachs, whose individual sections can only be distinguished histologically . The liver is large and separate from the gall bladder . The kidneys are long and flattened. The salt concentration in cetacean blood is lower than that in seawater, requiring kidneys to excrete salt. This allows the animals to drink seawater. The urinary bladder is proportionally smaller in cetaceans than in land mammals. The testes are located internally, without an external scrotum . The uterus

3654-701: The themes of the rock art were found at Neolithic sites, include deer pattern pottery, net pattern pottery and shell mask discovered in the Dongsam-dong Shell Midden in Busan , a figure with human faces in Osan-ri in Yangyang, a small clay wild pig excavated from the shell midden on Yokjido island of Tongyeong , the clay figure of a woman in Sinam-ri in Ulsan, and a small clay seal excavated from

3717-427: The total lung volume. For land mammals, in comparison, this value is usually about 15%. During inhalation, about twice as much oxygen is absorbed by the lung tissue as in a land mammal. As with all mammals, the oxygen is stored in the blood and the lungs, but in cetaceans, it is also stored in various tissues, mainly in the muscles. The muscle pigment, myoglobin , provides an effective bond. This additional oxygen storage

3780-705: The water. Balaenids ( right whales and bowhead whales ) have massive heads that can make up 40% of their body mass. Most mysticetes prefer the food-rich colder waters of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, migrating to the Equator to give birth. During this process, they are capable of fasting for several months, relying on their fat reserves. The parvorder of Odontocetes – the toothed whales – include sperm whales, beaked whales, orcas, dolphins and porpoises. Generally their teeth have evolved to catch fish, squid or other marine invertebrates , not for chewing them, so prey

3843-407: The wild. Cetaceans also face severe environmental hazards from underwater noise pollution , entanglement in abandoned ropes and nets, collisions with ships, plastic and heavy metals build-up, to accelerating climate change , but how much they are affected varies widely from species to species, from minimally in the case of the southern bottlenose whale to the baiji (Chinese river dolphin) which

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3906-419: The world, the value Bangudae site holds is considered to be huge. The figures are side views of the whole body with a somewhat exaggerated penis or front images of people with mask-like faces spreading their four limbs. There are engravings of people hunting animals with a bow, raising their hands, and playing a long rod like a musical instrument, recalling hunting and religious acts. Shapes and features enable

3969-468: Was excavated from the site indicate the site was also occupied in the Middle (c. 3500 BC) and Late (c. 2000 BC) Jeulmun sub-periods. A variety of artifacts, including three types of pottery (patternless, comb-patterned, and appliqué patterned), and tools made of bone and stone were uncovered. Artifacts and features from Dongsam-dong provide insight into the way the people of the area lived as well as into

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