65-460: The milkfish ( Chanos chanos ) is a widespread species of ray-finned fish found throughout the Indo-Pacific . It is the sole living species in the family Chanidae , and the only living member of the genus Chanos . The repeating scientific name ( tautonym ) is from Greek khanos ( χάνος ‘mouth’). They are grouped in the order Gonorhynchiformes and are most closely related to
130-543: A fine of P80,000, forfeiture of the catch and fishing equipment used, and revocation of the fishing license. The milkfish is an important seafood in Southeast Asia and some Pacific Islands. Because it is notorious for being much bonier than other food fish, deboned milkfish, called "boneless bangús " in the Philippines, has become popular in stores and markets. Despite the notoriety however, many people in
195-699: A forked caudal fin, scales, and silvery coloration. Juveniles have been found to inhabit a diverse range of shallow-water ecosystems such as coral lagoons , estuaries , marsh flats , tidal creeks , and tide pools . Milkfish are omnivorous opportunistic feeders. Juvenile milkfish eat a variety of foods including phytoplankton , zooplankton , filamentous green algae , and small invertebrates . Similarly to juveniles, adults also eat benthic invertebrates and additionally planktonic and nektonic items such as clupeid juveniles. Adults tend to school around coasts and islands with coral reefs . The young fry live at sea for two to three weeks and then migrate during
260-459: A free-swimming larval stage. However other patterns of ontogeny exist, with one of the commonest being sequential hermaphroditism . In most cases this involves protogyny , fish starting life as females and converting to males at some stage, triggered by some internal or external factor. Protandry , where a fish converts from male to female, is much less common than protogyny. Most families use external rather than internal fertilization . Of
325-584: A lower level of oxygen in the pond to which it was transferred. Milkfish have appeared in the traditions and mythology of the native Pohnpeians, Hawaiians, Tongans, and Nauruans in the Pacific. In the city of Dagupan , Philippines they host an annual Bangus Festival. The festival was initially a bangus harvest or ‘ Gilon ’ conceptualized in the 1990s by Mayor Al Fernandez. Now, the festival has become an extravagant event including street dance competitions. The street dance competition named Gilon-gilon ed Dalan
390-462: A manner analogous to stratification in the Earth's atmosphere , the water column can be divided vertically into up to five different layers (illustrated in the diagram), with the number of layers depending on the depth of the water. Marine life is affected by bathymetry (underwater topography) such as the seafloor, shoreline, or a submarine seamount , as well as by proximity to the boundary between
455-465: A milkfish museum in Anping District and city of Kaohsiung holds an annual milkfish festival. Milkfish is an oily fish , and is rich in omega-3 fatty acids . Milkfish aquaculture first occurred around 1800 years ago in the Philippines and spread to Indonesia, Taiwan, and into the Pacific. Traditional milkfish aquaculture relied upon restocking ponds by collecting wild fry. This led to
520-420: A standard length-to-depth ratio of 2.0-2.5 instead of the usual 3.5-4.0. In Northern Australia, a milkfish with a red head, red fins, and blue dorsal coloration was reported. Reproduction of milkfish in nature is far less understood than populations of milkfish bred and propagated in captivity (see "Aquaculture" below). In the wild, milkfish take 3–5 years to mature. Females can produce 0.5-6 million eggs and have
585-426: A threatened species. Although milkfish populations are not threatened with extinction, they are at risk of ingesting or absorbing pollutants. Milkfish frequent environments that have been affected by industrial pollutants , land runoff , and plastics. Asia is one of the largest contributors of plastic litter into both the ocean and freshwater systems. A population of milkfish from San Jose, North Samar , Philippines
650-742: A trait still present in Holostei ( bowfins and gars ). In some fish like the arapaima , the swim bladder has been modified for breathing air again, and in other lineages it have been completely lost. The teleosts have urinary and reproductive tracts that are fully separated, while the Chondrostei have common urogenital ducts, and partially connected ducts are found in Cladistia and Holostei. Ray-finned fishes have many different types of scales ; but all teleosts have leptoid scales . The outer part of these scales fan out with bony ridges, while
715-555: A weight of about 14 kg (31 lb). and an age of 15 years. They have an elongated and almost compressed body, with a generally symmetrical and streamlined appearance, one dorsal fin, falcate pectoral fins and a sizable forked caudal fin . The head is small relative to the body. The mouth is small and toothless. The body is olive green, with silvery flanks and dark bordered fins. They have 13–17 dorsal soft rays, 8–10 anal soft rays and 31 caudal fin rays. There are numerous fine intramuscular bones, which may complicate human consumption of
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#1732780842592780-462: A wide range of variability in quality and quantity between seasons and regions. In the late 1970s, farmers first successfully spawned breeding fish. However, they were hard to obtain and produced unreliable egg viability. In 1980, the first spontaneous spawning happened in sea cages. These eggs were found to be sufficient to generate a constant supply for farms. Milkfish aquaculture accounts for 14% of all aquaculture production worldwide. Indonesia and
845-545: Is divided into the infraclasses Holostei and Teleostei . During the Mesozoic ( Triassic , Jurassic , Cretaceous ) and Cenozoic the teleosts in particular diversified widely. As a result, 96% of living fish species are teleosts (40% of all fish species belong to the teleost subgroup Acanthomorpha ), while all other groups of actinopterygians represent depauperate lineages. The classification of ray-finned fishes can be summarized as follows: The cladogram below shows
910-584: Is mainly done using natural environmental cues. However, attempts have been made using gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRH-A) to induce spawning. Some still use the traditional wild stock method — capturing wild fry using nets. Milkfish hatcheries, like most hatcheries, contain a variety of cultures, for example, rotifers , green algae , and brine shrimp , as well as the target species. They can either be intensive or semi-intensive. Semi-intensive methods are more profitable at US$ 6.67 per thousand fry in 1998, compared with $ 27.40 for intensive methods. However,
975-522: Is natural (known as lab-lab ) or a combination of phytoplankton and macroalgae . Traditionally, this was made on site; food is now made commercially to order. Harvest occurs when the individuals are 20–40 cm long (250–500 g in weight). Partial harvests remove uniformly sized individuals with seine nets or gill nets . Total harvest removes all individuals and leads to a variety of sizes. Forced harvest happens when an environmental problem occurs, such as depleted oxygen due to algal blooms, and all stock
1040-496: Is occurring. In recent years, the possibility of using milkfish juveniles as bait for tuna long-lining has started to be investigated, opening up new markets for fry hatcheries. On April 21, 2012, a Filipino fisherman donated a milkfish with yellowish coloring to the Philippine Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources , which was later on called the "golden bangus ". However, the fish soon died, allegedly because of
1105-432: Is relatively rare and is found in about 6% of living teleost species; male care is far more common than female care. Male territoriality "preadapts" a species for evolving male parental care. There are a few examples of fish that self-fertilise. The mangrove rivulus is an amphibious, simultaneous hermaphrodite, producing both eggs and spawn and having internal fertilisation. This mode of reproduction may be related to
1170-423: Is removed. Possible parasites include nematodes , copepods , protozoa , and helminths . Many of these are treatable with chemicals and antibiotics . Modern milkfish aquaculture faces some challenges: acquiring viable milkfish fry, overcoming their status as a low-value species, attempting to expand outside of an ethnic market and struggling to find a sustainable cost-production balance. In 1987, Taiwan developed
1235-648: Is the only surviving genus of the ancient family Chanidae , which has existed since the Early Cretaceous . The only surviving species is the widespread C. chanos . Several fossil species of Chanos are known from the Paleogene of the Tethys and North Seas , dating as far back as the earliest Eocene . The earliest fossil Chanos were found in freshwater Eocene deposits in Europe and North America—hinting that
1300-573: Is the popular seafood product of Indonesian fishing towns, such as Juwana near Semarang in Central Java, and Sidoarjo near Surabaya in East Java. Milkfish is the most popular fish in Taiwanese cuisine ; it is valued for its versatility as well as its tender meat and economical price. Popular presentations include as a topping for congee , pan fried, braised, and as fish balls. There is
1365-506: The Cyprinidae (in goldfish and common carp as recently as 14 million years ago). Ray-finned fish vary in size and shape, in their feeding specializations, and in the number and arrangement of their ray-fins. In nearly all ray-finned fish, the sexes are separate, and in most species the females spawn eggs that are fertilized externally, typically with the male inseminating the eggs after they are laid. Development then proceeds with
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#17327808425921430-459: The Early Cretaceous ( Albian ) of Italy is also sometimes placed in Chanos as Chanos leopoldi , which would be the earliest record of the genus and extend its occurrence even further back. However, more recent studies have affirmed it being a distinct genus. The milkfish can grow to 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in), but are most often no more than 1 m (39 in) in length. They can reach
1495-485: The Greek underworld . This is the deepest part of the ocean at more than 6,000 m (20,000 ft) or 6,500 m (21,300 ft), depending on authority. Such depths are generally located in trenches . The pelagic ecosystem is based on phytoplankton . Phytoplankton manufacture their own food using a process of photosynthesis . Because they need sunlight, they inhabit the upper, sunlit epipelagic zone, which includes
1560-699: The Ostariophysi —freshwater fishes such as carps, catfish, and loaches. The species has many common names. The Hawaiian name for the fish is awa , and in Tahitian it is ava . It is called bangús ( Tagalog: [bɐˈŋus] ) in the Philippines , where it is popularly known as the national fish , although the National Commission for Culture and the Arts has stated that this is not
1625-410: The benthic and demersal zones at the bottom of the sea. The benthic zone is the ecological region at the very bottom, including the sediment surface and some subsurface layers. Marine organisms such as clams and crabs living in this zone are called benthos . Just above the benthic zone is the demersal zone. Demersal fish can be divided into benthic fish , which are denser than water and rest on
1690-488: The oviparous teleosts, most (79%) do not provide parental care. Viviparity , ovoviviparity , or some form of parental care for eggs, whether by the male, the female, or both parents is seen in a significant fraction (21%) of the 422 teleost families; no care is likely the ancestral condition. The oldest case of viviparity in ray-finned fish is found in Middle Triassic species of † Saurichthys . Viviparity
1755-663: The sister lineage of all other actinopterygians, the Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefishes) are the sister lineage of Neopterygii, and Holostei (bowfin and gars) are the sister lineage of teleosts. The Elopomorpha ( eels and tarpons ) appear to be the most basal teleosts. The earliest known fossil actinopterygian is Andreolepis hedei , dating back 420 million years ( Late Silurian ), remains of which have been found in Russia , Sweden , and Estonia . Crown group actinopterygians most likely originated near
1820-500: The water column of coastal, ocean, and lake waters, but not on or near the bottom of the sea or the lake. They can be contrasted with demersal fish, which do live on or near the bottom, and coral reef fish . Pelagic fish are often migratory forage fish , which feed on plankton , and the larger predatory fish that follow and feed on the forage fish. Examples of migratory forage fish are herring , anchovies , capelin , and menhaden . Examples of larger pelagic fish which prey on
1885-507: The water column of the open ocean and can be further divided into regions by depth. The word pelagic is derived from Ancient Greek πέλαγος ( pélagos ) 'open sea'. The pelagic zone can be thought of as an imaginary cylinder or water column between the surface of the sea and the bottom. Conditions in the water column change with depth: pressure increases; temperature and light decrease; salinity, oxygen, micronutrients (such as iron, magnesium and calcium) all change. In
1950-645: The Bonuan Bangus . Actinopterygii Actinopterygii ( / ˌ æ k t ɪ n ɒ p t ə ˈ r ɪ dʒ i aɪ / ; from actino- 'having rays' and Ancient Greek πτέρυξ (ptérux) 'wing, fins'), members of which are known as ray-finned fish or actinopterygians , is a class of bony fish that comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species. They are so called because of their lightly built fins made of webbings of skin supported by radially extended thin bony spines called lepidotrichia , as opposed to
2015-958: The Devonian-Carboniferous boundary. The earliest fossil relatives of modern teleosts are from the Triassic period ( Prohalecites , Pholidophorus ), although it is suspected that teleosts originated already during the Paleozoic Era . The listing below is a summary of all extinct (indicated by a dagger , †) and living groups of Actinopterygii with their respective taxonomic rank . The taxonomy follows Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes with notes when this differs from Nelson, ITIS and FishBase and extinct groups from Van der Laan 2016 and Xu 2021. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Pelagic The pelagic zone consists of
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2080-536: The Philippines continue to enjoy the fish cooked regularly or even raw using kalamansi juice or vinegar to make kinilaw na bangus . Popular presentations of milkfish in Indonesia include bandeng duri lunak (soft-boned milkfish, ikan bandeng is Indonesian for milkfish) from Central and East Java or bandeng presto , which is pressure cooked milkfish until the thorns are rendered tender, and bandeng asap or smoked milkfish. Either fresh or processed, milkfish
2145-630: The Philippines were the leading producers of the species in 2017. The fish is especially desirable for aquaculture because of their rapid growth rate, disease resistance, acclimation to captivity, low mortality, high market value, and high-quality flesh. Fry are raised in either sea cages, large saline ponds (Philippines), or concrete tanks (Indonesia, Taiwan). Milkfish reach sexual maturity at 1.5 kg (3.3 lb), which takes five years in floating sea cages, but eight to 10 years in ponds and tanks. Once they reach 6 kg (13 lb), (eight years), 3–4 million eggs are produced each breeding cycle. This
2210-509: The Philippines, it is prohibited to fish for adult milkfish, also known as sabalo , over 60cm. The government enacted this law in 1975 in an effort to protect spawning stocks of fish. However, sabalo are incidentally caught in fish corrals and are products of bycatch from fisheries. The ban was reinforced by the Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 and violations are punishable by imprisonment for 6 months to 8 yr, and/or
2275-448: The ability to spawn more than once a year. Spawning takes place at night, may be lunar periodic, and is strongly seasonal. Milkfish eggs are pelagic and range between 1.1–1.25 mm in diameter. Spawning sites are clear, warm, shallow waters above sand or coral reefs. It is believed milkfish prefer these locations to minimize predation from benthic planktivores . Milkfish larvae have a pelagic planktonic stage. Younger larvae occur mostly at
2340-402: The adjacent diagram. The swim bladder is a more derived structure and used for buoyancy . Except from the bichirs , which just like the lungs of lobe-finned fish have retained the ancestral condition of ventral budding from the foregut , the swim bladder in ray-finned fishes derives from a dorsal bud above the foregut. In early forms the swim bladder could still be used for breathing,
2405-463: The bichirs and holosteans (bowfin and gars) in having gone through a whole-genome duplication ( paleopolyploidy ). The WGD is estimated to have happened about 320 million years ago in the teleosts, which on average has retained about 17% of the gene duplicates, and around 180 (124–225) million years ago in the chondrosteans. It has since happened again in some teleost lineages, like Salmonidae (80–100 million years ago) and several times independently within
2470-562: The bottom, and benthopelagic fish , which swim just above the bottom. Demersal fish are also known as bottom feeders and groundfish . The pelagic zone is subdivided into five vertical regions. From the top down, these are: The illuminated zone at the surface of the sea with sufficient light for photosynthesis. Nearly all primary production in the ocean occurs here, and marine life is concentrated in this zone, including plankton , floating seaweed , jellyfish , tuna , many sharks and dolphins . The most abundant organisms thriving into
2535-440: The bulkier, fleshy lobed fins of the sister class Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish). Resembling folding fans , the actinopterygian fins can easily change shape and wetted area , providing superior thrust-to-weight ratios per movement compared to sarcopterygian and chondrichthyian fins. The fin rays attach directly to the proximal or basal skeletal elements, the radials, which represent the articulation between these fins and
2600-845: The case as it has no basis in Philippine law. In the Nauruan language , it is referred to as ibiya . Milkfish is also called bandeng or bolu in Indonesia . The following are common names for milkfish by country: Chanos chanos occurs in the Indian Ocean and across the Pacific Ocean , from South Africa to Hawaii and the Marquesas, from California to the Galapagos, north to Japan, south to Australia. A single specimen
2665-753: The coastal or neritic zone . Biodiversity diminishes markedly in the deeper zones below the epipelagic zone as dissolved oxygen diminishes, water pressure increases, temperatures become colder, food sources become scarce, and light diminishes and finally disappears. Some examples of pelagic invertebrates include krill , copepods , jellyfish , decapod larvae , hyperiid amphipods , rotifers and cladocerans . Thorson's rule states that benthic marine invertebrates at low latitudes tend to produce large numbers of eggs developing to widely dispersing pelagic larvae, whereas at high latitudes such organisms tend to produce fewer and larger lecithotrophic (yolk-feeding) eggs and larger offspring. Pelagic fish live in
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2730-706: The different actinopterygian clades (in millions of years , mya) are from Near et al., 2012. Jaw-less fishes ( hagfish , lampreys ) [REDACTED] Cartilaginous fishes ( sharks , rays , ratfish ) [REDACTED] Coelacanths [REDACTED] Lungfish [REDACTED] Amphibians [REDACTED] Mammals [REDACTED] Sauropsids ( reptiles , birds ) [REDACTED] Polypteriformes ( bichirs , reedfishes ) [REDACTED] Acipenseriformes ( sturgeons , paddlefishes ) [REDACTED] Teleostei [REDACTED] Amiiformes ( bowfins ) [REDACTED] Lepisosteiformes ( gars ) [REDACTED] The polypterids (bichirs and reedfish) are
2795-496: The experience required by labour for semi-intensive hatcheries is higher than intensive. Milkfish nurseries in Taiwan are highly commercial and have densities of about 2000/L. Indonesia achieves similar densities, but has more backyard-type nurseries. The Philippines has integrated nurseries with grow-out facilities and densities of about 1000/L. The three methods of outgrowing are pond culture, pen culture, and cage culture. Most food
2860-517: The first years of their lives in the pelagic zone, moving closer to shore as they reach maturity. Pelagic birds , also called oceanic birds or seabirds , live on open seas and oceans rather than inland or around more restricted waters such as rivers and lakes. Pelagic birds feed on planktonic crustaceans , squid and forage fish . Examples are the Atlantic puffin , macaroni penguins , sooty terns , shearwaters , and Procellariiformes such as
2925-463: The fish (see "Consumption" below). Their silvery complexion is similar to many other fish species of the Indo-Pacific. They are often mistaken for species of Clupeidae, Megalops cyprinoides , Gonorhynchus gonorhynchus , and Elops machnata . Chanos can be distinguished from these species by their size, absence of scutes, tubercle on the lower jaw, fin placement, no gular plate between arms of
2990-432: The fish's habit of spending long periods out of water in the mangrove forests it inhabits. Males are occasionally produced at temperatures below 19 °C (66 °F) and can fertilise eggs that are then spawned by the female. This maintains genetic variability in a species that is otherwise highly inbred. Actinopterygii is divided into the subclasses Cladistia , Chondrostei and Neopterygii . The Neopterygii , in turn,
3055-477: The forage fish are billfish , tuna , and oceanic sharks . Hydrophis platurus , the yellow-bellied sea snake, is the only one of the 65 species of marine snakes to spend its entire life in the pelagic zone. It bears live young at sea and is helpless on land. The species sometimes forms aggregations of thousands along slicks in surface waters. The yellow-bellied sea snake is the world's most widely distributed snake species. Many species of sea turtles spend
3120-549: The highest mountain streams . Extant species can range in size from Paedocypris , at 8 mm (0.3 in); to the massive ocean sunfish , at 2,300 kg (5,070 lb); and to the giant oarfish , at 11 m (36 ft). The largest ever known ray-finned fish, the extinct Leedsichthys from the Jurassic , has been estimated to have grown to 16.5 m (54 ft). Ray-finned fishes occur in many variant forms. The main features of typical ray-finned fish are shown in
3185-438: The inner part is crossed with fibrous connective tissue. Leptoid scales are thinner and more transparent than other types of scales, and lack the hardened enamel - or dentine -like layers found in the scales of many other fish. Unlike ganoid scales , which are found in non-teleost actinopterygians, new scales are added in concentric layers as the fish grows. Teleosts and chondrosteans (sturgeons and paddlefish) also differ from
3250-508: The inshore waters near the coast , such as in estuaries or on the continental shelf. Waters in the oceanic zone plunge to the depths of the abyssopelagic and further to the hadopelagic . Coastal waters are generally the relatively shallow epipelagic. Altogether, the pelagic zone occupies 1,330 million km (320 million mi ) with a mean depth of 3.68 km (2.29 mi) and maximum depth of 11 km (6.8 mi). Pelagic life decreases as depth increases. The pelagic zone contrasts with
3315-425: The internal skeleton (e.g., pelvic and pectoral girdles). The vast majority of actinopterygians are teleosts . By species count, they dominate the subphylum Vertebrata , and constitute nearly 99% of the over 30,000 extant species of fish . They are the most abundant nektonic aquatic animals and are ubiquitous throughout freshwater and marine environments from the deep sea to subterranean waters to
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#17327808425923380-532: The juvenile stage to mangrove swamps, estuaries , and sometimes lakes , and return to sea to mature sexually and reproduce. Juveniles prefer to settle in undisturbed coastal ecosystems that are semi-enclosed, calm, shallow, free from predators, and rich in aquatic vegetation. In their natural habitats, milkfish are very adaptable to both changes in environmental conditions and diet. Milkfish are good osmoregulators and extremely euryhaline . The wide geographic distribution of milkfish has led to genetic variation in
3445-401: The lower jaw, and having only four branchiostegal rays. Variant milkfish body types have occasionally been found. The ‘goldfish-type’ milkfish was discovered in the Philippines and is characterized by distinctly elongated dorsal, pelvic, and anal fins, and a caudal fin as long as the body. In Hawaii, Indonesia, and Australia, dwarf or hunchback ‘shad-type’ specimens have been recorded. They have
3510-466: The main clades of living actinopterygians and their evolutionary relationships to other extant groups of fishes and the four-limbed vertebrates ( tetrapods ). The latter include mostly terrestrial species but also groups that became secondarily aquatic (e.g. whales and dolphins ). Tetrapods evolved from a group of bony fish during the Devonian period . Approximate divergence dates for
3575-553: The mesopelagic zone are heterotrophic bacteria. Animals living in this zone include swordfish , squid , wolffish and some species of cuttlefish . Many organisms living here are bioluminescent . Some mesopelagic creatures rise to the epipelagic zone at night to feed. The name stems from Ancient Greek βαθύς 'deep'. The ocean is pitch black at this depth apart from occasional bioluminescent organisms, such as anglerfish . No plants live here. Most animals survive on detritus known as " marine snow " falling from
3640-431: The ocean and the atmosphere at the ocean surface, which brings light for photosynthesis, predation from above, and wind stirring up waves and setting currents in motion. The pelagic zone refers to the open, free waters away from the shore, where marine life can swim freely in any direction unhindered by topographical constraints. The oceanic zone is the deep open ocean beyond the continental shelf , which contrasts with
3705-644: The outdoor hatchery technique, which resulted in lower-cost technology, and their fry production surpassed that of the wild. Since then, Taiwan has been one of the biggest hatchery fry producers in the Indo-Pacific. To stimulate market demand, sellers have been taking a fast-food approach, to make the product more accessible and desirable to common consumers. Traditional post-harvest processing include smoking , drying, and fermenting. Bottling, canning, and freezing are of recent origin. Demand has been steadily increasing since 1950. In 2005, 595,000 tonnes were harvested worth US$ 616 million. A trend toward value-added products
3770-523: The species across the Indo-Pacific. Milkfish populations differ between the Hawaiian islands, the central Pacific islands, Tonga, Tahiti, Philippines-Taiwan-Indonesia, Thailand-Malaysia, India, and Africa. However, all populations are thought to be inter-breeding, thus they are all considered one species, and their genetic diversity is low. However, populations may still differ in their reproductive, migratory, and survival methods. Milkfish are not currently
3835-601: The species first appeared in freshwater environments 40–50 million years ago. It’s possible that their invasion into the ocean happened during high sea-level or flooding events after the Eocene. Global cooling during the Mid-Eocene likely wiped out the population of milkfish in the Atlantic, but the species persisted in the Indo-Pacific. The following fossil species of Chanos are known: The extinct Caeus leopoldi from
3900-428: The surface, or sometimes deeper (20–30m). Older larvae are only found at the surface and in near-shore environments. Larvae metamorphose into fry and become benthic-feeding juveniles that are opportunistically herbivorous , detritivorous , or omnivorous , depending on the predominant food types in the habitat. Juvenile milkfish larger than 20mm typically bear the characteristics of adults. They have complete fin rays,
3965-406: The zones above or, like the marine hatchetfish , by preying on other inhabitants of this zone. Other examples of this zone's inhabitants are giant squid , smaller squid and the grimpoteuthis or "dumbo octopus". The giant squid is hunted here by deep-diving sperm whales . The name is derived from Ancient Greek ἄβυσσος 'bottomless' - a holdover from times when the deep ocean
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#17327808425924030-410: Was believed to indeed be bottomless. Among the very few creatures living in the cold temperatures, high pressures and complete darkness here are several species of squid; echinoderms including the basket star , swimming cucumber, and the sea pig ; and marine arthropods including the sea spider . Many species at these depths are transparent and eyeless. The name is derived from the realm of Hades ,
4095-399: Was established to celebrate the bangus harvest. The festival also honors the city’s patron Saint John, who was originally a fisherman and figured prominently in biblical stories of bountiful fish harvests. The Dagupan province is considered the country’s top producer of milkfish cultured in marine cages and pens. Two ‘species’ of milkfish are cultured in the city—the more popular of the two is
4160-473: Was found to have concentrations of lead in the meaty part of their bodies. Pollutants have also impacted the aquaculture industry. In an aquaculture system in Butuan , Philippines, 97% of the fish sampled had microplastics in their gastrointestinal tracts. A similar study in Indonesia showed similar results. The presence of pollutants in milkfish poses a threat to the species’ health, aquaculture, and humans. In
4225-600: Was reported in 2012 in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. In 1877, the California Fish and Game Commission introduced one hundred milkfish from Hawaii to the inland waters of Solano County, California . The introduced population could not establish itself permanently and it’s currently unknown how their presence affected the native ecosystem. Milkfishes commonly live in tropical offshore marine waters around islands and along continental shelves, at depths of 1 to 30 m. They also frequently enter estuaries and rivers. Chanos
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