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102-576: A film about the group, also titled The Bang Bang Club , directed by Steven Silver premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2010. The name "The Bang Bang Club" was born out of an article published in the South African magazine Living . Originally named The Bang Bang Paparazzi , it was changed to "Club" because the members felt the word paparazzi misrepresented their work. The name comes from

204-399: A Hidden War (2000), a book documenting their experiences. Marinovich said that the group did not see themselves as a club in the way outside observers regarded them, writing in the preface "The name gives a mental image of a group of hard-living men who worked, played and hung out together pretty much all of the time. Let us set the record straight: there never was such a creature, there never

306-502: A South African and thought Tutu would be a less controversial choice than Mandela or Mangosuthu Buthelezi . In December, he attended the award ceremony in Oslo —which was hampered by a bomb scare—before returning home via Sweden, Denmark, Canada, Tanzania, and Zambia. He shared the US$ 192,000 prize money with his family, SACC staff, and a scholarship fund for South Africans in exile. He was

408-494: A ceremony at Maseru 's Cathedral of St Mary and St James; thousands attended, including King Moshoeshoe II and Prime Minister Leabua Jonathan . Travelling through the largely rural diocese, Tutu learned Sesotho . He appointed Philip Mokuku as the first dean of the diocese and placed great emphasis on further education for the Basotho clergy. He befriended the royal family although his relationship with Jonathan's government

510-1023: A collection of his sermons and speeches, Crying in the Wilderness: The Struggle for Justice in South Africa ; another volume, Hope and Suffering , appeared in 1984. Tutu testified on behalf of a captured cell of Umkhonto we Sizwe , an armed anti-apartheid group linked to the banned African National Congress (ANC). He stated that although he was committed to non-violence and censured all who used violence, he could understand why black Africans became violent when their non-violent tactics had failed to overturn apartheid. In an earlier address, he had opined that an armed struggle against South Africa's government had little chance of succeeding but also accused Western nations of hypocrisy for condemning armed liberation groups in southern Africa while they had praised similar organisations in Europe during

612-620: A daughter, Mpho Andrea Tutu , was born in 1963. Tutu was academically successful and his tutors suggested that he convert to an honours degree , which entailed his also studying Hebrew . He received his degree from Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother in a ceremony held at the Royal Albert Hall . Tutu then secured a TEF grant to study for a master's degree, doing so from October 1965 until September 1966, completing his dissertation on Islam in West Africa. During this period,

714-522: A foreign import irrelevant to Africa. In 1975, Tutu was nominated to be the new Bishop of Johannesburg , although he lost out to Timothy Bavin . Bavin suggested that Tutu take his newly vacated position, that of the dean of St Mary's Cathedral, Johannesburg. Tutu was elected to this position—the fourth highest in South Africa's Anglican hierarchy—in March 1975, becoming the first black man to do so, an appointment making headline news in South Africa. Tutu

816-567: A friend of his sister Gloria who was studying to become a primary school teacher. They were legally married at Krugersdorp Native Commissioner's Court in June 1955, before undergoing a Roman Catholic wedding ceremony at the Church of Mary Queen of Apostles; although an Anglican, Tutu agreed to the ceremony due to Leah's Roman Catholic faith. The newlyweds lived at Tutu's parental home before renting their own six months later. Their first child, Trevor,

918-461: A fun day taking pictures of black people massacring each other, the lads go back to the white suburbs and party — the implication being that the bloodshed is a game to them." Matloff worked with Marinovich and knew Silva, as she was a member of the Johannesburg press corps in the early 1990s. She wrote that Marinovich had disassociated himself from the film version. "It has the same title but it

1020-818: A job as their director for Africa, a position based in England. South Africa's government initially refused permission, regarding him with suspicion since the Fort Hare protests, but relented after Tutu argued that his taking the role would be good publicity for South Africa. In March 1972, he returned to Britain. The TEF's headquarters were in Bromley , with the Tutu family settling in nearby Grove Park , where Tutu became honorary curate of St Augustine's Church. Tutu's job entailed assessing grants to theological training institutions and students. This required his touring Africa in

1122-544: A love of reading, particularly enjoying comic books and European fairy tales . In Tshing his parents had a third son, Tamsanqa, who also died in infancy. Around 1941, Tutu's mother moved to the Witwatersrand to work as a cook at Ezenzeleni Blind Institute in Johannesburg. Tutu joined her in the city, living in Roodepoort West . In Johannesburg, he attended a Methodist primary school before transferring to

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1224-424: A new South Africa – non-racial, democratic, participatory and just. This is a non-violent strategy to help us do so. There is a great deal of goodwill still in our country between the races. Let us not be so wanton in destroying it. We can live together as one people, one family, black and white together. — Desmond Tutu, 1985 The mid-1980s saw growing clashes between black youths and the security services; Tutu

1326-603: A non-racial South Africa where people count because they are made in the image of God. So the SACC is neither a black nor a white organization. It is a Christian organization with a definite bias in favour of the oppressed and the exploited ones of our society. — Desmond Tutu, on the SACC After John Rees stepped down as general secretary of the South African Council of Churches , Tutu was among

1428-402: A platform with anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela in opposing the government's Terrorism Act, 1967 . He held a 24-hour vigil for racial harmony at the cathedral where he prayed for activists detained under the act. In May 1976, he wrote to Prime Minister B. J. Vorster , warning that if the government maintained apartheid then the country would erupt in racial violence. Six weeks later,

1530-462: A racially equal, de-segregated future was possible for South Africa. He encountered some resistance to his attempts to modernise the liturgies used by the congregation, including his attempts to replace masculine pronouns with gender neutral ones. Tutu used his position to speak out on social issues, publicly endorsing an international economic boycott of South Africa over apartheid. He met with Black Consciousness and Soweto leaders, and shared

1632-415: A school rugby team, he developed a lifelong love of the sport. Outside of school, he earned money selling oranges and as a caddie for white golfers . To avoid the expense of a daily train commute to school, he briefly lived with family nearer to Johannesburg, before moving back in with his parents when they relocated to Munsieville . He then returned to Johannesburg, moving into an Anglican hostel near

1734-565: A sit-in protest over the university administration's policies; after they were surrounded by police with dogs , Tutu waded into the crowd to pray with the protesters. This was the first time that he had witnessed state power used to suppress dissent. In January 1970, Tutu left the seminary for a teaching post at the University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland (UBLS) in Roma, Lesotho . This brought him closer to his children and offered twice

1836-676: A teacher training institution, in 1951. There, he served as treasurer of the Student Representative Council, helped to organise the Literacy and Dramatic Society, and chaired the Cultural and Debating Society. During one debating event he met the lawyer—and future president of South Africa— Nelson Mandela ; they would not encounter each other again until 1990. At the college, Tutu attained his Transvaal Bantu Teachers Diploma, having gained advice about taking exams from

1938-985: A three-month sabbatical at the General Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church in New York. In the city, he was invited to address the United Nations Security Council , later meeting the Congressional Black Caucus and the subcommittees on Africa in the House of Representatives and the Senate . He was also invited to the White House , where he unsuccessfully urged President Ronald Reagan to change his approach to South Africa. He

2040-432: Is an engaged not an academic, detached theology. It is a gut level theology, relating to the real concerns, the life and death issues of the black man." He stated that his paper was not an attempt to demonstrate the academic respectability of black theology but rather to make "a straightforward, perhaps shrill, statement about an existent. Black theology is. No permission is being requested for it to come into being... Frankly

2142-471: Is for you, fathers, sitting in a single-sex hostel, separated from your children for 11 months a year... This award is for you, mothers in the KTC squatter camp, whose shelters are destroyed callously every day, and who sit on soaking mattresses in the winter rain, holding whimpering babies... This award is for you, the 3.5 million of our people who have been uprooted and dumped as if you were rubbish. This award

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2244-487: Is for you. — Desmond Tutu's speech on receiving the Nobel Peace Prize By the 1980s, Tutu was an icon for many black South Africans, a status rivalled only by Mandela. In August 1983, he became a patron of the new anti-apartheid United Democratic Front (UDF). Tutu angered much of South Africa's press and white minority, especially apartheid supporters. Pro-government media like The Citizen and

2346-552: Is inspired by the life of Kevin Carter. The work by the members of the Bang-Bang Club between 1990 and 1994 was well known in South Africa. The fight against apartheid on the way to democracy was becoming a bloodbath at this time and Desmond Tutu , Archbishop Emeritus of Cape Town, South Africa wrote in the foreword of the book The Bang-bang Club: Snapshots From A Hidden War , 2000. The story of this fight needed to be told to

2448-481: Is just another way of getting kicks before the partying starts. … It's just a shame the accomplished cinematography isn't matched by a script that lets the true bravery and accomplishments of combat photojournalists shine through, as they deserve." Desmond Tutu Desmond Mpilo Tutu (7 October 1931 – 26 December 2021) was a South African Anglican bishop and theologian , known for his work as an anti-apartheid and human rights activist . He

2550-414: Is not the same story. It's not my life. I don't see the character as me." In The Guardian , Miriam Brent said "Frustratingly, though, while the film poses pertinent questions about when to put the camera down, it shies away from delving deeper into these moral dilemmas and the emotional strain faced by combat photographers. Instead we're introduced to a testosterone-fuelled world in which dodging bullets

2652-572: Is racism in England, but we were not exposed to it". He was also impressed by the freedom of speech in the country, especially at Speakers' Corner in London's Hyde Park . The family moved into the curate's flat behind the Church of St Alban the Martyr in Golders Green , where Tutu assisted Sunday services, the first time that he had ministered to a white congregation. It was in the flat that

2754-508: Is to ask on whose side is God; it is to be concerned about the humanisation of man, because those who ravage our humanity dehumanise themselves in the process; [it says] that the liberation of the black man is the other side of the liberation of the white man—so it is concerned with human liberation. — Desmond Tutu, in a conference paper presented at the Union Theological Seminary, 1973 Tutu accepted TEF's offer of

2856-507: The 1994 general election resulted in a coalition government headed by Mandela, the latter selected Tutu to chair the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses committed by both pro and anti-apartheid groups. Following apartheid's fall, Tutu campaigned for gay rights and spoke out on a wide range of subjects, among them his criticism of South African presidents Thabo Mbeki and Jacob Zuma , his opposition to

2958-523: The Bang-Bang Club , the other two members being Kevin Carter and Ken Oosterbroek. The film tells the story of four young men and the extremes they went to in order to capture their pictures in the days prior to the downfall of apartheid in South Africa. The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF). Entertainment One has distribution rights for Canada. Tribeca Film acquired American distribution rights. It

3060-771: The Episcopal Church in New Orleans before traveling to Kentucky to see his daughter Naomi, who lived there with her American husband. Tutu gained a popular following in the US, where he was often compared to civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. , although white conservatives like Pat Buchanan and Jerry Falwell lambasted him as an alleged communist sympathiser. This award is for mothers, who sit at railway stations to try to eke out an existence, selling potatoes, selling mealies, selling produce. This award

3162-564: The National Party government that anger at apartheid would lead to racial violence, as an activist he stressed non-violent protest and foreign economic pressure to bring about universal suffrage . In 1985, Tutu became Bishop of Johannesburg and in 1986 the Archbishop of Cape Town, the most senior position in southern Africa's Anglican hierarchy. In this position, he emphasised a consensus-building model of leadership and oversaw

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3264-660: The Nobel Peace Prize and other international awards. He also compiled several books of his speeches and sermons. Desmond Mpilo Tutu was born on 7 October 1931 in Klerksdorp , Transvaal , South Africa. His mother, Allen Dorothea Mavoertsek Mathlare, was born to a Motswana family in Boksburg . His father, Zachariah Zelilo Tutu, was from the amaFengu branch of Xhosa and grew up in Gcuwa , Eastern Cape. At home,

3366-546: The Second World War . Tutu also signed a petition calling for the release of ANC activist Nelson Mandela, leading to a correspondence between the pair. After Tutu told journalists that he supported an international economic boycott of South Africa, he was reprimanded before government ministers in October 1979. In March 1980, the government confiscated his passport; this raised his international profile. In 1980,

3468-597: The Sharpeville massacre of 1960. Tutu and the other trainees did not engage in anti-apartheid campaigns; he later noted that they were "in some ways a very apolitical bunch". In December 1960, Edward Paget ordained Tutu as an Anglican priest at St Mary's Cathedral . Tutu was then appointed assistant curate in St Alban's Parish, Benoni , where he was reunited with his wife and children, and earned two-thirds of what his white counterparts were given. In 1962, Tutu

3570-700: The South African Broadcasting Corporation criticised him, often focusing on how his middle-class lifestyle contrasted with the poverty of the blacks he claimed to represent. He received hate mail and death threats from white far-right groups like the Wit Wolwe . Although he remained close with prominent white liberals like Helen Suzman , his angry anti-government rhetoric also alienated many white liberals like Alan Paton and Bill Burnett , who believed that apartheid could be gradually reformed away. In 1984, Tutu embarked on

3672-502: The Soweto uprising broke out as black youth clashed with police. Over the course of ten months, at least 660 were killed, most under the age of 24. Tutu was upset by what he regarded as the lack of outrage from white South Africans ; he raised the issue in his Sunday sermon, stating that the white silence was "deafening" and asking if they would have shown the same nonchalance had white youths been killed. After seven months as dean, Tutu

3774-704: The UN Special Committee Against Apartheid . In England, he met Robert Runcie and gave a sermon in Westminster Abbey , while in Rome he met Pope John Paul II . On his return to South Africa, Botha again ordered Tutu's passport confiscated, preventing him from personally collecting several further honorary degrees. It was returned 17 months later. In September 1982 Tutu addressed the Triennial Convention of

3876-411: The University of Kent , General Theological Seminary, and Harvard University . As head of the SACC, Tutu's time was dominated by fundraising for the organisation's projects. Under Tutu's tenure, it was revealed that one of the SACC's divisional directors had been stealing funds. In 1981 a government commission launched to investigate the issue, headed by the judge C. F. Eloff . Tutu gave evidence to

3978-488: The introduction of female priests . Also in 1986, he became president of the All Africa Conference of Churches , resulting in further tours of the continent. After President F. W. de Klerk released the anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela from prison in 1990 and the pair led negotiations to end apartheid and introduce multi-racial democracy, Tutu assisted as a mediator between rival black factions. After

4080-670: The Act, Tutu and his wife left the teaching profession. With Huddleston's support, Tutu chose to become an Anglican priest. In January 1956, his request to join the Ordinands Guild was turned down due to his debts; these were then paid off by the wealthy industrialist Harry Oppenheimer . Tutu was admitted to St Peter's Theological College in Rosettenville , Johannesburg, which was run by the Anglican Community of

4182-514: The African continent. Back in southern Africa in 1975, he served first as dean of St Mary's Cathedral in Johannesburg and then as Bishop of Lesotho ; from 1978 to 1985 he was general-secretary of the South African Council of Churches . He emerged as one of the most prominent opponents of South Africa's apartheid system of racial segregation and white minority rule . Although warning

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4284-667: The Bang Bang Club (2004) was nominated for an Academy Award in 2006. A documentary entitled When Under Fire: Shoot Back! premiered at the Denver Film Festival in November 2014. The Bang-Bang Club are referenced in the 1996 Manic Street Preachers song " Kevin Carter " from their fourth album Everything Must Go . The song was inspired by Carter's life and suicide and features the lyric "Bang-Bang Club, AK-47 Hour." The album "Poets and Madmen" by Savatage

4386-454: The Bang-Bang Club was affecting the life of the photographers too: "And we know a little about the cost of being traumatized that drove some to suicide, that, yes, these people were human beings operating under the most demanding of conditions." Two members won Pulitzer Prizes for their photography. Greg Marinovich won the Pulitzer for Spot News Photography in 1991 for his coverage of

4488-678: The Church Unity Commission, served as a delegate at Anglican-Catholic conversations, and began publishing in academic journals . He also became the Anglican chaplain to the neighbouring University of Fort Hare ; in an unusual move for the time, Tutu invited female as well as male students to become servers during the Eucharist . He joined student delegations to meetings of the Anglican Students' Federation and

4590-580: The Church of Christ the King in Sophiatown . He became a server at the church and came under the influence of its priest, Trevor Huddleston ; later biographer Shirley du Boulay suggested that Huddleston was "the greatest single influence" in Tutu's life. In 1947, Tutu contracted tuberculosis and was hospitalised in Rietfontein for 18 months, during which he was regularly visited by Huddleston. In

4692-545: The Institute of Christian Spirituality at Bishopscourt, with the latter moving into a building in the house's grounds. Such projects led to Tutu's ministry taking up an increasingly large portion of the Anglican church's budget, which Tutu sought to expand through requesting donations from overseas. Some Anglicans were critical of his spending. Tutu's vast workload was managed with the assistance of his executive officer Njongonkulu Ndungane and Michael Nuttall , who in 1989

4794-542: The Iraq War , and describing Israel's treatment of Palestinians as apartheid . In 2010, he retired from public life, but continued to speak out on numerous topics and events. As Tutu rose to prominence in the 1970s, different socio-economic groups and political classes held a wide range of views about him, from critical to admiring. He was popular among South Africa's black majority and was internationally praised for his work involving anti-apartheid activism, for which he won

4896-640: The Resurrection . The college was residential, and Tutu lived there while his wife trained as a nurse in Sekhukhuneland ; their children lived with Tutu's parents in Munsieville . In August 1960, his wife gave birth to another daughter, Naomi. At the college, Tutu studied the Bible, Anglican doctrine, church history, and Christian ethics, earning a Licentiate of Theology degree, and winning

4998-479: The SACC committed itself to supporting civil disobedience against apartheid. After Thorne was arrested in May, Tutu and Joe Wing led a protest march during which they were arrested, imprisoned overnight, and fined. In the aftermath, a meeting was organised between 20 church leaders including Tutu, Prime Minister P. W. Botha , and seven government ministers. At this August meeting the clerical leaders unsuccessfully urged

5100-661: The Swedish Boarding School (SBS) in the St Agnes Mission . Several months later, he moved with his father to Ermelo , eastern Transvaal . After six months, the duo returned to Roodepoort West, where Tutu resumed his studies at SBS. Aged 12, he underwent confirmation at St Mary's Church, Roodepoort. Tutu entered the Johannesburg Bantu High School ( Madibane High School ) in 1945, where he excelled academically. Joining

5202-567: The US politician Ted Kennedy on the latter's visit to South Africa in January 1985, he was angered that protesters from the Azanian People's Organisation (AZAPO)—who regarded Kennedy as an agent of capitalism and American imperialism —disrupted proceedings. Amid the violence, the ANC called on supporters to make South Africa " ungovernable "; foreign companies increasingly disinvested in

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5304-657: The University Christian Movement, and was broadly supportive of the Black Consciousness Movement that emerged from South Africa's 1960s student milieu, although did not share its view on avoiding collaboration with whites. In August 1968, he gave a sermon comparing South Africa's situation with that in the Eastern Bloc , likening anti-apartheid protests to the recent Prague Spring . In September, Fort Hare students held

5406-677: The Year in 1989 and 1994 and nominated for the South African Press Photographer of The Year three times. João Silva won the South African Press Photographer of the Year Award in 1992 and received an honorable mention in the 2007 World Press Photo Photo Contest in the Stories, Spot News category. The Bang Bang Club (film) The Bang Bang Club is a 2010 Canadian-South African biographical drama film written and directed by Steven Silver and stars Ryan Phillippe as Greg Marinovich , Malin Åkerman as Robin Comley, Taylor Kitsch as Kevin Carter , Frank Rautenbach as Ken Oosterbroek and Neels Van Jaarsveld as João Silva . They portray

5508-417: The activist Robert Sobukwe . He had also taken five correspondence courses provided by the University of South Africa (UNISA), graduating in the same class as future Zimbabwean leader Robert Mugabe . In 1954, Tutu began teaching English at Madibane High School; the following year, he transferred to the Krugersdorp High School, where he taught English and history. He began courting Nomalizo Leah Shenxane,

5610-415: The archbishop's Bishopscourt residence; this was illegal as he did not have official permission to reside in what the state allocated as a "white area". He obtained money from the church to oversee renovations of the house, and had a children's playground installed in its grounds, opening this and the Bishopscourt swimming pool to members of his diocese. He invited the English priest Francis Cull to set up

5712-415: The archbishop's annual essay prize. The college's principal, Godfrey Pawson, wrote that Tutu "has exceptional knowledge and intelligence and is very industrious. At the same time, he shows no arrogance, mixes in well, and is popular ... He has obvious gifts of leadership." During his years at the college, there had been an intensification in anti-apartheid activism as well as a crackdown against it, including

5814-446: The arrest of Geoff Moselane. In October 1985, he backed the National Initiative for Reconciliation's proposal for people to refrain from work for a day of prayer, fasting, and mourning. He also proposed a national strike against apartheid, angering trade unions whom he had not consulted beforehand. Tutu continued promoting his cause abroad. In May 1985 he embarked on a speaking tour of the United States, and in October 1985 addressed

5916-433: The assistant director of the Institute of Race Relations . The SACC was one of the few Christian institutions in South Africa where black people had the majority representation; Tutu was its first black leader. There, he introduced a schedule of daily staff prayers, regular Bible study, monthly Eucharist, and silent retreats. Hegr also developed a new style of leadership, appointing senior staff who were capable of taking

6018-404: The commission, during which he condemned apartheid as "evil" and "unchristian". When the Eloff report was published, Tutu criticised it, focusing particularly on the absence of any theologians on its board, likening it to "a group of blind men" judging the Chelsea Flower Show . In 1981 Tutu also became the rector of St Augustine's Church in Soweto's Orlando West . The following year he published

6120-430: The country and the South African rand reached a record low. In July 1985, Botha declared a state of emergency in 36 magisterial districts, suspending civil liberties and giving the security services additional powers; he rebuffed Tutu's offer to serve as a go-between for the government and leading black organisations. Tutu continued protesting; in April 1985, he led a small march of clergy through Johannesburg to protest

6222-587: The couple spoke the Xhosa language . Having married in Boksburg, they moved to Klerksdorp in the late 1950s, living in the city's "native location", or black residential area, since renamed Makoeteng. Zachariah worked as the principal of a Methodist primary school and the family lived in the mud-brick schoolmaster's house in the yard of the Methodist mission. The Tutus were poor; describing his family, Tutu later related that "although we weren't affluent, we were not destitute either". He had an older sister, Sylvia Funeka, who called him "Mpilo" (meaning 'life'). He

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6324-599: The culture itself; township residents spoke to the photographers about the "bang-bang" in reference to violence occurring within their communities, but more literally, "bang-bang" refers to the sound of gunfire and is a colloquialism used by conflict photographers . On 18 April 1994, during a firefight between the National Peacekeeping Force and African National Congress supporters in the Thokoza township, friendly fire killed Oosterbroek and seriously injured Marinovich. An inquest into Oosterbroek's death began in 1995. The magistrate ruled that no party should be blamed for

6426-447: The death. In 1999, peacekeeper Brian Mkhize told Marinovich and Silva that he believed that the bullet that killed Oosterbroek had come from the National Peacekeeping Force. In July 1994, Carter committed suicide. On 23 October 2010, Silva stepped on a land mine while on patrol with U.S. soldiers in Kandahar , Afghanistan and lost both legs below the knee. In 2000, Marinovich and Silva published The Bang-Bang Club: Snapshots from

6528-407: The early 1970s, and he wrote accounts of his experiences. In Zaire , he for instance lamented the widespread corruption and poverty and complained that Mobutu Sese Seko 's "military regime... is extremely galling to a black from South Africa." In Nigeria, he expressed concern at Igbo resentment following the crushing of their Republic of Biafra . In 1972 he travelled around East Africa, where he

6630-807: The family moved to Bletchingley in Surrey, where Tutu worked as the assistant curate of St Mary's Church. In the village, he encouraged cooperation between his Anglican parishioners and the local Roman Catholic and Methodist communities. Tutu's time in London helped him to jettison any bitterness to whites and feelings of racial inferiority; he overcame his habit of automatically deferring to whites. In 1966, Tutu and his family moved to East Jerusalem , where he studied Arabic and Greek for two months at St George's College . They then returned to South Africa, settling in Alice, Eastern Cape , in 1967. The Federal Theological Seminary (Fedsem) had recently been established there as an amalgamation of training institutions from different Christian denominations. At Fedsem, Tutu

6732-446: The film was "the latest Hollywood production to get the role of the conflict correspondent wrong". Matloff wrote: "But the reporters and photographers stationed in South Africa at the time were also compassionate human beings who exposed themselves to danger because they wanted to record history. This doesn't particularly come through in the film. Instead, Silver plays to the Hollywood stereotype of journalists as heartless outsiders. After

6834-414: The government to end apartheid. Although some clergy saw this dialogue as pointless, Tutu disagreed, commenting: " Moses went to Pharaoh repeatedly to secure the release of the Israelites." In January 1981, the government returned Tutu's passport. In March, he embarked on a five-week tour of Europe and North America, meeting politicians including the UN Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim , and addressing

6936-439: The hospital, he underwent circumcision to mark his transition to manhood. He returned to school in 1949 and took his national exams in late 1950, gaining a second-class pass. Although Tutu secured admission to study medicine at the University of the Witwatersrand , his parents could not afford the tuition fees. Instead, he turned toward teaching, gaining a government scholarship for a course at Pretoria Bantu Normal College ,

7038-453: The initiative, delegating much of the SACC's detailed work to them, and keeping in touch with them through meetings and memorandums. Many of his staff referred to him as "Baba" (father). He was determined that the SACC become one of South Africa's most visible human rights advocacy organisations. His efforts gained him international recognition; the closing years of the 1970s saw him elected a fellow of KCL and receive honorary doctorates from

7140-402: The killing of Lindsaye Tshabalala in 1990. Kevin Carter won the Pulitzer for Featured Photography in 1994 for his 1993 photograph of a vulture that appeared to be stalking a starving child in southern Sudan . Ken Oosterbroek won 2nd Prize in the 1993 World Press Photo Photo Contest for the Stories, General News category. Oosterbroek was also nominated for Ilford Press Photographer of

7242-416: The latter's death in February 1971. Black theology seeks to make sense of the life experience of the black man, which is largely black suffering at the hands of rampant white racism, and to understand this in the light of what God has said about himself, about man, and about the world in his very definite Word... Black theology has to do with whether it is possible to be black and continue to be Christian; it

7344-421: The lives of four photojournalists active within the townships of South Africa during the apartheid period, particularly between 1990 and 1994, from when Nelson Mandela was released from prison to the 1994 elections. It is a film adaptation of the book The Bang-Bang Club: Snapshots from a Hidden War co-written by Greg Marinovich and João Silva who were part of the group of four photographers known as

7446-714: The nominees for his successor. John Thorne was ultimately elected to the position, although stepped down after three months, with Tutu's agreeing to take over at the urging of the synod of bishops. His decision angered many Anglicans in Lesotho, who felt that Tutu was abandoning them. Tutu took charge of the SACC in March 1978. Back in Johannesburg—where the SACC's headquarters were based at Khotso House —the Tutus returned to their former Orlando West home, now bought for them by an anonymous foreign donor. Leah gained employment as

7548-817: The political committee of the United Nations General Assembly , urging the international community to impose sanctions on South Africa if apartheid was not dismantled within six months. Proceeding to the United Kingdom, he met with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . He also formed a Bishop Tutu Scholarship Fund to financially assist South African students living in exile. He returned to the US in May 1986, and in August 1986 visited Japan, China, and Jamaica to promote sanctions. Given that most senior anti-apartheid activists were imprisoned, Mandela referred to Tutu as "public enemy number one for

7650-458: The position to apartheid. He appointed gay priests to senior positions and privately criticised the church's insistence that gay priests remain celibate. Along with Boesak and Stephen Naidoo , Tutu mediated conflicts between black protesters and the security forces; they for instance worked to avoid clashes at the 1987 funeral of ANC guerrilla Ashley Kriel . In February 1988, the government banned 17 black or multi-racial organisations, including

7752-713: The powers that be". After Philip Russell announced his retirement as the Archbishop of Cape Town , in February 1986 the Black Solidarity Group formed a plan to get Tutu appointed as his replacement. At the time of the meeting, Tutu was in Atlanta , Georgia, receiving the Martin Luther King, Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize . Tutu secured a two-thirds majority from both the clergy and laity and

7854-457: The role, he took over the country's largest diocese, comprising 102 parishes and 300,000 parishioners, approximately 80% of whom were black. In his inaugural sermon, Tutu called on the international community to introduce economic sanctions against South Africa unless apartheid was not being dismantled within 18 to 24 months. He sought to reassure white South Africans that he was not the "horrid ogre" some feared; as bishop he spent much time wooing

7956-669: The salary he earned at Fedsem. He and his wife moved to the UBLS campus; most of his fellow staff members were white expatriates from the US or Britain. As well as his teaching position, he also became the college's Anglican chaplain and the warden of two student residences. In Lesotho, he joined the executive board of the Lesotho Ecumenical Association and served as an external examiner for both Fedsem and Rhodes University . He returned to South Africa on several occasions, including to visit his father shortly before

8058-514: The second South African to receive the award, after Albert Luthuli in 1960. South Africa's government and mainstream media either downplayed or criticised the award, while the Organisation of African Unity hailed it as evidence of apartheid's impending demise. After Timothy Bavin retired as Bishop of Johannesburg, Tutu was among five replacement candidates. An elective assembly met at St Barnabas' College in October 1984 and although Tutu

8160-652: The shutter release and when do you cease being a photographer?" A film adaptation of Marinovich and Silva's book, The Bang Bang Club (2010), was shot on location in Thokoza township by South African documentary film-maker Steven Silver . Marinovich worked as a consultant on the film which starred Ryan Phillippe as Greg Marinovich , Taylor Kitsch as Kevin Carter , Neels Van Jaarsveld as João Silva and Frank Rautenbach as Ken Oosterbroek. A documentary entitled The Death of Kevin Carter: Casualty of

8262-501: The support of white Anglicans in his diocese, and resigned as patron of the UDF. I have no hope of real change from this government unless they are forced. We face a catastrophe in this land and only the action of the international community by applying pressure can save us. Our children are dying. Our land is bleeding and burning and so I call the international community to apply punitive sanctions against this government to help us establish

8364-490: The time has passed when we will wait for the white man to give us permission to do our thing. Whether or not he accepts the intellectual respectability of our activity is largely irrelevant. We will proceed regardless." Seeking to fuse the African-American derived black theology with African theology , Tutu's approach contrasted with that of those African theologians, like John Mbiti , who regarded black theology as

8466-452: The world, Tutu wrote. We were greatly blessed to have some of the most gifted journalists and brilliant photographers. They helped to tell the story. They captured some riveting moments on film, such as a gruesome necklacing (Kevin Carter), and the barbaric turning on a helpless victim by a baying crowd from one or other side of the conflict (Greg Marinovich). Tutu remarked that the work by

8568-484: Was Bishop of Johannesburg from 1985 to 1986 and then Archbishop of Cape Town from 1986 to 1996, in both cases being the first Black African to hold the position. Theologically, he sought to fuse ideas from Black theology with African theology . Tutu was born of mixed Xhosa and Motswana heritage to a poor family in Klerksdorp , South Africa . Entering adulthood, he trained as a teacher and married Nomalizo Leah Tutu , with whom he had several children. In 1960, he

8670-635: Was baptised into the Methodist Church in June 1932. They subsequently changed denominations, first to the African Methodist Episcopal Church and then to the Anglican Church . In 1936, the family moved to Tshing , where Zachariah became principal of a Methodist school. There, Tutu started his primary education, learned Afrikaans , and became the server at St Francis Anglican Church. He developed

8772-411: Was a club, and there never were just the four of us in some kind of silver halide cult – dozens of journalists covered the violence during the period from Nelson Mandela's release from jail to the first fully democratic election. Marinovich said of the key members of the Bang-Bang Club "We discovered that one of the strongest links among us was questions about the morality of what we do: when do you press

8874-614: Was born in April 1956; a daughter, Thandeka, appeared 16 months later. The couple worshipped at St Paul's Church, where Tutu volunteered as a Sunday school teacher, assistant choirmaster, church councillor, lay preacher, and sub-deacon; he also volunteered as a football administrator for a local team. In 1953, the white-minority National Party government introduced the Bantu Education Act to further their apartheid system of racial segregation and white domination. Disliking

8976-409: Was elected dean of the province. In church meetings, Tutu drew upon traditional African custom by adopting a consensus-building model of leadership, seeking to ensure that competing groups in the church reached a compromise and thus all votes would be unanimous rather than divided. He secured approval for the ordination of female priests in the Anglican church, having likened the exclusion of women from

9078-529: Was employed teaching doctrine, the Old Testament , and Greek; Leah became its library assistant. Tutu was the college's first black staff-member, and the campus allowed a level of racial-mixing which was rare in South Africa. The Tutus sent their children to a private boarding school in Swaziland, thereby keeping them from South Africa's Bantu Education syllabus. Tutu joined a pan-Protestant group,

9180-434: Was his parents' second son; their firstborn boy, Sipho, had died in infancy. Another daughter, Gloria Lindiwe, was born after him. Tutu was sickly from birth; polio atrophied his right hand, and on one occasion he was hospitalised with serious burns. Tutu had a close relationship with his father, although was angered at the latter's heavy drinking and violence toward his wife. The family were initially Methodists and Tutu

9282-497: Was impressed by Jomo Kenyatta 's Kenyan government and witnessed Idi Amin 's expulsion of Ugandan Asians . During the early 1970s, Tutu's theology changed due to his experiences in Africa and his discovery of liberation theology . He was also attracted to black theology , attending a 1973 conference on the subject at New York City's Union Theological Seminary . There, he presented a paper in which he stated that "black theology

9384-422: Was invited to speak at many of the funerals of those youths killed. At a Duduza funeral, he intervened to stop the crowd from killing a black man accused of being a government informant. Tutu angered some black South Africans by speaking against the torture and killing of suspected collaborators. For these militants, Tutu's calls for non-violence were perceived as an obstacle to revolution. When Tutu accompanied

9486-522: Was nominated to become the Bishop of Lesotho . Although Tutu did not want the position, he was elected to it in March 1976 and reluctantly accepted. This decision upset some of his congregation, who felt that he had used their parish as a stepping stone to advance his career. In July, Bill Burnett consecrated Tutu as a bishop at St Mary's Cathedral. In August, Tutu was enthroned as the Bishop of Lesotho in

9588-489: Was officially installed as dean in August 1975. The cathedral was packed for the event. Moving to the city, Tutu lived not in the official dean's residence in the white suburb of Houghton but rather in a house on a middle-class street in the Orlando West township of Soweto , a largely impoverished black area. Although majority white, the cathedral's congregation was racially mixed, something that gave Tutu hope that

9690-484: Was one of the two most popular candidates, the white laity voting bloc consistently voted against his candidature. To break deadlock, a bishops' synod met and decided to appoint Tutu. Black Anglicans celebrated, although many white Anglicans were angry; some withdrew their diocesan quota in protest. Tutu was enthroned as the sixth Bishop of Johannesburg in St Mary's Cathedral in February 1985. The first black man to hold

9792-566: Was ordained as an Anglican priest and in 1962 moved to the United Kingdom to study theology at King's College London . In 1966 he returned to southern Africa, teaching at the Federal Theological Seminary and then the University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland . In 1972, he became the Theological Education Fund's director for Africa, a position based in London but necessitating regular tours of

9894-518: Was released theatrically in the United States on 22 April 2011. According to The Numbers, the film was only shown in nine theatres in the US where it earned $ 124,791. The Bang Bang Club received mixed reviews. As of June 2020 , it holds a 49% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 47 reviews, with an average rating of 5.89/10. Judith Matloff , a veteran foreign correspondent and contributing editor at Columbia Journalism Review said that

9996-629: Was secured from the International Missionary Council 's Theological Education Fund (TEF), and the government agreed to give the Tutus permission to move to Britain. They duly did so in September 1962. At KCL, Tutu studied under theologians like Dennis Nineham , Christopher Evans , Sydney Evans , Geoffrey Parrinder , and Eric Mascall . In London, the Tutus felt liberated experiencing a life free from South Africa's apartheid and pass laws ; he later noted that "there

10098-462: Was strained. In September 1977 he returned to South Africa to speak at the Eastern Cape funeral of Black Consciousness activist Steve Biko , who had been killed by police. At the funeral, Tutu stated that Black Consciousness was "a movement by which God, through Steve, sought to awaken in the black person a sense of his intrinsic value and worth as a child of God". We in the SACC believe in

10200-667: Was then ratified in a unanimous vote by the synod of bishops. He was the first black man to hold the post. Some white Anglicans left the church in protest. Over 1,300 people attended his enthronement ceremony at the Cathedral of St George the Martyr on 7 September 1986. After the ceremony, Tutu held an open-air Eucharist for 10,000 people at the Cape Showgrounds in Goodwood , where he invited Albertina Sisulu and Allan Boesak to give political speeches. Tutu moved into

10302-469: Was transferred to St Philip's Church in Thokoza , where he was placed in charge of the congregation and developed a passion for pastoral ministry. Many in South Africa's white-dominated Anglican establishment felt the need for more black Africans in positions of ecclesiastical authority; to assist in this, Aelfred Stubbs proposed that Tutu train as a theology teacher at King's College London (KCL). Funding

10404-451: Was troubled that Reagan had a warmer relationship with South Africa's government than his predecessor Jimmy Carter , describing Reagan's government as "an unmitigated disaster for us blacks". Tutu later called Reagan "a racist pure and simple". In New York City, Tutu was informed that he had won the 1984 Nobel Peace Prize ; he had previously been nominated in 1981, 1982, and 1983. The Nobel Prize selection committee had wanted to recognise

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