Bandish , cheez or gat is a fixed, melodic composition in Hindustani vocal or instrumental music . It is set in a specific raga , performed with rhythmic accompaniment by a tabla or pakhawaj , a steady drone, and melodic accompaniment by a sarangi , violin or harmonium . There are different ways of systematizing the parts of a composition. A bandish provides the literature element in the music, for standard structured singing. In the past many gharanas protected their bandishes from moving out of the family with gross incoherent vocal renditions. In the realm of vocal music, it is often known as cheez .
77-566: The word bandish is derived from the Hindustani language , and literally means "binding together". Sthāyī or Asthāyī : The initial, Rondo phrase or line of a fixed, melodic composition. Antarā : The second body phrase or line of a fixed, melodic composition. Sanchāri : The third body phrase or line of a fixed, melodic composition, seen more typically in Dhrupad bandishes. Aabhog : The fourth and concluding body phrase or line of
154-840: A music genre is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Hindustani language Hindustani is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in North India and Pakistan , and functioning as the lingua franca of the region. It is also spoken by the Deccani people . Hindustani is a pluricentric language with two standard registers , known as Hindi (written in Devanagari script and influenced by Sanskrit ) and Urdu (written in Perso-Arabic script and influenced by Persian and Arabic ) which serve as official languages of India and Pakistan, respectively. Thus, it
231-511: A composite Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb . The language was also known as Rekhta , or 'mixed', which implies that the Sanskritic and Prakritic vocabulary base of Old Hindi was mixed with Persian loanwords. Written in the Perso-Arabic , Devanagari , and occasionally Kaithi or Gurmukhi scripts, it remained the primary lingua franca of northern India for the next four centuries, although it varied significantly in vocabulary depending on
308-635: A continuation and reinforcement of Persian by Central Asian Turkic rulers in the Indian Subcontinent, since Persian was also patronized by the earlier Turko-Afghan Delhi Sultanate who laid the basis for the introduction and use of Persian in the subcontinent. Hindustani began to take shape as a Persianised vernacular during the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526 AD) and Mughal Empire (1526–1858 AD) in South Asia . Hindustani retained
385-1080: A few common verbs formed directly out of Persian stems (or nouns in some cases) listed below. Some of the most commonly used words from Arabic, all entering the language through Persian, include vaqt (वक़्त وقت ) "time", qalam (क़लम قلم ) "pen", kitāb (किताब کتاب ) "book", qarīb (क़रीब قریب ) "near", sahīh/sahī (सहीह/सही سہی/صحیح ) "correct, right", g͟harīb (ग़रीब غریب ) "poor", amīr (अमीर امیر ) "rich", duniyā (दुनिया دنیا ) "world", hisāb (हिसाब حساب ) "calculation", qudrat (क़ुदरत قدرت ) "nature", nasīb (नसीब نصیب ) "fate, luck, fortune", ajīb (अजीब عجیب ) "strange, unusual", qānūn (क़ानून قانون ) "law", filhāl (फ़िलहाल فی الحال ) "currently", sirf (सिर्फ़ صرف ) "only, mere", taqrīban (तक़रीबन تقریبًا ) "close to, about", k͟habar (ख़बर خبر ) "news", ak͟hbār (अख़बार اخبار ) "newspaper", qilā (क़िला قلعہ ) "fort", kursī (कुर्सी کرسی ) "chair, seat", s͟harbat (शर्बत شربت ) "drink, beverage", muāf/māf (मुआफ़/माफ़ معاف ) "forgiven, pardoned", zarūrī (ज़रूरी ضروری ) "necessary", etc. There are
462-584: A fixed, melodic composition, seen more typically in Dhrupad bandishes. There are three variations of Bandish, regarding tempo: Vilambit Bandish : A slow and steady melodic composition, usually in Largo to Adagio speeds. Madhyalaya Bandish : A medium tempo melodic composition, usually set in Andante to Allegretto speeds. Drut Bandish : A fast tempo melodic composition, usually set to Allegretto speed, and onwards. mana mohyo This article about
539-503: A jiffy", tharthar (थर-थर تھر تھر ) "with jerky motion (characteristic of shaking or trembling)", čaṭpaṭā (चटपटा چٹپٹا ) "dextrous, spicy", čipčipā (चिपचिपा چِپچِپا ) "sticky, slimy", čiṛčiṛā (चिड़चिड़ा چِڑچِڑا ) "irritable", gaṛbaṛiyā (गड़बड़िया گڑبڑیا ) "chaotic, messy" Due to the language's status as a lingua franca, Hindustani's vocabulary has a large inventory of loanwords, the largest number of which are adopted from Punjabi . Punjabi borrowings often bear sound changes from
616-504: A literature of 500 years, with prose, poetry, religion and philosophy. One could conceive of a wide spectrum of dialects and registers, with the highly Persianised Urdu at one end of the spectrum and a heavily Sanskritised variety spoken in the region around Varanasi , at the other end. In common usage in India, the term Hindi includes all these dialects except those at the Urdu spectrum. Thus,
693-408: A short period. The term Hindustani was given to that language. The Perso-Arabic script form of this language underwent a standardisation process and further Persianisation during this period (18th century) and came to be known as Urdu, a name derived from Persian: Zabān-e Urdū-e Mualla ('language of the court') or Zabān-e Urdū ( زبان اردو , 'language of the camp'). The etymology of the word Urdu
770-619: A standardised literary register of the Hindustani arose in the 19th century. While the first literary works (mostly translations of earlier works) in Sanskritised Hindustani were already written in the early 19th century as part of a literary project that included both Hindu and Muslim writers (e.g. Lallu Lal , Insha Allah Khan ), the call for a distinct Sanskritised standard of Hindustani written in Devanagari under
847-489: A substantial number of loanwords from Persian and Arabic (via Persian). Hindustani contains around 5,500 words of Persian and Arabic origin. There are also quite a few words borrowed from English, as well as some words from other European languages such as Portuguese and Dutch . Hindustani also borrowed Persian prefixes to create new words. Persian affixes became so assimilated that they were used with original Khari Boli words as well. Historically, Hindustani
SECTION 10
#1732783996967924-592: A third person honorific plural , denotes respect or formality (politeness) and originates from Prakrit 𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀸 appā , which derived from Sanskrit ātman , which refers to the higher self or level of consciousness. The pronoun tū (तू تُو ) and its grammatically plural form tum (तुम تم ) (also the second person honorific plural) denote informality, familiarity or intimacy and originate respectively from tuhuṃ and tumma from Prakrit 𑀢𑀼𑀁 tuṃ and its variant 𑀢𑀼𑀫𑀁 tumaṃ , which derived from Sanskrit tvam , nominative singular of युष्मद् yuṣmad (the base of
1001-474: A very small number of Turkic words in Hindustani, numbering as little as 24 according to some sources, all entering the language through Persian. Other words attributed to Turkish , the most widely spoken Turkic language, are actually words which are common to Hindustani and Turkish but are of non-Turkic origins, mostly Perso-Arabic. Both languages also share mutual loans from English. Most notably, some honorifics and surnames common in Hindustani are Turkic due to
1078-417: Is also called Hindi–Urdu . Colloquial registers of the language fall on a spectrum between these standards. In modern times, a third variety of Hindustani with significant English influences has also appeared, which is sometimes called Hinglish or Urdish . The concept of a Hindustani language as a "unifying language" or "fusion language" that could transcend communal and religious divisions across
1155-696: Is an Indo-Aryan language , deriving its base from the Western Hindi dialect of the Ganges-Yamuna Doab ( Delhi , Meerut and Saharanpur ) known as Khariboli —the contemporary form being classed under the umbrella of Old Hindi . Although the Mughals were of Timurid ( Gurkānī ) Turco-Mongol descent, they were Persianised , and Persian had gradually become the state language of the Mughal empire after Babur . Mughal patronage led to
1232-585: Is characterized by a symmetrical ten-vowel system, where vowels are distinguished by length, with long vowels typically being tense and short vowels lax. The language also includes nasalized vowels, as well as a wide array of consonants, including aspirated and murmured sounds. Hindustani maintains a four-way phonation distinction among plosives, unlike the two-way distinction in English. Hindi–Urdu's core vocabulary has an Indic base, being derived from Prakrit , which in turn derives from Sanskrit , as well as
1309-500: Is derived from Prakrit (a descendant of Sanskrit ), with substantial loanwords from Persian and Arabic (via Persian). It is often written in the Devanagari script or the Arabic-derived Urdu script in the case of Hindi and Urdu respectively, with romanisation increasingly employed in modern times as a neutral script. As of 2023, Hindi and Urdu together constitute the 3rd-most-spoken language in
1386-1970: Is derived from the Sanskrit vridhha through Prakrit vaḍḍha . The term Desi words is used to describe the component of the lexicon in Indo-Aryan languages which is non-Indo-Aryan in origin, but native to other language families of the Indian subcontinent. Examples of Desi words in Hindustani include: loṭā (लोटा لوٹا ) " lota (water vessel)", kapās (कपास کپاس ) "cotton", kauṛī (कौड़ी کَوڑی ) " cowrie (shell money)", ṭhes (ठेस ٹھیس ) "wound, injury", jhaṉḍā (झंडा جھنڈا ) "flag", mukkā (मुक्का مُکا ) "fist, punch", lakṛī (लकड़ी لکڑی ) "wood", ṭharrā (ठर्रा ٹھرّا ) " tharra (liquor)", čūhā (चूहा چُوہا ) "mouse, rat", čūlhā (चूल्हा چُولہا ) "stove, oven", pagṛī (पगड़ी پگڑی ) "turban", luṉgī (लुंगी لنگی ) " lungi (sarong)", ghoṭālā (घोटाला گھوٹالہ ) "scam", dāṉḍī (दांडी دانڈی ) "salt", jholā (झोला جھولا ) "bag, satchel", ṭakkar (टक्कर ٹکر ) "crash, collision, confrontation", kākā (काका کاکا ) "paternal uncle", uṭpaṭāṉg/ūṭpaṭāṉg (उटपटांग/ऊट-पटांग اُوٹ پٹانگ/اُٹ پٹانگ ) "ludicrous", ḍabbā/ḍibbā (डब्बा/डिब्बा ڈبہ ) "box, container" and jhuggī (झुग्गी جُھگی ) "hut" Nouns : gaṛbaṛ (गड़बड़ گڑبڑ ) "disorder, disturbance", dhaṛām (धड़ाम دھڑام ) "thud", bakbak (बक-बक بک بک ) "chatter/chitter-chatter", khusur pusar (खुसुर-पुसर کُھسر پُسر ) "whisper", jhilmil (झिलमिल جِھلمِل ) "shimmer", ṭhakṭhak (ठक-ठक ٹھک ٹھک ) "knock knock", khaṭpaṭ (खटपट کھٹپٹ ) "quarrel, disagreement" Verbs : khaṭkhaṭānā (खटखटाना کھٹکھٹانا ) "to knock", gaḍgaḍānā (गडगडाना گڈگڈانا ) "to rumble, to fuss", jagmagānā (जगमगाना جگمگانا ) "to shine/glitter", hinhinānā (हिनहिनाना ہِنہِنانا ) "to neigh", phusphusānā (फुसफुसाना پُھسپُھسانا ) "to whisper" Adjectives and Adverbs : čaṭpaṭ (चट-पट چٹ پٹ ) "in
1463-477: Is generally only required for religious and literary texts. Scholars trace the language's first written poetry, in the form of Old Hindi , to the Delhi Sultanate era around the twelfth and thirteenth century. During the period of the Delhi Sultanate , which covered most of today's India, eastern Pakistan, southern Nepal and Bangladesh and which resulted in the contact of Hindu and Muslim cultures ,
1540-416: Is indeed derived from arya meaning "sir" in this case. Jain nuns are addressed either as Aryika or Ajji . The word dādā (दादा دادا ) also has a similar meaning which varies by region. It is used in some regions for "father", in other regions for "older brother", or even for "grandfather" in other regions. This word is an amalgam of two sources: The word baṛā (बड़ा بڑا "older, bigger, greater")
1617-596: Is instead recognised by its standard forms, Hindi and Urdu. Hindi is declared by Article 343(1), Part 17 of the Indian Constitution as the "official language ( राजभाषा , rājabhāṣā ) of the Union." (In this context, "Union" means the Federal Government and not the entire country —India has 23 official languages .) At the same time, however, the definitive text of federal laws is officially
SECTION 20
#17327839969671694-462: Is more commonly used as a vernacular than highly Sanskritised Hindi or highly Persianised Urdu. This can be seen in the popular culture of Bollywood or, more generally, the vernacular of North Indians and Pakistanis, which generally employs a lexicon common to both Hindi and Urdu speakers. Minor subtleties in region will also affect the 'brand' of Hindustani, sometimes pushing the Hindustani closer to Urdu or to Hindi. One might reasonably assume that
1771-484: Is not the main language, in order to facilitate communication across language barriers. It is characterized by loanwords from local languages. Amir Khusro c. 1300 referred to this language of his writings as Dehlavi ( देहलवी / دہلوی , 'of Delhi') or Hindavi ( हिन्दवी / ہندوی ). During this period, Hindustani was used by Sufis in promulgating their message across the Indian subcontinent . After
1848-439: Is of Chagatai origin, Ordū ('camp'), cognate with English horde , and known in local translation as Lashkari Zabān ( لشکری زبان ), which is shortened to Lashkari ( لشکری ). This is all due to its origin as the common speech of the Mughal army. As a literary language, Urdu took shape in courtly, elite settings. Along with English, it became an official language of northern parts of British India in 1837. Hindi as
1925-519: Is primarily the language of the Upper Gangetic Doab, and is also the lingua franca of India, capable of being written in both Persian and Dēva-nāgarī characters, and without purism, avoiding alike the excessive use of either Persian or Sanskrit words when employed for literature. The name 'Urdū' can then be confined to that special variety of Hindōstānī in which Persian words are of frequent occurrence, and which hence can only be written in
2002-657: Is treated with just as much respect as Shuddh Hindi. Besides being the lingua franca of North India and Pakistan in South Asia, Hindustani is also spoken by many in the South Asian diaspora and their descendants around the world, including North America (e.g., in Canada, Hindustani is one of the fastest growing languages), Europe , and the Middle East . Hindustani phonology, shared by both Hindi and Urdu,
2079-518: The Deccan , for instance, Hindustani blended with Telugu and came to be called Dakhani . In Dakhani, aspirated consonants were replaced with their unaspirated counterparts; for instance, dekh 'see' became dek , ghula 'dissolved' became gula , kuch 'some' became kuc , and samajh 'understand' became samaj . When the British colonised the Indian subcontinent from the late 18th through to
2156-641: The Indian subcontinent but is mainly based on Khariboli of the Delhi region. As an Indo-Aryan language, Hindustani has a core base that traces back to Sanskrit but as a widely-spoken lingua franca, it has a large lexicon of loanwords , acquired through centuries of foreign rule and ethnic diversity. Standard Hindi derives much of its formal and technical vocabulary from Sanskrit while standard Urdu derives much of its formal and technical vocabulary from Persian and Arabic . Standard Hindi and Urdu are used primarily in public addresses and radio or TV news, while
2233-554: The Sanskrit and Prakrit base of Old Hindi became enriched with loanwords from Persian , evolving into the present form of Hindustani. The Hindustani vernacular became an expression of Indian national unity during the Indian Independence movement , and continues to be spoken as the common language of the people of the northern Indian subcontinent , which is reflected in the Hindustani vocabulary of Bollywood films and songs. The language's core vocabulary
2310-554: The Western Pahari languages, Haryanvi , Bhojpuri , Marathi , Nepali , and Gujarati . Besides these, common sources of loan words include those manually adopted from Classical Sanskrit , Classical Persian , Arabic , Chagatai Turkic , Portuguese and English , as well as Mandarin Chinese and French to a lesser extent. Many Classical Sanskrit words which were not learned borrowings underwent phonetic alterations. In
2387-574: The grammar , as well as the core Sanskritic and Prakritic vocabulary , of the local Indian language of the Ganges-Yamuna Doab called Khariboli . However, as an emerging common dialect, Hindustani absorbed large numbers of Persian, Arabic, and Turkic loanwords, and as Mughal conquests grew it spread as a lingua franca across much of northern India; this was a result of the contact of Hindu and Muslim cultures in Hindustan that created
Bandish - Misplaced Pages Continue
2464-583: The 13th-14th century works of Amīr Khusrau Dehlavī , often called the "father of Urdu literature " while Walī Deccani is seen as the progenitor of Urdu poetry . The term bazaar Hindustani , in other words, the 'street talk' or literally 'marketplace Hindustani', also known as Colloquial Hindi or Simplified Urdu , has arisen to denote a colloquial register of the language that uses vocabulary common to both Hindi and Urdu while eschewing high-register and specialized Arabic or Sanskrit derived words. It has emerged in various South Asian cities where Hindustani
2541-405: The 18th century, towards the end of the Mughal period, with the fragmentation of the empire and the elite system, a variant of Hindustani, one of the successors of apabhraṃśa vernaculars at Delhi, and nearby cities, came to gradually replace Persian as the lingua franca among the educated elite upper class particularly in northern India, though Persian still retained much of its pre-eminence for
2618-551: The Constitution of India and is an official language of the Indian states of Jharkhand , Bihar , Telangana , Uttar Pradesh , West Bengal , and also the Union Territories of Delhi and Jammu and Kashmir. Although the government school system in most other states emphasises Standard Hindi, at universities in cities such as Lucknow , Aligarh and Hyderabad , Urdu is spoken and learnt, and Saaf or Khaalis Urdu
2695-452: The English text and proceedings in the higher appellate courts must be conducted in English. At the state level, Hindi is one of the official languages in 10 of the 29 Indian states and three Union Territories , respectively: Bihar , Chhattisgarh , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Jharkhand , Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan , Uttarakhand , Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal ; Andaman and Nicobar Islands , Dadra and Nagar Haveli , and Delhi. In
2772-488: The Hindustani spoken in Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh (known for its usage of Urdu) and Varanasi (a holy city for Hindus and thus using highly Sanskritised Hindi) is somewhat different. Standard Hindi, one of the 22 officially recognized languages of India and the official language of the Union, is usually written in the indigenous Devanagari script of India and exhibits less Persian and Arabic influence than Urdu. It has
2849-560: The Latin script. This adaptation is called Roman Urdu or Romanised Hindi, depending upon the register used. Since Urdu and Hindi are mutually intelligible when spoken, Romanised Hindi and Roman Urdu (unlike Devanagari Hindi and Urdu in the Urdu alphabet) are mostly mutually intelligible as well. An example of colloquial Hindustani: The following is a sample text, Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , in
2926-600: The Persian character, and, similarly, 'Hindī' can be confined to the form of Hindōstānī in which Sanskrit words abound, and which hence can only be written in the Dēva-nāgarī character. Before 1947, Hindustani was officially recognised by the British Raj. In the post-independence period however, the term Hindustani has lost currency and is not given any official recognition by the Indian or Pakistani governments. The language
3003-522: The Urdu alphabet, to the extent that these standards are partly defined by their script. However, in popular publications in India, Urdu is also written in Devanagari, with slight variations to establish a Devanagari Urdu alphabet alongside the Devanagari Hindi alphabet. Because of anglicisation in South Asia and the international use of the Latin script , Hindustani is occasionally written in
3080-484: The advent of the Mughals in the subcontinent, Hindustani acquired more Persian loanwords. Rekhta ('mixture'), Hindi ('Indian'), Hindustani, Hindvi, Lahori , and Dakni (amongst others) became popular names for the same language until the 18th century. The name Urdu (from Zabān-i-Ordu , or Orda ) appeared around 1780. It is believed to have been coined by the poet Mashafi . In local literature and speech, it
3157-465: The basis that the films feature too much Urdu, with some critics employing the epithet "Urduwood". Hindustani etymology Hindustani , also known as Hindi-Urdu, is the vernacular form of two standardized registers used as official languages in India and Pakistan , namely Hindi and Urdu . It comprises several closely related dialects in the northern, central and northwestern parts of
Bandish - Misplaced Pages Continue
3234-509: The different meanings of the word Hindi include, among others: Urdu is the national language and state language of Pakistan and one of the 22 officially recognised languages of India . It is written, except in some parts of India, in the Nastaliq style of the Urdu alphabet , an extended Perso-Arabic script incorporating Indic phonemes. It is heavily influenced by Persian vocabulary and
3311-497: The everyday spoken language is one of the several varieties of Hindustani, whose vocabulary contains words drawn from Persian , Arabic , and Sanskrit . In addition, spoken Hindustani includes words from English and the Dravidian languages , as well as several others. Hindustani developed over several centuries throughout much of the northern subcontinent including the areas that comprise modern-day India, Pakistan, and Nepal. In
3388-485: The following: A few French loans exist in Hindustani resulting from French colonial settlements in India . Other French words such as s͟hemīz (शेमीज़ شیمِیز ) "chemise" and kūpan (कूपन کُوپن ) "coupon" have entered the language through English. Loanwords from English were borrowed through interaction with the British East India Company and later British rule. English-language education for
3465-490: The formation of words in which the first element of the compound was from Khari Boli and the second from Persian , such as rajmahal 'palace' ( raja 'royal, king' + mahal 'house, place') and rangmahal 'fashion house' ( rang 'colour, dye' + mahal 'house, place'). As Muslim rule expanded, Hindustani speakers traveled to distant parts of India as administrators, soldiers, merchants, and artisans. As it reached new areas, Hindustani further hybridized with local languages. In
3542-983: The historical variety of the tenth, eleventh and twelfth centuries, which continued to be used as literary language and lingua franca under the Persianate dynasties of the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Era and is not the same as Modern Persian (though the Dari Persian of Afghanistan is a direct descendant). Persian loanwords in Hindustani are mainly borrowed nouns and adjectives as well as adverbs and conjunctions and some other parts of speech. From stems: Present: Past: From participles: Present: Past: By adding noun suffix ـِش ( -iš ): By forming composite words with Arabic: A substantial number of Hindustani verbs have been loaned from Punjabi, however, verb stems originating in less closely related languages are relatively rare. There are
3619-502: The influence of Arabs in the area. The dialect of Persian spoken by the Mughal ruling elite was known as ' Dari ', which is the dialect of Persian spoken in modern-day Afghanistan . Therefore, Hindustani is the naturally developed common language of north India. This article will deal with the separate categories of Hindustani words and some of the common words found in the Hindustani language. Hindustani words, apart from loans, basically derive from two linguistic categories: According to
3696-743: The influence of the ethnically Turkic Mughals - these include k͟hānam (ख़ानम خانم ), bājī (बाजी باجی ) "sister", and begam (बेगम بیگم ). Common surnames include k͟hān (ख़ान خان ), čug͟htāʾī (चुग़ताई چغتائی ), pās͟hā (पाशा پاشا ), and arsalān (अर्सलान ارسلان ). Common Turkic words used in everyday Hindustani are qaiṉčī/qainčī (क़ैंची قینچی ) "scissors", annā (अन्ना انّا ) "governess", tamg͟hā (तमग़ा تمغا ) "stamp, medal", and čaqmaq (चक़मक़ چقمق ) "flint". There are not many Chinese words that were loaned into Hindustani in spite of geographical proximity. A small number of Hindustani words were derived from Portuguese due to interaction with colonists and missionaries. These include
3773-466: The intensiveness of Hindi in the curriculum varies. Urdu is the national language ( قومی زبان , qaumi zabān ) of Pakistan, where it shares official language status with English . Although English is spoken by many, and Punjabi is the native language of the majority of the population, Urdu is the lingua franca . In India, Urdu is one of the languages recognised in the Eighth Schedule to
3850-429: The late 19th century, they used the words 'Hindustani', 'Hindi', and 'Urdu' interchangeably. They developed it as the language of administration of British India , further preparing it to be the official language of modern India and Pakistan. However, with independence, use of the word 'Hindustani' declined, being largely replaced by 'Hindi' and 'Urdu', or 'Hindi–Urdu' when either of those was too specific. More recently,
3927-555: The liberal use of English or Hinglish in scripts and soundtrack lyrics. Film titles are often screened in three scripts: Latin, Devanagari and occasionally Perso-Arabic. The use of Urdu or Hindi in films depends on the film's context: historical films set in the Delhi Sultanate or Mughal Empire are almost entirely in Urdu, whereas films based on Hindu mythology or ancient India make heavy use of Hindi with Sanskrit vocabulary. In recent years, boycotts have been launched against Bollywood films by Hindu nationalists partially on
SECTION 50
#17327839969674004-519: The local language. Alongside Persian, it achieved the status of a literary language in Muslim courts and was also used for literary purposes in various other settings such as Sufi , Nirgun Sant , Krishna Bhakta circles, and Rajput Hindu courts. Its majors centres of development included the Mughal courts of Delhi, Lucknow , Agra and Lahore as well as the Rajput courts of Amber and Jaipur . In
4081-527: The magnitude and importance of separate language. It is linguistic result of Muslim rule of eleventh & twelfth centuries and is spoken (except in rural Bengal ) by many Hindus in North India and by Musalman population in all parts of India." Next to English it was the official language of British Indian Empire , was commonly written in Arabic or Persian characters, and was spoken by approximately 100,000,000 people. The process of hybridization also led to
4158-508: The name of Hindi became increasingly politicised in the course of the century and gained pace around 1880 in an effort to displace Urdu's official position. John Fletcher Hurst in his book published in 1891 mentioned that the Hindustani or camp language of the Mughal Empire 's courts at Delhi was not regarded by philologists as a distinct language but only as a dialect of Hindi with admixture of Persian. He continued: "But it has all
4235-584: The native administrative and richer classes during British rule accelerated the adoption of English vocabulary in Hindustani. Many technical and modern terms were and still are borrowed from English, such as ḍākṭar/ḍôkṭar (डाक्टर/डॉक्टर ڈاکٹر ) "doctor", ṭaiksī (टैक्सी ٹَیکسی ) "taxi", and kilomīṭar (किलोमीटर کِلومِیٹر ) "kilometer". Some loanwords from English undergo a significant phonetic transformation. This can either be done intentionally, in order to nativize words or to make them sound more or less "English-sounding", or happen naturally. Words often undergo
4312-482: The parent Prakrit and Sanskrit vocabulary which did not occur in Hindustani, particularly the preservation of short vowels in initial syllables and the gemination of the following consonant. A certain amount of vocabulary from other South Asian languages, Persian, Arabic, and English has been loaned indirectly into Hindustani through Punjabi. Other Indic languages which exist in a state of diglossia with Hindustani and are prone to mutual borrowing include Rajasthani ,
4389-468: The pronunciations (and often even the meanings) of these words to make them easier for Hindustani speakers to pronounce. Many Persian words entered the Hindustani lexicon due to the influence of the Mughal rulers of north India, who followed a very Persianised culture and also spoke Persian. Many Arabic words entered Hindustani via Persian, which had previously been assimilated into the Persian language due to
4466-421: The remaining states, Hindi is not an official language. In states like Tamil Nadu and Karnataka , studying Hindi is not compulsory in the state curriculum. However, an option to take the same as second or third language does exist. In many other states, studying Hindi is usually compulsory in the school curriculum as a third language (the first two languages being the state's official language and English), though
4543-448: The result that Hindustani commonly, but mistakenly, came to be seen as a "mixture" of Hindi and Urdu. Grierson , in his highly influential Linguistic Survey of India , proposed that the names Hindustani, Urdu, and Hindi be separated in use for different varieties of the Hindustani language, rather than as the overlapping synonyms they frequently were: We may now define the three main varieties of Hindōstānī as follows:—Hindōstānī
4620-540: The same and derive from a Prakritic base, and both have Persian/Arabic influence. The standardised registers Hindi and Urdu are collectively known as Hindi–Urdu . Hindustani is the lingua franca of the north and west of the Indian subcontinent , though it is understood fairly well in other regions also, especially in the urban areas. This has led it to be characterised as a continuum that ranges between Hindi and Urdu. A common vernacular sharing characteristics with Sanskritised Hindi, regional Hindi and Urdu, Hindustani
4697-410: The same way that the core vocabulary of English evolved from Old English (Anglo-Saxon) but assimilated many words borrowed from French and other languages (whose pronunciations often changed naturally so as to become easier for speakers of English to pronounce), what may be called Hindustani can be said to have evolved from Sanskrit while borrowing many Persian and Arabic words over the years, and changing
SECTION 60
#17327839969674774-414: The second person plural pronoun). In modern usage, tū is widely used to display a range of attitudes depending on the context, from extreme informality (impoliteness) to extreme intimacy to outright disrespect and even extreme reverence. Usage of tū in most contexts is considered highly offensive in the formal register except when addressing God as a display of spiritual intimacy. This is very similar to
4851-467: The spoken level, Hindi and Urdu are considered registers of a single language, Hindustani or Hindi–Urdu, as they share a common grammar and core vocabulary, they differ in literary and formal vocabulary; where literary Hindi draws heavily on Sanskrit and to a lesser extent Prakrit , literary Urdu draws heavily on Persian and Arabic loanwords. The grammar and base vocabulary (most pronouns, verbs, adpositions, etc.) of both Hindi and Urdu, however, are
4928-459: The subcontinent was endorsed by Mahatma Gandhi , as it was not seen to be associated with either the Hindu or Muslim communities as was the case with Hindi and Urdu respectively, and it was also considered a simpler language for people to learn. The conversion from Hindi to Urdu (or vice versa) is generally achieved by merely transliterating between the two scripts . Translation, on the other hand,
5005-790: The symmetry of the other grammatical forms of honā . Ahai can be found in some older works of Hindustani literature and its evidence can also be seen in other closely related Indo-Aryan languages such as Marathi (आहे āhe ) or Sindhi (آهي āhe ). The verb jānā (जाना جانا , "to go"), which originates from Prakrit 𑀚𑀸𑀤𑀺 jādi derived from Sanskrit yāti ("to move"; root yā ), however has its perfective form originating from another Prakrit word 𑀕𑀬 gaya derived from Sanskrit gata , past participle of gacchati ("to go"; root gam or gacch ), for example, in gayā (गया گیا , "went, gone"). The word ājā (आजा آجا ) has also been used in Northern India and Pakistan for "grandfather". It
5082-560: The thirteenth century during the Delhi Sultanate period in North India, used these forms (which was the lingua franca of the period) in his writings and referred to it as Hindavi ( Persian : ھندوی , lit. 'of Hind or India '). By the end of the century, the military exploits of Alauddin Khalji , introduced the language in the Deccan region, which led to the development of its southern dialect Deccani , which
5159-508: The traditional categorization in Hindi, direct loanwords from Sanskrit are classed as tatsam ( Hindi : तत्सम "as it is, same as therein") and vides͟hī ( Hindi : विदेशी "foreign, non-native") for non-Sanskrit loans, such as those from Persian or English, respectively contrasting with tadbhava and deśaja words. The most common words in Hindustani are tadbhavas. In Hindustani, the pronoun āp (आप آپ ) "[one]self", originally used as
5236-831: The two official registers of Hindustani, Hindi and Urdu. Because this is a formal legal text, differences in vocabulary are most pronounced. अनुच्छेद १ — सभी मनुष्यों को गौरव और अधिकारों के विषय में जन्मजात स्वतन्त्रता और समानता प्राप्त हैं। उन्हें बुद्धि और अन्तरात्मा की देन प्राप्त है और परस्पर उन्हें भाईचारे के भाव से बर्ताव करना चाहिए। :دفعہ ١: تمام اِنسان آزاد اور حُقوق و عِزت کے اعتبار سے برابر پَیدا ہُوئے ہَیں۔ انہیں ضمِیر اور عقل ودِیعت ہوئی ہَیں۔ اِس لئے انہیں ایک دُوسرے کے ساتھ بھائی چارے کا سُلُوک کرنا چاہئے۔ The predominant Indian film industry Bollywood , located in Mumbai , Maharashtra uses Standard Hindi, colloquial Hindustani, Bombay Hindi , Urdu , Awadhi , Rajasthani , Bhojpuri , and Braj Bhasha , along with Punjabi and with
5313-504: The usage of " thou " in archaic English and many other Indo-European languages showing T–V distinction . One of the most common words in Hindustani, the copula hai (है ہے ) and its plural form haiṉ (हैं ہیں ) − present forms of honā (होना ہونا , meaning "to be" and originating from Prakrit 𑀪𑁄𑀤𑀺 bhodi derived from Sanskrit bhavati "to happen") − rather originate from the following developments: Shortening of ahai occurred in Hindustani resulting in hai probably to fulfill
5390-604: The vernacular form, these include the merger of Sanskrit श (śa) and ष (ṣa), ण (ṇa) and न (na) as well as ऋ (r̥) and रि (ri). Other common alterations were s͟h [/ʃ/] (श ش ) becoming s [/s/] (स س ), v/w [/ʋ/, /w/] (व و ) becoming b [/b/] (ब ب ) and y [/j/] (य ی ) becoming j [/dʒ/] (ज ج ). Short vowels were also sometimes introduced to break up consonant clusters. Such words in Hindi (and other Indo-Aryan languages except Urdu) are called ardhatatsam ( Hindi : अर्धतत्सम "semi- tatsam "). Persian words which were not later artificially added were loaned from Classical Persian,
5467-455: The word 'Hindustani' has been used for the colloquial language of Bollywood films, which are popular in both India and Pakistan and which cannot be unambiguously identified as either Hindi or Urdu. British rule over India also introduced some English words into Hindustani, with these influences increasing with the later spread of English as a world language. This has created a new variant of Hindustani known as Hinglish or Urdish . At
5544-433: The world after English and Mandarin , with 843 million native and second-language speakers, according to Ethnologue , though this includes millions who self-reported their language as 'Hindi' on the Indian census but speak a number of other Hindi languages than Hindustani. The total number of Hindi–Urdu speakers was reported to be over 300 million in 1995, making Hindustani the third- or fourth-most spoken language in
5621-556: The world. Early forms of present-day Hindustani developed from the Middle Indo-Aryan apabhraṃśa vernaculars of present-day North India in the 7th–13th centuries. Hindustani emerged as a contact language around the Ganges-Yamuna Doab ( Delhi , Meerut and Saharanpur ), a result of the increasing linguistic diversity that occurred during the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent . Amir Khusrow , who lived in
5698-674: Was also known as the Lashkari Zabān (military language) or Lashkari . Mashafi was the first person to simply modify the name Zabān-i-Ordu to Urdu . During the British Raj , the term Hindustani was used by British officials. In 1796, John Borthwick Gilchrist published "A Grammar of the Hindoostanee Language". Upon partition , India and Pakistan established national standards that they called Hindi and Urdu, respectively, and attempted to make distinct, with
5775-519: Was historically also known as Rekhta . As Dakhini (or Deccani) where it also draws words from local languages, it survives and enjoys a rich history in the Deccan and other parts of South India , with the prestige dialect being Hyderabadi Urdu spoken in and around the capital of the Nizams and the Deccan Sultanates . Earliest forms of the language's literature may be traced back to
5852-937: Was promoted by Muslim rulers in the Deccan. The Delhi Sultanate, which comprised several Turkic and Afghan dynasties that ruled much of the subcontinent from Delhi, was succeeded by the Mughal Empire in 1526 and preceded by the Ghorid dynasty and Ghaznavid Empire before that. Ancestors of the language were known as Hindui , Hindavi , Zabān-e Hind ( transl. 'Language of India' ), Zabān-e Hindustan ( transl. 'Language of Hindustan' ), Hindustan ki boli ( transl. 'Language of Hindustan' ), Rekhta , and Hindi. Its regional dialects became known as Zabān-e Dakhani in southern India, Zabān-e Gujari ( transl. 'Language of Gujars' ) in Gujarat, and as Zabān-e Dehlavi or Urdu around Delhi. It
5929-708: Was written in the Kaithi , Devanagari, and Urdu alphabets. Kaithi and Devanagari are two of the Brahmic scripts native to India, whereas the Urdu alphabet is a derivation of the Perso-Arabic script written in Nastaʿlīq , which is the preferred calligraphic style for Urdu. Today, Hindustani continues to be written in the Urdu alphabet in Pakistan. In India, the Hindi register is officially written in Devanagari, and Urdu in
#966033