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72-486: Older sources sometimes mistakenly date the beginnings of Mazyadid rule to the early 11th century, but Ali ibn Mazyad 's reign must be dated a half century earlier. The Banu Mazyad first acquired titles and subsidies from the Buyid emir Mu'izz al-Dawla in return for military services between 956 and 963. These included lands between Kūfa and Hīt. In 1012, Ali founded Ḥilla which would later become their capital. Originally

144-767: A Ghaznavid governor and ended the Buyid dynasty in Ray . In 1055, Tughril conquered Baghdad , the seat of the caliphate, and ousted the last of the Buyid rulers. Like the Buyids, the Seljuks kept the Abbasid caliphs as figureheads. The Buyids established a confederation in Iraq and western Iran. This confederation formed three principalities: one in Fars, with Shiraz as its capital,

216-533: A Zoroastrian from Daylam . He had a son named Buya, who was a fisherman from Lahijan, and later left Zoroastrianism and converted to Islam . Buya later had three sons, named Ahmad , 'Ali , and Hasan , who would later carve out the Buyid kingdom together. The Buyids claimed royal lineage from Bahram V ( r.  420–438 ), the King of Kings ( shahanshah ) of the Sasanian Empire . The founder of

288-640: A Turkic language. Later, Arabs used this word as a derogatory term for Persian speakers to distinguish them from Arabic speakers. The word ʿajam or ʿajami is still used in other parts of the Islamic world to denote languages other than Arabic, particularly in the Saharan and sub-Saharan regions . Source: In the second chapter of the Vendidad of the Avesta , the omniscient Creator Ahura Mazda asks Yima,

360-520: A battle, normally bore a sword, a shield, and three spears. Furthermore, they were also known for their formidable shield formation, which was hard to break through. However, when the Buyid territories increased, they began recruiting Turks into their cavalry, who had played a prominent role in the Abbasid military. The Buyid army also consisted of Kurds , who, along with the Turks, were Sunnis , while

432-443: A good shepherd , to receive his law and bring it to men. However, Yima refuses, and so Ahura Mazda charges him with a different mission: to rule over and nourish the earth, to see that the living things prosper. This Yima accepts, and Ahura Mazda presents him with a golden seal and a dagger inlaid with gold. Yima rules as king for three hundred years, and soon the earth was full of men, flocks of birds and herds of animals. He deprived

504-469: A great civilization in Jamshid's time. Jamshid also divided the people into four groups: Jamshid had now become the greatest monarch the world had ever known. He was endowed with the royal farr ( Avestan : khvarena ), a radiant splendor that burned about him by divine favor. One day he sat upon a jewel-studded throne and the div s who served him raised his throne up into the air and he flew through

576-511: A mere encampment, Ḥilla merged with the earlier settlement of Jami'ayn. Under Sadaqa I (1086–1108), a wall was built around the new city and it became the capital of Mazyadid power. The Mazyadids' chief rivals were the Uqaylids . Early in the reign of Dubays I (1017–1082), the Uqaylids supported his brother Muqallad when the latter challenged Dubays for the emirate. At the establishment of

648-599: A more politically attractive option to them. The Buyids rarely attempted to enforce a particular religious view upon their subjects except in matters where it would be politically expedient. The Sunni Abbasids retained the caliphate but were deprived of all secular power. In addition, to prevent tensions between the Shia and the Sunnis from spreading to government agencies, the Buyid amirs occasionally appointed Christians to high offices instead of Muslims from either sect. Under

720-701: A province and begin ruling there. The following list is incomplete. Buyids in Basra Buyids in Hamadan Buyids in Kerman Buyids of Khuzistan Jamshid Jamshid ( [dʒæmˈʃiːd] ) ( Persian : جمشید , Jamshēd ; Middle- and New Persian : جم, Jam ), also known as Yima ( Avestan : 𐬫𐬌𐬨𐬀 Yima ; Persian/Pashto: یما Yama ), is the fourth Shah of the mythological Pishdadian dynasty of Iran according to Shahnameh . In Persian mythology and folklore , Jamshid

792-514: A result of local struggles over control of Baghdad. Under his instructions, the Baduriya dam on the Rufayl river was restored, subsequently resulting in lower prices of common foods, such as bread. This also inspired people to migrate to Baghdad. It was during the reign of Adud al-Dawla that most of the Buyid construction and restoration projects took place. Under him, Shiraz became so crowded that

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864-713: Is derived from the Persian Jam . One contributor has posited that Persian jam is the root of Arabic ajam , assuming that this Arabic word for the Persian-speaking population was derived from a Persian endonym , meaning the people of Jam. However, this is incorrect. ʿAjam comes from the Arabic root ʿ(ʿayn) ج (jim) م (mim), meaning to speak incomprehensibly, and was used among Arabs, initially, for all peoples who spoke languages that were incomprehensible to Arabic speakers, whether they spoke Persian, Fulani , or

936-680: Is described as the fourth and greatest king of the epigraphically unattested Pishdadian Dynasty (before the Kayanian dynasty ). This role is already alluded to in Zoroastrian scripture (e.g. Yasht 19, Vendidad 2), where the figure appears as Yima xšaēta ( Avestan : 𐬫𐬌𐬨𐬀 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 ) "radiant Yima", from which the name 'Jamshid' is derived. Both Jam and Jamshid remain common Iranian and Zoroastrian male names that are also popular in surrounding areas of Iran such as Afghanistan and Tajikistan . Edward FitzGerald transliterated

1008-463: Is to populate with the fittest of men and women; and with two of every animal, bird and plant; and supply with food and water gathered the previous summer. Yima creates the Vara by crushing the earth with a stamp of his foot, and kneading it into shape as a potter does clay. He creates streets and buildings, and brings nearly two thousand people to live therein. He creates artificial light, and finally seals

1080-516: The Jām-e Jam which was filled with the elixir of immortality and allowed him to observe the universe. Jamshid's capital was erroneously believed to be at the site of the ruins of Persepolis , which for centuries (down to 1620 CE) was called Takht-i Jamshēd , the "Throne of Jamshid". However, Persepolis was actually the capital of the Achaemenid kings and was destroyed by Alexander . Similarly,

1152-461: The Shāhnāma of the poet Firdausī , Jamshid was the fourth king of the world. He had command over all the angels and demons of the world, and was both king and high priest of Hormozd ( middle Persian for Ahura Mazda ). He was responsible for a great many inventions that made life more secure for his people: the manufacture of armor and weapons, the weaving and dyeing of clothes of linen, silk and wool,

1224-474: The Abbasid general Yaqut shortly fought for control of Fars, with the Buyids eventually emerging victorious. This victory opened the way for the conquest of the capital of Fars, Shiraz . 'Ali also allied with the landowners of Fars, which included the Fasanjas family , which would later produce many prominent statesmen for the Buyids. 'Ali also enlisted more soldiers—including Turks , who were made part of

1296-465: The Sasanian Empire . Beginning with Imad al-Dawla, some of the Buyid rulers used the ancient Sasanian title of Shahanshah , literally "king of kings". The Buyids had many inscriptions carved at the Achaemenid ruins of Persepolis , thus suggesting a form of veneration of the site, which the Buyids thought was built by the mythical Iranian king Jamshid . The Buyid dynasty reached its zenith under Fannā Khusraw ( r.  949–983 ), whose laqab

1368-765: The Seljuk Empire , Dubays threw his support behind the Shia Fatimid Caliphate and the general al-Basasiri . The reign of the weak Seljuk sultan Barkiyaruq (1092–1105) corresponds to the height of Sadaqa I's power. To the First Crusaders , he was the "king of the Arabs" ( rex Arabum in Latin chronicles). After Malik-Shah II succeeded Barkiyaruq, he moved against Sadaqa, who was defeated and killed in battle in 1108. His successor, Dubays II ,

1440-405: The daevas , who were demonic servants of the evil Ahriman, of wealth, herds and reputation during his reign. Good men, however, lived lives of plenty, and were neither sick nor aged. Father and son walked together, each appearing no older than fifteen. Ahura Mazda visits him once more, warning him of this overpopulation. Yima, shining with light, faced southwards and pressed the golden seal against

1512-504: The laqab Mu'izz ad-Dawla ("Fortifier of the State"), while 'Ali was given the laqab Imād al-Dawla ("Support of the State"), and Hasan was given the laqab Rukn al-Dawla ("Pillar of the State"). In addition to the other territories the Buyids had conquered, Kerman was conquered in 967, followed by Oman (967), the Jazira (979), Tabaristan (980), and Gorgan (981). After this, however,

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1584-658: The Buyid realm was populated by many Zoroastrians and Christians (primarily of the Church of the East ). Because of this, many records written under the Buyids were composed in Middle Persian , Syriac and Arabic . The word Būya ( Buwayh in Arabic ) is a Middle Persian name ending in the diminutive ـویه (Middle Persian -ōē , modern Persian -ūyeh , Arabic -uwayh ). The Buyids were descendants of Panah-Khusrow,

1656-400: The Buyids thought was built by the mythical Iranian king Jamshid . Adud al-Dawla celebrated the ancient Iranian festivals of Sadeh and Mehregan , and like many previous Islamic rulers—including the caliphs—he most likely celebrated Nowruz as well. He used Nowruz as a model for two newly created festivals, which were celebrated annually in the town of Fana Khusraw-gird. Under the Buyids,

1728-476: The Buyids went into a slow decline, with pieces of the confederation gradually breaking off and local dynasties under their rule becoming de facto independent. The death of Adud al-Dawla is considered the start of the decline of the Buyid dynasty; his son Abu Kalijar Marzuban , who was in Baghdad when he died, at first kept his death secret to ensure his succession and avoid civil war. When he eventually made

1800-474: The Buyids were composed in Middle Persian, Syriac and Arabic. While the brothers that established the Buyid kingdom had the Arabic names of Ali, Hasan, and Ahmad, the second Buyid generation notably had Iranian names, such as Kamrava, Marzuban, Bahram and Khusraw. The Buyids had many inscriptions carved at the Achaemenid ruins of Persepolis , thus suggesting a form of veneration of the site, which

1872-678: The Buyids. On a smaller scale, the Buyid territory was also ruled by princes from other families, such as the Hasanwayhids. During the beginning of the Buyid dynasty, their army consisted mainly of their fellow Daylamites, a warlike and brave people of mostly peasant origin, who served as foot soldiers. The Daylamites had a long history of military activity dating back to the Sasanian period, and had been mercenaries in various places in Iran and Iraq, and even as far as Egypt . The Daylamites, during

1944-462: The Daylamites were Shi'i Muslims . However, the army of the Buyids of Jibal was mainly composed of Daylamites. The Daylamites and Turks often quarrelled with each other for dominance within the army. To compensate their soldiers, the Buyid amīrs often distributed iqtāʾ s , or the rights to a percentage of tax revenues from a province ( tax farming ), although the practice of payment in kind

2016-637: The Frost Giants come. The Bergelmir aspect may be due to Christianization . However, the myth still has Ymir connected to a flood. Oettinger's main argument was on how the Indic "Yama" and the Iranic "Yima", both cognates of the Norse "Ymir", also related to the flood. *Xšaitah meant "bright, shining" or "radiant". By regular sound changes (initial xš → š (sh); ai → ē; t → d between vowels; and dropping of

2088-495: The Norse had their own cognate of Yima and Yama, named Ymir , who was a primordial giant whose death caused a great flood and was a basis behind the formation of the world. Ymir was still associated with a flood, as Snorri Sturluson recorded that they believed that the death of Ymir caused a great flood, killing all of the Frost Giants except one named Bergelmir , who floated on some wooden object with his wife and from him

2160-469: The Turkic troops of Samsam al-Dawla mutinied against him and some left Iraq for Fars, but most of them were persuaded by his relative Ziyar ibn Shahrakawayh to stay in Iraq. However, Iraq was in a grim state, and several rebellions occurred, which he managed to suppress, the most dangerous being that of Asfar ibn Kurdawayh , who tried to make Abu Nasr Firuz Kharshadh (known by his title of "Baha' al-Dawla")

2232-526: The Var of Yima is, as it were, a city, including houses, storehouses, and ramparts. It has luminescent doors and windows that themselves secrete the light within, for it is illuminated both by uncreated and created lights." Norbert Oettinger argues that the story of Yima and the Vara was originally a flood myth, and the harsh winter was added in due to the dry nature of Eastern Iran , as flood myths didn't have as much of an effect as harsh winters. He has argued that

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2304-408: The Vara with a golden ring. Henry Corbin interprets this story as a spiritual event and describes it as follows: Yima "received the order to build the enclosure, the Var, where were gathered together the elect from among all beings, the fairest, the most gracious, that they might be preserved from the mortal winter unleashed by the demonic Powers, and some day repopulate a transfigured world. Indeed,

2376-682: The Videvdad 2.24's mention of melted water flowing is a remnant of the flood myth . They say the Lion and the Lizard keep The Courts where Jamshyd gloried and drank deep; And Bahrám, that great Hunter—the Wild Ass, Stamps o'er his Head, but cannot break his Sleep. Over time, the Avestan hero Yima Xšaēta became the world-ruling Shāh Jamshid of Persian legend and mythology. According to

2448-658: The Zoroastrian priests, who still wrote in Middle Persian in regions such as Fars; New Persian may have been very different/at odds with the dialects of western Iran, and was only mostly welcomed in eastern Iran. However, New Persian was still used as language of poetry at the Buyid courts. Many prominent poets in the Buyid realm wrote in New Persian, such as Abu Muhammad Mansur ibn Ali al-Mantiqi al-Razi, Khusrawi Sarakhsi and Abu Zayd Muhammad ibn Ali al-Ghada'iri al-Razi. The Persian vizier Sahib ibn Abbad (died 995), who

2520-562: The approximate century of Buyid rule represents the period in Iranian history sometimes called the Iranian Intermezzo . The Buyid dynasty was founded by Ali ibn Buya , who in 934 conquered Fars and made Shiraz his capital. He received the laqab or honorific title of Imad al-Dawla ( lit.   ' Fortifier of the State ' ). His younger brother, Hasan ibn Buya ( r.  935–976 ) conquered parts of Jibal in

2592-473: The building of houses of brick, the mining of jewels and precious metals, the making of perfumes and wine, the art of medicine, the navigation of the waters of the world in sailing ships. The sudreh and kushti of the Zoroastrianism are also attributed to Jamshid. Traditional mythology also credits him with the invention of music. From the skin-clad followers of Keyumars , humanity had risen to

2664-565: The cavalry. 'Ali then sent his brother Ahmad on an expedition to Kerman , but was forced to withdraw after opposition from the Baloch people and the Qafs. However, Mardavij, who sought to depose the Abbasid caliph of Baghdad and recreate a Zoroastrian Iranian Empire, shortly wrested Khuzestan from the Abbasids and forced 'Ali to recognize him as his suzerain. Luckily for the Buyids, Mardavij

2736-482: The death of his father public, he was given the title of "Samsam al-Dawla". However, Adud's other son, Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris , challenged his authority, and the feared civil war occurred anyway. Meanwhile, a Kurdish Marwanid chieftain named Badh ibn Dustak seized Diyabakr and forced Samsam al-Dawla to recognize him as the vassal ruler of the region. Furthermore, Mu'ayyad al-Dawla, son of and successor to Rukn al-Dawla, also died during this period. Mu'ayyad al-Dawla

2808-751: The death of his fourth agent in 941. Regardless, the Buyids were known for supporting the Sunni Abbasid caliphs and being tolerant of the Sunni population, who formed the majority of their realm. They were, by contrast, unfriendly towards the Fatimid Caliphate centered in Egypt, who were Isma'ilis . Contrary to the Samanids , who ruled over a mostly Sunni Muslim population in Central Asia ,

2880-517: The dynasty, ' Ali ibn Buya , was originally a soldier in the service of the Daylamite warlord Makan ibn Kaki , but later changed his adherence to the Iranian ruler Mardavij , who had established the Ziyarid dynasty , and was himself related to the ruling dynasty of Gilan , a region bordering Daylam. 'Ali was later joined by his two younger brothers, Hasan ibn Buya and Ahmad ibn Buya. In 932, 'Ali

2952-432: The earth and boring into it with the poniard, says "O Spenta Armaiti , kindly open asunder and stretch thyself afar, to bear flocks and herds and men." The earth swells and Yima rules for another six hundred years before the same problem occurred once more. Once again he pressed the seal and dagger to the earth and asked the ground to swell up to bear more men and beasts, and the earth swells again. Nine hundred years later,

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3024-554: The earth was full again. The same solution is employed, the earth swelling again. The next part of the story tells of a meeting of Ahura Mazda and the Yazatas in Airyanem Vaejah , the first of the "perfect lands". Yima attends with a group of "the best of mortals", where Ahura Mazda warns him of an upcoming catastrophe: "O fair Yima, son of Vivaŋhat! Upon the material world the evil winters are about to fall, that shall bring

3096-472: The fierce, deadly frost; upon the material world the evil winters are about to fall, that shall make snow-flakes fall thick, even an arədvi deep on the highest tops of mountains." The Vedivdad mentions that Ahura Mazda warns Yima that there will come a harsh winter storm followed by melted snow. Ahura Mazda advises Yima to construct a Vara (Avestan: enclosure) in the form of a multi-level cavern, two miles (3 km) long and two miles (3 km) wide. This he

3168-564: The final syllable) *xšaitah became Persian shēd . In Iranian Persian , the vowel /ē/ is pronounced as /i/. Consequently, Jamshēd (as it is still pronounced in Afghanistan and Tajikistan ) is now pronounced Jamshid in Iran . The suffix -shid is the same as that found in other names such as khorshid ("the Sun" from Avestan hvarə-xšaēta "radiant Sun"). The modern Turkish name Cem

3240-481: The garrison had no place to roam, which led Adud al-Dawla to have a special quarter created, Fana Khusraw-gird ("Fana Khusraw made it"), a name which deliberately reflected the name of towns established by the Sasanian kings. The town of Firuzabad , considered to be linked to the Sasanian king Ardashir I ( r.  224–242 ), was revamped by Adud al-Dawla, possibly done in order to stress his claim to Sasanian ancestry. One of Adud al-Dawla's lasting building projects

3312-459: The good things they had come from him alone, and demanded that he should be accorded divine honors, as if he were the Creator. From this time the farr departed from Jamshid, and the people began to murmur and rebel against him. Jamshid repented in his heart, but his glory never returned to him. The vassal ruler of Arabia , Zahhāk , under the influence of Ahriman , made war upon Jamshid, and he

3384-409: The idea of "Iranshahr" (Iran) appears in geographical works, which were all written in Arabic by mostly Iranian authors. The geographer Istakhri , who was active in the late 10th-century and wrote; "The best cultivated ( ma‘mur ), fairest and most fertile part of the world, and the most established in its political life is the kingdom of Iranshahr." Herzig and Stewart adds that; Considered together

3456-444: The king banished one of his harem ladies from his kingdom, causing her to become despondent and wishing to commit suicide . Going to the king's warehouse, the girl sought out a jar marked " poison " which contained the remnants of grapes that had spoiled and were deemed undrinkable. Unbeknownst to her, the "spoilage" was actually the result of fermentation caused by the breakdown of the grapes by yeast into alcohol . After drinking

3528-437: The language in their correspondence, as well as poetry. It is uncertain why the Buyids did not promote the use of New Persian. According to the historians Edmund Herzig and Sarah Stewart in their book Early Islamic Iran (2011), it may have been due to three factors; the Buyids had been influenced during their stay in Baghdad and thus aspired to be important supporters of Arabic writing; New Persian may have been discouraged by

3600-406: The late 930s, and by 943 managed to capture Ray , which he made his capital. Hasan was given the laqab of Rukn al-Dawla ( lit.   ' Pillar of the State ' ). In 945, the youngest brother, Ahmad ibn Buya, conquered Iraq and made Baghdad his capital. He was given the laqab Mu'izz al-Dawla . As Iranians of Daylamite provenance, the Buyids consciously revived symbols and practices of

3672-724: The name as Jamshyd . In the eastern regions of Greater Iran , and by the Zoroastrians of the Indian subcontinent it is rendered as Jamshed based on the Classical Persian pronunciation. The name Jamshid is originally a compound of two parts, Jam and shid , corresponding to the Avestan names Yima and Xšaēta , derived from the Proto-Iranian *Yamah Xšaitah ('Yama, the brilliant/majestic'). Yamah and

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3744-601: The others; this individual would use the title of amir al-umara , or senior amir . Although the senior amīr was the formal head of the Būyids, he did not usually have any significant control outside of his amirate; each amir enjoyed a high degree of autonomy within his territories. As mentioned above, some stronger amirs used the Sassanid title of Shahanshah . Furthermore, several other titles such as malik ("king"), and malik al-muluk ("king of kings"), were also used by

3816-457: The people of Iranshahr. Like most Daylamites at the time, the Buyids were Shia and have been called Twelvers . However, it is likely that they began as Zaydis . Moojen Momen explains this transition from Zaydism to Twelverism, by noting that, since the Buyids were not descendants of Ali , the first Shi'i Imam, Zaydism would have required them to install an Imam from Ali's family. So, Buyids tended toward Twelverism, which has an occulted Imam ,

3888-424: The preceding materials offer important clues to the question of Iranian identity under the Buyids. In the first instance we have rulers who are unashamedly Iranian and who sought by genealogy, title and homage to Persepolis to show their connection with the pre-Islamic Iranian past. At the same time, the inhabitants of the Buyid kingdoms and eastern Iranians showed a sometimes embarrassingly high level of self-esteem as

3960-444: The related Sanskrit Yama are interpreted as "the twin", perhaps reflecting an Indo-Iranian belief in a primordial Yama and Yami pair. By regular sound changes (y → j, and the loss of the final syllable) an Old Persian form equivalent to Avestan Yima became Middle Persian Jam , which was subsequently continued into New Persian. There are also a few functional parallels between Avestan Yima and Sanskrit Yama; for instance, Yima

4032-530: The ruler of Iraq. During the same period, Samsam al-Dawla also managed to seize Basra and Khuzistan, forcing his two brothers to flee to Fakhr al-Dawla's territory. During the mid-11th century, the Buyid amirates gradually fell to the Ghaznavids and Seljuk Turks . In 1029, Majd al-Dawla, who was facing an uprising by his Daylami troops in Ray , requested assistance from Mahmud of Ghazna . When Sultan Mahmud arrived, he deposed Majd al-Dawla, replaced him with

4104-527: The sculptured tombs of the Achaemenids and Sāsānians near Persepolis were believed to be images of the legendary hero Rostam , and so were called Naqsh-e Rustam . Jamshid ruled well for three hundred years. During this time longevity increased, sicknesses were banished, and peace and prosperity reigned. But Jamshid's pride grew with his power, and he began to forget that all the blessings of his reign were due to God. He boasted to his people that all of

4176-481: The second one in Jibal, with Ray as its capital, and the last one in Iraq, with Baghdad as its capital. However, during their late period, more principalities formed in the Buyid confederation. Succession was hereditary , with rulers dividing their land among their sons. The title used by the Buyid rulers was amir , meaning "governor" or "prince". Generally, one of the amirs would be recognized as having seniority over

4248-482: The sky. His subjects, all the peoples of the world, marvelled and praised him. On this day, which was the first of the month of Farvardin , they first celebrated the holiday of Nawrōz ("new day"). In the variant of the Zoroastrian calendar followed by the Zoroastrians of India, the first day of the month of Farvardin is still called Jamshēd-i Nawrōz . Jamshid was said to have had a magical seven-ringed cup,

4320-457: The so-called poison, the harem girl discovered its effects to be pleasant and her spirits were lifted. She took her discovery to the king, who became so enamored with this new "wine" beverage that he not only accepted the girl back into his harem but also decreed that all grapes grown in Persepolis would be devoted to winemaking. While most wine historians view this story as pure legend, there

4392-467: The supervision of the Buyids, large construction and engineering projects took place, such as irrigation systems and agricultural developments, all of which led to an increase in income. In comparison to other local rulers in Iraq, particularly the Baridis and Hamdanids , it was clear that the Buyids had a liking to construction projects. When Mu'izz al-Dawla arrived in Iraq, the country had been ravaged as

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4464-400: Was Adud al-Dawla . who is remembered for his open-mindedness and building projects such as the Band-e Amir dam near Shiraz. Under him, the Buyid realm stretched from the Byzantine border in Syria in the west to the borders of Khorasan in the east. Although the Buyids were initially Zaydi Shia , they became Twelver Shia following the Major Occultation of Muhammad al-Mahdi after

4536-467: Was also frequently used. While the Turks were favoured in Buyid Iraq, the Daylamites were favoured in Buyid Iran. Contrary to the Samanids, the Buyids did not adopt Dari (also known as New Persian ) as their official language. Instead, Arabic served as the lingua franca of their realm, while Middle Persian was occasionally used as a secondary court language. Although the Buyids were of Iranian stock, they supported writing in Arabic, and also used

4608-407: Was assassinated shortly thereafter in 935, which caused chaos in the Ziyarid territories, a perfect situation for the Buyid brothers; Ali and Ahmad conquered Khuzistan, while Hasan captured the Ziyarid capital of Isfahan , and, in 943, captured Rey , which became his capital, thus conquering all of Jibal . In 945, Ahmad entered Iraq and made the Abbasid Caliph his vassal, at the same time receiving

4680-426: Was equally famous to the Latins and as an Arabic poet . The later Mazyadid emirs allied with local Turkish emirs against Sultan Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud (1134–1152). Seljuk forces occupied Ḥilla on several occasions. Dubays II died in 1135 and was succeeded by his son, Ali II , who reigned until 1150. He was succeeded in turn by his son, Muhalhil, about whose reign nothing is known, including its length. In 1163, Ḥilla

4752-402: Was given Karaj as his fief, and thus was able to enlist other Daylamites into his army. However, 'Ali's initiative proved too much for Mardavij, who planned to have him killed, but 'Ali was informed of Mardavij's plan by the latter's own vizier . The brothers, with 400 of their Daylamite supporters, then fled to Fars , where they managed to take control of Arrajan . However, the Buyids and

4824-406: Was occupied by Abbasid forces and Mazyadid rule came to an end. The Mazyadids did not mint coin. Buyid The Buyid dynasty or Buyid Empire was a Zaydi and later Twelver Shi'a dynasty of Daylamite origin. Founded by Imad al-Dawla , they mainly ruled over central and southern Iran and Iraq from 934 to 1062. Coupled with the rise of other Iranian dynasties in the region,

4896-548: Was succeeded by his brother Fakhr al-Dawla, who, with the aid of Mu'ayyad al-Dawla's vizier Sahib ibn 'Abbad , became the ruler of Mu'ayyad al-Dawla's possessions. Another son of Adud al-Dawla, Abu Tahir Firuzshah , established himself as the ruler of Basra and took the title of "Diya' al-Dawla", while another son, Abu'l-Husain Ahmad , established himself as the ruler of Khuzistan, taking the title of "Taj al-Dawla". Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris (known by his title of "Sharaf al-Dawla") quickly seized Oman from Samsam al-Dawla, and, in 983,

4968-480: Was the mausoleum erected on the burial place of Ali . Generally, the three most powerful Buyid amirs at any given time were those controlling Fars , Jibal and Iraq . Sometimes a ruler would come to rule more than one region, but no Buyid rulers ever exercised direct control of all three regions. Buyids in Fars Buyids in Ray Buyids in Iraq It was not uncommon for younger sons to found collateral lines, or for individual Buyid members to take control of

5040-459: Was the leading figure at the Buyid court at Ray for a lengthy period, wrote only in Arabic, which he preferred instead of his native tongue. However, he also accepted New Persian panegyrics that were dedicated to him. The Buyids also promoted the use of fahlaviyat , a designation for poetry composed in the local northwestern Iranian dialects and languages . Due to having a large Zoroastrian and Christian population, many records written under

5112-399: Was the son of Vivaŋhat , who in turn corresponds to the Vedic Vivasvat , "he who shines out", a name for the sun-god Surya . Both Yamas in Iranian and Indian myth guard Hell with the help of two four-eyed dogs. Oettinger, when talking about how the story of Yima was originally a flood myth , and how original Sanskrit flood myths had their protagonist as yama, mentions that even

5184-459: Was welcomed by many of Jamshid's dissatisfied subjects. Jamshid fled from his capital halfway across the world, but he was finally trapped by Zahhāk and brutally murdered by being sawn asunder . After a reign of seven hundred years, humanity descended from the heights of civilization back into a Dark Age. King Jamshid is featured prominently in one apocryphal tale associated with the history of wine and its discovery. According to Persian legend,

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