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63-530: The Clarke Island , also known by its Indigenous name of lungtalanana , part of the Furneaux Group , is an 82-square-kilometre (32 sq mi) island in Bass Strait , south of Cape Barren Island , about 24 kilometres (15 mi) off the northeast coast of Tasmania , Australia. Banks Strait separates the island from Cape Portland on the mainland. Clarke Island is the third-largest island in

126-494: A "sense of place, attachment to land, and the value of preserving open space were common themes". "The importance of land and animals as means of maintaining culture and way of life figured repeatedly in permittee responses, as did the subjects of responsibility and respect for land, animals, family, and community." In the US, profit tends to rank low among motivations for involvement in livestock ranching. Instead, family, tradition and

189-516: A buffer may sometimes be limited where alternatives are present, which may reflect strategic maintenance of insurance in addition to a desire to retain productive assets. Even for some farmers in Western nations, livestock can serve as a kind of insurance. Some crop growers may produce livestock as a strategy for diversification of their income sources, to reduce risks related to weather, markets and other factors. Many studies have found evidence of

252-448: A desired way of life tend to be major motivators for ranch purchase, and ranchers "historically have been willing to accept low returns from livestock production". Animal husbandry has a significant impact on the world environment. It is responsible for somewhere between 20 and 33% of the fresh water usage in the world, and livestock, and the production of feed for them, occupy about a third of Earth's ice-free land. Livestock production

315-510: A distance of over 600 kilometres (370 miles). They had few provisions and no ammunition, and fatigue and hunger lessened their number as they marched. Along the way they encountered various Aboriginal Tasmanians , some friendly and some not. The last of the party to die on the march was killed by a man Dilba and his people near Hat Hill. Those people had a reputation around Port Jackson for being ferocious. Matthew Flinders and George Bass had feared for their safety when they encountered Dilba

378-499: A hunting instinct, leaving the carcass uneaten. Good husbandry, proper feeding, and hygiene are the main contributors to animal health on farms, bringing economic benefits through maximised production. When, despite these precautions, animals still become sick, they are treated with veterinary medicines , by the farmer and the veterinarian . In the European Union, when farmers treat the animals, they are required to follow

441-439: A major economic and cultural role in numerous communities. Livestock farming practices have largely shifted to intensive animal farming . Intensive animal farming increases the yield of the various commercial outputs, but also negatively impacts animal welfare , the environment , and public health . In particular, beef, dairy and sheep are an outsized source of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture . The word livestock

504-498: A program or activity. For example, the Livestock Mandatory Reporting Act of 1999 (P.L. 106–78, Title IX) defines livestock only as cattle, swine, and sheep, while the 1988 disaster assistance legislation defined the term as "cattle, sheep, goats, swine, poultry (including egg-producing poultry), equine animals used for food or in the production of food, fish used for food, and other animals designated by

567-472: A variety of food and non-food products; the latter include leather, wool, pharmaceuticals, bone products, industrial protein, and fats. For many abattoirs, very little animal biomass may be wasted at slaughter. Even intestinal contents removed at slaughter may be recovered for use as fertilizer. Livestock manure helps maintain the fertility of grazing lands. Manure is commonly collected from barns and feeding areas to fertilize cropland. In some places, animal manure

630-546: A week. At the other extreme, in the more Western parts of the world, animals are often intensively managed ; dairy cows may be kept in zero-grazing conditions with all their forage brought to them; beef cattle may be kept in high density feedlots ; pigs may be housed in climate-controlled buildings and never go outdoors; poultry may be reared in barns and kept in cages as laying birds under lighting-controlled conditions. In between these two extremes are semi-intensive, often family-run farms where livestock graze outside for much of

693-402: Is a contributing factor in species extinction , desertification , and habitat destruction . Meat is considered one of the prime factors contributing to the current sixth mass extinction . Animal agriculture contributes to species extinction in various ways. Habitat is destroyed by clearing forests and converting land to grow feed crops and for animal grazing (for example, animal husbandry

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756-535: Is documented in autobiographical tale by writer Dion Perry, who documents his family's residence in a crumbling farmhouse on Clarke Island for 6 years between 1984 and 1990. He went there as a child, and says his family were the only residents. The family had minimal financial resources, and lived a semi-subsistence lifestyle, tending goats, and living from a garden and the sea. In 2009, Clarke Island had one permanent resident, while small groups of up to eight people visited for youth and corporate programmes. Infrastructure

819-535: Is done with the intention of increasing animal production, but in turn increases emissions. In addition, livestock produce greenhouse gases . The IPCC has estimated that agriculture (including not only livestock, but also food crop, biofuel and other production) accounted for about 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) in 2005 and in 2010. Cattle produce some 79 million tons of methane per day. Live westock enteric methane account 30% of

882-436: Is estimated as close to $ 1 trillion . As an outright end to human consumption of meat and/or animal products is not currently considered a realistic goal, any comprehensive adaptation to effects of climate change must also consider livestock. The observed adverse impacts on livestock production include increased heat stress in all but the coldest nations. This causes both mass animal mortality during heatwaves , and

945-470: Is mostly earmarked for employment and training of Indigenous rangers to manage Country. A$ 350,000 has been committed to the island by WWF-Australia , but this is for rewilding rather than cat eradication. A project involving the translocation of several species, starting with Bass Strait wombats from Flinders Island , and Maria Island , is planned to begin in mid-2025. It is hoped that Bennetts wallabies and long-nosed potoroos will be next, once

1008-609: Is responsible for up to 91% of the deforestation in the Amazon region ), while predators and herbivores are frequently targeted and hunted because of a perceived threat to livestock profits. The newest report released by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states that between the 1970s and 2000s agricultural emission increases were directly linked to an increase in livestock. The population growth of livestock (including cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats)

1071-598: Is still used in some parts of the world. Truck transport is now common in developed countries. Local and regional livestock auctions and specialized agricultural markets facilitate trade in livestock. In Canada at the Cargill slaughterhouse in High River, Alberta , 2,000 workers process 4,500 cattle per day, or more than one-third of Canada's capacity. It closed when some of its workers became infected with coronavirus disease 2019 . The Cargill plant together with

1134-413: Is the term used for much-smaller animals, usually mammals. The two predominant categories are rodents and lagomorphs (rabbits). Even-smaller animals are kept and raised, such as crickets and honey bees . Micro-livestock does not generally include fish ( aquaculture ) or chickens ( poultry farming ). Traditionally, animal husbandry was part of the subsistence farmer's way of life, producing not only

1197-430: Is used as fuel, either directly (as in some non-Western countries), or indirectly (as a source of methane for heating or for generating electricity). In regions where machine power is limited, some classes of livestock are used as draft stock, not only for tillage and other on-farm use, but also for transport of people and goods. In 1997, livestock provided energy for between an estimated 25 and 64% of cultivation energy in

1260-594: The Aboriginal Land Council of Tasmania bought a large area of land on the island under a lease agreement. Two years later in 1997, Aboriginal people were given some control over Clarke Island, which became known by them as lungtalanana . The word derives from an Aboriginal woman called Tanalipunya, who had been married to Manalakina before being taken to the Bass Strait Island ( tayaritja ) by white sealers. Her skills were vital in helping

1323-457: The Aboriginal Land Council of Tasmania . This marked the first official handover of Crown land to an Aboriginal community in Tasmania. In 2009, the island was designated an Indigenous Protected Area (IPA). Clarke Island is part of the Furneaux Group , is an 82-square-kilometre (32 sq mi) island in Bass Strait , south of Cape Barren Island , about 24 kilometres (15 mi) off

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1386-519: The Francis on its third and final salvage trip, also decided to take a wombat specimen from the island to Port Jackson. Governor Hunter later sent the animal's corpse to Joseph Banks at the Literary and Philosophical Society to verify it as a new species. Flinders also spotted many fur seals on the island in 1798. The island was named Clarke island after William Clark. HMS Litherland sank off

1449-1223: The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has worked in Zimbabwe to help farmers make their most of their livestock herds. In stock shows , farmers bring their best livestock to compete with one another. Humans and livestock make up more than 90% of the biomass of all terrestrial vertebrates , and almost as much as all insects combined. The value of global livestock production in 2013 has been estimated at 883 billion dollars, (constant 2005–2006 dollars). However, economic implications of livestock production extend further: to downstream industry (saleyards, abattoirs , butchers , milk processors, refrigerated transport, wholesalers, retailers, food services , tanneries, etc.), upstream industry (feed producers, feed transport, farm and ranch supply companies, equipment manufacturers, seed companies , vaccine manufacturers, etc.) and associated services ( veterinarians , nutrition consultants, shearers, etc.). Livestock provide

1512-709: The JBS plant in Brooks, Alberta and the Harmony Beef plant in Balzac, Alberta represent fully three-quarters of the Canadian beef supply. In other areas, livestock may be bought and sold in a bazaar or wet market , such as may be found in many parts of Central Asia . In non-Western countries, providing access to markets has encouraged farmers to invest in livestock, with the result being improved livelihoods. For example,

1575-544: The Near East and 6,000 BC in China . Domestication of horses dates to around 4,000 BC. Cattle have been domesticated since approximately 10,500 years ago. Chickens and other poultry may have been domesticated around 7,000 BC. The term "livestock" is indistinct and may be defined narrowly or broadly. Broadly, livestock refers to any population of animals kept by humans for a useful, commercial purpose. Micro-livestock

1638-489: The Australian mainland through this group of islands. Livestock The breeding, maintenance, slaughter and general subjugation of livestock, called animal husbandry , is a part of modern agriculture and has been practiced in many cultures since humanity's transition to farming from hunter-gatherer lifestyles. Animal husbandry practices have varied widely across cultures and time periods. It continues to play

1701-613: The Furneaux Group, and Tasmania's eighth largest island. Off its west coast lies the shipwreck of HMS Litherland , which sank in 1853 and was discovered in 1983. Clarke Island is known to Aboriginal Tasmanians as lungtalanana. Aboriginal peoples occupied and used the land while it was still connected to the mainland, before the Last Glacial Period , and it is estimated that the island was occupied until around 6,500 years ago. There are many archaeological sites on

1764-559: The Secretary". Deadstock is defined in contradistinction to livestock as "animals that have died before slaughter, sometimes from illness or disease". It is illegal in many countries, such as Canada , to sell or process meat from dead animals for human consumption. Animal-rearing originated during the cultural transition to settled farming communities from hunter-gatherer lifestyles. Animals are domesticated when their breeding and living conditions are controlled by humans. Over time,

1827-564: The administrative centre of the Flinders Council . There are also some small farming properties on the remote islands. After seals were discovered there in 1798, the Furneaux Group of islands became the most intensively exploited sealing ground in Bass Strait. A total of 29 islands in the Furneaux Group have been found to have some tangible link with sealing in the 19th century. The Aboriginal matriarch, Dolly Dalrymple ,

1890-447: The cat population has been brought under control and the wombats have created burrows, which serve to cool the earth and provide shelter for smaller species. Furneaux Group Download coordinates as: The Furneaux Group is a group of approximately 100 islands located at the eastern end of Bass Strait , between Victoria and Tasmania , Australia. The islands were named after British navigator Tobias Furneaux , who sighted

1953-448: The coast of the island in 1853, and was discovered in 1983. Clarke Island is Tasmania's eighth largest island. Sealing took place on the island from 1810 until 1837. From 1843 onwards, grazing livestock was introduced to the island in the form of sheep and cattle. European use of the island brought feral animals, weeds, and plant diseases. By the 1980s, there were feral horses and cattle, but no permanent human population. The wildlife

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2016-598: The collective behaviour, lifecycle and physiology of livestock have changed radically. Many modern farmed animals are unsuited to life in the natural world. Dogs were domesticated early; dogs appear in Europe and the Far East from about 15,000 years ago. Goats and sheep were domesticated in multiple events sometime between 11,000 and 5,000 years ago in Southwest Asia. Pigs were domesticated by 8,500 BC in

2079-454: The data indicating this is frequently of superior quality to one used to estimate impacts on the spread of human pathogens. While some areas which currently support livestock animals are expected to avoid "extreme heat stress" even with high warming at the end of the century, others may stop being suitable as early as midcentury. In general, sub-Saharan Africa is considered to be the most vulnerable region to food security shocks caused by

2142-404: The early 1800s Clarke Island was heavily wooded with eucalypts and sheoak ( limuna ), the latter growing in a belt close to the shore. Extensive damage was caused to the native vegetation after the island was used for grazing around 4000 sheep, during which time no cultural burning took place, leading to a number of damaging bushfires . Grazing stopped in 2005 after custodianship of the island

2205-778: The eastern side of these islands after leaving Adventure Bay in 1773 on his way to New Zealand to rejoin Captain James Cook . Navigator Matthew Flinders was the first European to explore the Furneaux Islands group, in the Francis in 1798, and later that year in the Norfolk . The largest islands in the group are Flinders Island , Cape Barren Island , and Clarke Island . The group contains five settlements: Killiecrankie, Emita, Lady Barron , Cape Barren Island, and Whitemark on Flinders Island, which serves as

2268-501: The food needed by the family but also the fuel, fertiliser, clothing, transport and draught power. Killing the animal for food was a secondary consideration, and wherever possible their products, such as wool, eggs, milk and blood (by the Maasai ) were harvested while the animal was still alive. In the traditional system of transhumance , humans and livestock moved seasonally between fixed summer and winter pastures; in montane regions

2331-423: The guidelines for treatment and to record the treatments given. Animals are susceptible to a number of diseases and conditions that may affect their health. Some, like classical swine fever and scrapie are specific to one population of animals, while others, like foot-and-mouth disease affect all cloven-hoofed animals. Where the condition is serious, governments impose regulations on import and export, on

2394-539: The impacts of climate change on their livestock, as over 180 million people across those nations are expected to see significant declines in suitability of their rangelands around midcentury. On the other hand, Japan, the United States and nations in Europe are considered the least vulnerable. This is as much a product of pre-existing differences in human development index and other measures of national resilience and widely varying importance of pastoralism to

2457-654: The island, behind Kangaroo Bay. These are important to the community, as the leaves can be used for weaving . They are very slow-growing and have been of concern after so many were burnt in the 2014 fire, but they recover well after fire. A 2014 survey, done eight months after the fire, found that most species of plant were regenerating well, but were vulnerable to further fires or drought. It also found evidence of eight species of terrestrial mammal on Island, six of which had been introduced; only two native species were recorded, and noted as representing only 20 per cent of previously recorded native mammal fauna. The island contains

2520-490: The island, showing evidence of Aboriginal occupation and land use over a long period. When sea levels rose and lungtalanana became an island, occupation ceased and Aboriginal people die not occupy the island again until they were taken there by sealers in 1810. They then lived mainly in huts around the area now known as Spike Bay. Sydney Cove ran aground between Preservation Island and Rum Island on 28 February 1797. A party of seventeen men set off on 28 February 1787 in

2583-657: The movement of livestock, quarantine restrictions and the reporting of suspected cases. Vaccines are available against certain diseases, and antibiotics are widely used where appropriate. At one time, antibiotics were routinely added to certain compound foodstuffs to promote growth, but this is now considered poor practice in many countries because of the risk that it may lead to antibiotic resistance . Animals living under intensive conditions are particularly prone to internal and external parasites; increasing numbers of sea lice are affecting farmed salmon in Scotland. Reducing

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2646-755: The national diet as it is an outcome of direct impacts of climate on each country. Animal ethics is a branch of ethics that examines human-animal relationships and the moral consideration of non-animals. Debates within the field address the moral implications of using animals for human consumption and the responsibilities humans have toward livestock. It is estimated that worldwide, 74% of livestock are raised in factory farms, characterized by densely confined animals. Consumers are typically against intensive livestock farming when surveyed. A majority are unaware of routine controversial practices such as break trimming, separation of calves from their mothers and gas chamber slaughter. Three quarters of US adults surveyed believed

2709-403: The northeast coast of Tasmania , Australia. Banks Strait separates the island from Cape Portland on the mainland. Clarke Island is Tasmania's eighth largest island, and the third largest in the Furneaux Group. A prominent feature of Clarke Island is a central plateau that rises 110 metres (350 ft). This inland highland provides a limited water catchment from which water flows directly to

2772-514: The only Tasmanian breeding ground of the Australian pelican , and islets around Seal Point provide important habitat for the threatened white-fronted tern . Introduced animals still inhabiting the island include rabbits , cats and rats . The cats were probably responsible for rendering the remaining small native mammals locally extinct . The root fungus pathogen, Phytophthora cinnamomi , known to be able to kill Australian native plants,

2835-620: The overall methane emissions of the planet. Livestock are responsible for 34% of all human-related emissions of nitrous oxide , through feed production and manure. .Best production practices are estimated to be able to reduce livestock emissions by 30%. There are numerous interlinked effects of climate change on livestock rearing. This activity is both heavily affected by and a substantial driver of anthropogenic climate change due to its greenhouse gas emissions . As of 2011, some 400 million people relied on livestock in some way to secure their livelihood. The commercial value of this sector

2898-478: The parasite burdens of livestock results in increased productivity and profitability. According to the Special Report on Climate Change and Land , livestock diseases are expected to get worse as climate change increases temperature and precipitation variability. Since many livestock are herd animals, they were historically driven to market "on the hoof" to a town or other central location. The method

2961-497: The preservation of threatened plant species. In January 2023, a project to remove the feral cats to protect a colony of vulnerable white-fronted terns ( Sterna striata ) nesting on the island began. Its status as an IPA qualifies the area for some funding from DCCEEW and from the National Indigenous Australians Agency . However, this is not enough to cover elimination of the feral cats; it

3024-414: The previous year. In May 1797 the three survivors of the march, William Clark, sailor John Bennet and one lascar had made it to the cove at Wattamolla and, on 15 May 1797, with their strength nearly at an end they were able to signal a boat out fishing, which took them on to Sydney. On the march Clark had noted coal in the cliffs at what is now called Coalcliff between Sydney and Wollongong . This

3087-403: The sea. The highest elevation point is 206 metres (676 ft), located on a northwestern point of the island. There are three prominent hills: Blue Hills to the east, Green Hill in the southwest, Steep Hill in the northwest. There are wetlands along the coastline, which consists of rocky outcrops with white beaches between them. On the eastern shore of the island is a string of white beaches. In

3150-529: The sealers survive the harsh conditions. During this time, the island was used for running youth justice programs as an alternative to imprisonment for young Aboriginal offenders, and some families lived on the island to administer the programs while they were running. On 10 May 2005, after the passing of the Aboriginal Lands Amendment Act 2004 , the government released Crown lands on both Cape Barren and Clarke Islands to be overseen by

3213-399: The ship's longboat to reach help at Port Jackson , 400 nautical miles (740 km) away. This was led by first mate Hugh Thompson, and included William Clark the supercargo , three European seamen and twelve lascars . Ill fortune struck again and they were wrecked on the mainland at the northern end of Ninety Mile Beach . Their only hope was to walk along the shore all the way to Sydney,

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3276-549: The social, as well as economic, importance of livestock in non-Western countries and in regions of rural poverty, and such evidence is not confined to pastoral and nomadic societies. Social values in developed countries can also be considerable. For example, in a study of livestock ranching permitted on national forest land in New Mexico, US, it was concluded that "ranching maintains traditional values and connects families to ancestral lands and cultural heritage ", and that

3339-518: The sublethal impacts, such as lower quantity of quality of products like milk , greater vulnerability to conditions like lameness or even impaired reproduction . Another impact concerns reduced quantity or quality of animal feed , whether due to drought or as a secondary impact of CO2 fertilization effect . Difficulties with growing feed could reduce worldwide livestock headcounts by 7–10% by midcentury. Animal parasites and vector-borne diseases are also spreading further than they had before, and

3402-739: The summer pasture was up in the mountains, the winter pasture in the valleys. Animals can be kept extensively or intensively. Extensive systems involve animals roaming at will, or under the supervision of a herdsman, often for their protection from predators . Ranching in the Western United States involves large herds of cattle grazing widely over public and private lands. Similar cattle stations are found in South America, Australia and other places with large areas of land and low rainfall. Ranching systems have been used for sheep , deer , ostrich , emu , llama and alpaca . In

3465-553: The uplands of the United Kingdom, sheep are turned out on the fells in spring and graze the abundant mountain grasses untended, being brought to lower altitudes late in the year, with supplementary feeding being provided in winter. In rural locations, pigs and poultry can obtain much of their nutrition from scavenging, and in African communities, hens may live for months without being fed, and still produce one or two eggs

3528-519: The world's irrigated systems, and that 300 million draft animals were used globally in small-scale agriculture . Although livestock production serves as a source of income, it can provide additional economic values for rural families, often serving as a major contributor to food security and economic security . Livestock can serve as insurance against risk and is an economic buffer (of income and food supply) in some regions and some economies (e.g., during some African droughts). However, its use as

3591-836: The year, silage or hay is made to cover the times of year when the grass stops growing, and fertiliser, feed and other inputs are bought onto the farm from outside. Livestock farmers have often dealt with natural world animals' predation and theft by rustlers . In North America, animals such as gray wolves , grizzly bears , cougars , and coyotes are sometimes considered a threat to livestock. In Eurasia and Africa, predators include wolves, leopards , tigers , lions , dholes , Asiatic black bears , crocodiles , spotted hyenas , and other carnivores . In South America, feral dogs , jaguars , anacondas , and spectacled bears are threats to livestock. In Australia, dingoes , foxes , and wedge-tailed eagles are common predators, with an additional threat from domestic dogs who may kill in response to

3654-476: Was born on the Furneaux Islands. Her mother was one of two Aboriginal women who had been kidnapped from northern Tasmania by the sealer George Briggs. King Island , at the western end of Bass Strait, is not a part of the group. The islands contain granite from the Devonian period, as well as unconsolidated limestone and sand from Cenozoic periods. During the last ice age , a land bridge joined Tasmania to

3717-400: Was first used between 1650 and 1660, as a compound word combining the words "live" and "stock". In some periods, " cattle " and "livestock" have been used interchangeably. Today, the modern meaning of cattle is domesticated bovines , while livestock has a wider sense. United States federal legislation defines the term to make specified agricultural commodities eligible or ineligible for

3780-543: Was found in the island in an isolated case, in 2002. This disease, which rots the roots of plants, has since spread, and by 2015 was of some concern, especially the threat to the yamina forest, although it had not spread to the nearby islands. It can be carried by contaminated dirt on machinery or clothing. Reports are regularly published, and plans are in place to keep the ecosystems healthy. The Aboriginal Land Council of Tasmania provides advice for ongoing management strategies to control noxious weeds and diseases, as well as

3843-405: Was handed back to the local Aboriginal people, but the damage persists into the 2020s, with pastures only slowly being regenerated. A large fire in 2014 burnt about 98% of the island's vegetation. The Xanthorrhoea australis ( yamina , or "black boy") forest on the island has been identified as being part of an important ecosystem . There is a forest of very old yamina on the northern part of

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3906-404: Was limited and ageing. The main settlement is in the northwest corner, consisting of several buildings (4 remaining in 2023), the wharf, and an airstrip suitable for Light aircraft . In 2009, a hybrid stand-alone power system to generate electricity using 2kW solar and 1kW wind energy was installed to replace the old diesel generator , which cost around A$ 35,000 per year to run. In 1995,

3969-620: Was the first coal found in Australia. On arrival at Port Jackson , the men informed Governor Hunter of the Sydney Cove and its remaining crew. Hunter despatched the Francis and the Eliza to salvage the ship and take the remaining crew and cargo to Port Jackson. On the first salvage trip, the crew of the Francis discovered wombats on the island and a live animal was taken back to Port Jackson. Matthew Flinders , travelling on board

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