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72-531: Banyas may refer to: Banias , a location in the Golan Heights, ancient Paneas Baniyas , a town on the Syrian coast, ancient Balanea Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Banyas . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

144-474: A Moslem Sheikh. In the 1870s, Banias was described as "a village, built of stone, containing about 350 Moslems, situated on a raised table-land at the bottom of the hills of Mount Hermon. The village is surrounded by gardens crowded with fruit-trees. The source of the Jordan is close by, and the water runs in little aqueducts into and under every part of the modern village." The Syria-Lebanon-Palestine boundary

216-413: A city. At the local level, the landscape was filled with sacred spots and monuments; for example, many statues of Nymphs were found near and around springs , and the stylized figures of Hermes could often be found on street corners. Magic was a central part of Greek religion and oracles would allow people to determine divine will in the rustle of leaves; the shape of flame and smoke on an altar;

288-531: A city. In 61 CE, Agrippa II expanded and renamed the city Neronias Irenopolis . The ancient city was mentioned in the Gospels of Matthew and Mark , under the name of Caesarea Philippi , as the place where Jesus confirmed Peter 's confession that Jesus was the Messiah ; the site is today a place of pilgrimage for Christians . The spring at Banias initially originated in a large cave carved out of

360-494: A continuation from earlier times. Throughout the Hellenistic world, people would consult oracles , and use charms and figurines to deter misfortune or to cast spells. The complex system of Hellenistic astrology developed in this era, seeking to determine a person's character and future in the movements of the sun , moon , and planets . The systems of Hellenistic philosophy , such as Stoicism and Epicureanism , offered

432-613: A god . Ptolemy's son Ptolemy II Philadelphus proclaimed his father a god, and made himself a living god. By doing so, the Ptolemies were adapting earlier Egyptian ideas in Pharaonic worship . Elsewhere, practice varied; a ruler might receive divine status without the full status of a god, as occurred in Athens in 307 BCE, when Antigonus I Monophthalmus and Demetrius I Poliorcetes were honored as saviors ( soteres ) for liberating

504-500: A rise in scepticism , agnosticism and atheism , as well as an increase in superstition , mysticism , and astrology . There is, however, no reason to suppose that there was a decline in the traditional religion. There is plenty of documentary evidence that the Greeks continued to worship the same gods with the same sacrifices, dedications, and festivals as in the classical period. New religions did appear in this period, but not to

576-474: A second, newly formed Byzantine army advancing on Palestine used Paneas as a staging post on the way to confront the Muslim army at the final Battle of Yarmouk . The depopulation of Paneas after the Muslim conquest was rapid, as its traditional markets disappeared. Only 14 of the 173 Byzantine sites in the area show signs of habitation from this period. The Hellenised city thus fell into a precipitous decline. At

648-472: A secular alternative to traditional religion, even if their impact was largely limited to educated elites. Central to Greek religion in classical times were the twelve Olympian deities headed by Zeus . Each god was honored with stone temples and statues , and sanctuaries ( sacred enclosures ), which, although dedicated to a specific deity, often contained statues commemorating other gods. The city-states would conduct various festivals and rituals throughout

720-427: A sheer cliff face which was gradually lined with a series of shrines. The temenos (sacred precinct) included in its final phase a temple placed at the mouth of the cave, courtyards for rituals, and niches for statues. It was constructed on an elevated, 80m long natural terrace along the cliff which towered over the north of the city. A four-line inscription at the base of one of the niches relates to Pan and Echo ,

792-646: A trove of 44 pure gold coins from the early 7th Century CE. While some of the coins were minted by the Byzantine-Roman Emperor Phocas (602-610 CE), most date to the reign of his successor, Emperor Heraclius (610-641). The latest of the coins date to the period of the Arab conquest of the Levant. Upon Zenodorus 's death in 20 BC, the Panion ( Greek : Πανιάς ), including Paneas, was annexed to

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864-468: Is also much evidence for the use of charms and curses . Symbols would be placed on the doors of houses to bring good luck or deter misfortune for the occupants within. Charms, often cut in precious or semi-precious stone, had protective power. Figurines, manufactured from bronze, lead, or terracotta, were pierced with pins or nails, and used to cast spells. Curse tablets made from marble or metal (especially lead ) were used for curses. Astrology —

936-568: The Fatimids again briefly took control, only to lose it again to the Qarāmita. The old population of Banias along with the new refugees formed a Sunni sufi ascetic community. In 975 the Fatimid al-'Aziz wrested control in an attempt to subdue the anti-Fatimid agitation of Mahammad b. Ahmad al-Nablusi and his followers and to extend Fatimid control into Syria. al-Nabulusi’s school of hadith

1008-584: The Great Mother ) came from Phrygia to Greece and then to Egypt and Italy, where in 204 BCE the Roman Senate permitted her worship. She was a healing and protecting goddess, and a guardian of fertility and wild nature. Another mystery religion was focused around Dionysus . Although rare in mainland Greece, it was common on the islands and in Anatolia . The members were known as Bacchants , and

1080-891: The Herodian Kingdom of Judea , a client of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire . Josephus mentions that Herod the Great erected a temple of 'white marble' nearby in honor of his patron; it was found in the nearby site of Omrit . In 3 BCE, Herod's son, Philip (also known as Philip the Tetrarch ) founded a city which became his administrative capital, known from Josephus and the Gospels of Matthew and Mark as Caesarea or Caesarea Philippi , to distinguish it from Caesarea Maritima and other cities named Caesarea ( Matthew 16 , Matthew 16:13 , Mark 8 , Mark 8:27 ). On

1152-685: The Iqta' of Hussam al-Din Bishara. In 1200, Sultan al-Adil I sent Fakhr al-Din Jaharkas to seize Kŭl’at es-Subeibeh , a fortress located on a high hill above Banias, from Hussam al-Din, and reaffirmed Jaharkas as the holder of the iqta' in 1202. A strong earthquake the same year had its epicenter close to Banias, and the city was partially destroyed. Jaharkas rebuilt the burj (fortress tower). He took control of other properties - Tibnin, Hunin, Beaufort and Tyron. After his death, these lands were in

1224-544: The Maccabean revolt . It was these Seleucids who built a pagan temple dedicated to Pan at Paneas. In 2020, an altar with a Greek inscription was found in the walls of a church of the 7th century A.D. The inscription records that the altar was dedicated by Atheneon, son of Sosipatros, from the city of Antioch to the god Pan Heliopolitanos. In 2022, the Israeli Antiquities Authority discovered

1296-612: The Messiah ; the place is today a place of pilgrimage for Christians . In 61 CE, king Agrippa II renamed the administrative capital Neronias in honor of the Roman emperor Nero , but this name was discarded several years later, in 68 CE. Agrippa also carried out urban improvements. In 67 CE, during the First Jewish–Roman War , Vespasian briefly visited Caesarea Philippi before advancing on Tiberias in Galilee. With

1368-737: The Negev desert by launching a diversion project on a nine-mile (14 km) channel midway between the Huleh Marshes and Sea of Galilee in the central DMZ to be rapidly constructed. This prompted shelling from Syria and friction with the Eisenhower Administration ; the diversion was moved to the southwest. The Banias was included in the Jordan Valley Unified Water Plan , which allocated Syria 20 million cubic metres annually from it. The plan

1440-832: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 , and the unratified and later annulled Treaty of Sèvres , stemming from the San Remo conference , the 1920 boundary extended the British controlled area to north of the Sykes Picot line, a straight line between the mid point of the Sea of Galilee and Nahariya . In 1920 the French managed to assert authority over the Arab nationalist movement and after the Battle of Maysalun , King Faisal

1512-708: The Roman empire , and Diodorus Siculus wrote that the religion was known throughout almost the whole inhabited world. Almost as famous was the cult of Serapis , an Egyptian deity despite the Greek name, which was created in Egypt under the Ptolemaic dynasty . Serapis was patronized by the Greeks who had settled in Egypt. This religion involved initiation rites like the Eleusinian Mysteries. Strabo wrote of

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1584-540: The Serapeion at Canopus near Alexandria as being patronized by the most reputable men. The religion of Atargatis (related to the Babylonian and Assyrian Inanna and Phoenician Baalat Gebal ), a fertility and sea goddess from Syria , was also popular. By the 3rd century BCE her worship had spread from Syria to Egypt and Greece, and eventually reached Italy and the west. The religion following Cybele (or

1656-605: The advance to the Litani during the Syria-Lebanon Campaign ; Free French and Indian forces also invaded Syria in the Battle of Kissoué . Banias's fate in this period was left in a state of limbo since Syria had come under British military control. When Syria was granted independence in April 1946, it refused to recognize the 1923 boundary agreed between Britain and France. Following the 1948 Arab Israeli War ,

1728-529: The afterlife . The worship of deified Hellenistic rulers also became a feature of this period, most notably in Egypt, where the Ptolemies adapted earlier Egyptian practices and Greek hero-cults and established themselves as Pharaohs within the new syncretic Ptolemaic cult of Alexander III of Macedonia . Elsewhere, rulers might receive divine status without achieving the full status of a god and goddess. Many people practiced magic , and this too represented

1800-605: The 2nd century BCE was also home to the native Greek religions that follow Zeus, Athena, Dionysus, Hermes , Pan , and Asclepius . But there were also cult centers for the Egyptian Sarapis and Isis, and of the Syrian Atargatis and Hadad . By the 1st century BCE, there were additional religions that followed Baal and Astarte , a Jewish Synagogue and Romans who followed the original Roman religions of gods like Apollo and Neptune . Another innovation in

1872-734: The Banias spring remained in Syrian territory, while the Banias River flowed through the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) into Israel. In 1953, at one of a series of meetings to regularize administration of the DMZs, Syria offered to adjust the armistice lines, and cede to Israel 70% of the DMZ, in exchange for a return to the pre-1946 International border in the Jordan basin area, with Banias water resources returning to Syrian sovereignty. On 26 April,

1944-532: The Governor of Banias. In 1179, Saladin took personal control of the forces of Banias and created a protective screen across the Hula through Tell al-Qadi . In 1187, Saladin's son al-Afdal was able to send a force of 7,000 horsemen from Banias, that participated in the Battle of Cresson and the Battle of Hattin . By the end of Saladin's life, Banias was in the territory of al-Afdal, Emir of Damascus, and in

2016-685: The Hasbani (including water from the Sarid and Wazani ). This led to military intervention from Israel, first with tank fire and then, as the Syrians shifted the works further eastward, with airstrikes. On June 10, 1967, the last day of the Six Day War , the Golani Brigade captured the village of Banias. Israel's priority on the Syrian front was to take control of the water sources. After

2088-540: The Hellenistic period was the institution of cults dedicated to the rulers of the Hellenistic kingdoms. The first of these was established under Alexander the Great , whose conquests of the Achaemenid Empire , power, and status had elevated him to a degree that required special recognition. His successors continued his worship to the point where in Egypt under Ptolemy I Soter , we find Alexander being honored as

2160-558: The Israeli cabinet met to consider the Syrian suggestions, with head of Israel's Water Planning Authority, Simha Blass , in attendance. Blass noted that while the land to be ceded to Syria was not suitable for cultivation, the Syrian map did not suit Israel's water development plan. Blass explained that the movement of the International boundary in the area of Banias would affect Israel's water rights. The Israeli cabinet rejected

2232-501: The Lordship of Beirut , was captured by Nūr ad-Din on 18 November 1164. The Franks had built a castle at Hunin (Château Neuf) in 1107 to protect the trade route from Damascus to Tyre . After Nūr ad-Din's ousting of Humphrey of Toron from Banias, Hunin was at the front line securing the border defences against the Muslim garrison at Banias. Ibn Jubayr , the geographer, traveller and poet from al-Andalus , described Banias: After

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2304-399: The Syrian proposals but decided to continue the negotiations by making changes to the accord and placing conditions on the Syrian proposals. The Israeli conditions took into account Blass's position over water rights and Syria rejected the Israeli counter-offer. In September 1953, Israel advanced plans for its National Water Carrier to help irrigate the coastal Sharon Plain and eventually

2376-560: The absence of pain. Other philosophies included Pyrrhonism which taught how to attain inner peace via suspension of judgment ; Cynicism (philosophy) , which expressed contempt for convention and material possessions; the Platonists who followed the teachings of Plato , and the Peripatetics who followed Aristotle . All of these philosophies, to a greater or lesser extent, sought to accommodate traditional Greek religion, but

2448-482: The aftermath of the conquests of Alexander the Great , Greek culture spread widely and came into much closer contact with the civilizations of the Near East and Egypt . The most significant changes to impact on Greek religion were the importation of foreign deities and the development of new philosophical systems . Older surveys of Hellenistic religion tended to depict the era as one of religious decline, discerning

2520-791: The arrival of fresh troops to the Holy Land, King Baldwin III of Jerusalem broke the three-month-old truce of February 1157 by raiding the large flocks that the Turcoman people had pastured in the area. In that year, Banias became the principal centre of Humphrey II of Toron's fiefdom, along with his being the constable of the Kingdom of Jerusalem , after it had first been granted to the Knights Hospitaller by Baldwin III. The Knights Hospitaller, having fallen into an ambush, relinquished

2592-521: The belief that stars and planets influence a person's future — arose in Babylonia , where it was originally only applied to the king or nation. The Greeks, in the Hellenistic era, elaborated it into the fantastically complex system of Hellenistic astrology familiar to later times. Interest in astrology grew rapidly from the 1st century BCE onwards. An alternative to traditional religion was offered by Hellenistic philosophy . One of these philosophies

2664-518: The cave was therefore dedicated. Pan was revered by the ancient Greeks as the god of isolated rural areas, music, goat herds, hunting, herding, of sexual and spiritual possession, and of victory in battle, since he was said to instill panic among the enemy. Paneas ( Ancient Greek : Πανεάς , Latin Fanium ) was first settled in the Hellenistic period following Alexander the Great's conquest of

2736-496: The city, and, as a result, an altar was erected; an annual festival was founded; and an office of the "Priest of the Saviours" was introduced. Temples dedicated to rulers were rare, but their statues were often erected in other temples, and the kings would be worshiped as "temple-sharing gods." There is ample evidence for the use of superstition and magic in this period. Oracular shrines and sanctuaries were still popular. There

2808-532: The contact of Second Temple Judaism and Ancient Greek religion is the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible from Biblical Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic to Koine Greek , specifically, Jewish Koine Greek . Mentionable are also the philosophic and ethical treatises of Philo and the historiographical works of the other Hellenistic Jewish authors. The decline of Hellenistic Judaism started in

2880-534: The council of al-Jabiyah, when the administration of the new territory of the Umar Caliphate was established, Paneas remained the principal city of the district of al-Djawlan (the Djawlan) in the jund (military Province) of Dimashq ( Damascus ), due to its strategic military importance on the border with Jund al-Urdunn , which comprised the Galilee and territories east and north of it. Around 780 CE

2952-467: The death of Agrippa II around 92 CE came the end of Herodian rule, and the city returned to the province of Syria . In the late Roman and Byzantine periods the written sources name the city again as Paneas, or more seldom as Caesarea Paneas. In 361, Emperor Julian the Apostate instigated a religious reformation of the Roman state, in which he supported the restoration of Hellenistic polytheism as

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3024-639: The death of Nūr ad-Din in May 1174, King Amalric I of Jerusalem led the crusader forces in a siege of Banias. The Governor of Damascus allied himself with the crusaders and released all his Frankish prisoners. With the death of Amalric I in July 1174, the crusader border became unstable. In 1177, King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem laid siege to Banias and again the crusader forces withdrew after receiving tribute from Samsan al-Din Ajuk,

3096-399: The death of Philip in 34 CE his kingdom was briefly incorporated into the province of Syria , with the city given the autonomy to administer its own revenues, before reverting to his nephew, Herod Agrippa I . The ancient city is mentioned in the Gospels of Matthew and Mark , under the name of Caesarea Philippi , as the place where Jesus confirmed Peter 's assumption that Jesus was

3168-582: The east. The Ptolemaic kings built a cult centre there in the 3rd century BCE. In extant sections of the Greek historian Polybius 's history of 'The Rise of the Roman Empire', a Battle of Panium is mentioned. This battle was fought in ca. 200–198 BCE between the armies of Ptolemaic Egypt and the Seleucids of Coele-Syria , led by Antiochus III . Antiochus's victory cemented Seleucid control over Phoenicia , Galilee , Samaria , and Judea until

3240-491: The exclusion of the local deities, and only a minority of Greeks were attracted to them. The Egyptian religion which follows Isis was the most famous of the new religions. The religion was brought to Greece by Egyptian priests, initially for the small Egyptian communities in the port cities of the Greek world. Although the Egyptian religion found only a small audience among the Greeks themselves, her popularity spread under

3312-451: The fiefdom. On 18 May 1157, Nūr ad-Din began a siege on Banias using mangonels , a type of siege engine. Humphrey was under attack in Banias and Baldwin III was able to break the siege, only to be ambushed at Jacob's Ford in June 1157. The fresh troops arriving from Antioch and Tripoli were able to relieved the besieged crusaders. The Lordship of Banias which was a sub-vassal within

3384-409: The flight of birds; the noises made by a spring; or in the entrails of an animal. Also long established were the Eleusinian Mysteries , associated with Demeter and Persephone . People were indoctrinated into mystery religions through initiation ceremonies, which were traditionally kept secret. These religions often had a goal of personal improvement, which would also extend to the afterlife . In

3456-406: The garrison of Subeiba. Al-Sa'id Hasan of Banias, released by Hulegu during the Mongol invasion of Syria, allied with him, and took part in the Battle of Ain Jalut . The traveller J. S. Buckingham described Banias in 1825: "The present town is small, and meanly built, having no place of worship in it; and the inhabitants, who are about 500 in number, are Mohammedans and Metouali , governed by

3528-425: The hands of Sarim ad-Din Khutluba. Shortly after the start of the Fifth Crusade , Banias was raided by the Franks for three days. Later, Al-Mu'azzam Isa , son of al-Adil, started to dismantle fortifications across Palestine, in order to deny their protection should the Crusaders gain them, by fight or by land exchange. So, in March 1219, Khutluba was forced to relinquish Banias and destroy its fortress. Probably at

3600-435: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banyas&oldid=1227158103 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Banias The ancient city was first mentioned in the context of the Battle of Panium , fought around 200–198 BCE, when

3672-423: The local residents fled to Majdal Shams , the village was destroyed by Israeli bulldozers, leaving only the mosque, church and shrines. The Israelis have renamed several of the locations at Banias, removing their Roman, Arab and Syrian connection. In 1977, the Banias was declared a nature reserve by the Israel Nature and Parks Authority , named Hermon Stream (Banias) Nature Reserve . It consists of two areas –

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3744-475: The main centers of Hellenistic Judaism were Alexandria (Egypt) and Antioch (Turkey), the two main Greek urban settlements of the Middle East and North Africa area, both founded at the end of the 4th century BCE in the conquests of Alexander the Great . Hellenistic Judaism also existed in Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period , where there was conflict between Hellenizers and traditionalists (sometimes called Judaizers ). The major literary product of

3816-409: The mountain nymph, and was dated to 87 BCE. The once very large spring gushed from the limestone cave, but an earthquake moved it to the foot of the natural terrace where it now seeps quietly from the bedrock, with a greatly reduced flow. From here the stream, called Nahal Hermon in Hebrew, flows towards what once were the malaria -infested Hula marshes . The pre-Hellenistic deity associated with

3888-414: The name of the region was given as the Panion . Later, Pliny called the city Paneas ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Πανειάς ). Both names were derived from that of Pan , the god of the wild and companion of the nymphs . Herod the Great , king of Judaea , constructed a temple dedicated to Augustus at the site. Subsequently, Herod's son, Philip the Tetrarch , further developed the area, establishing

3960-432: The nun Hugeburc visited Caesarea and reported that the town 'had' a church and a great many Christians, but her account does not clarify whether any of those Christians were still living in the town at the time of her visit. The transfer of the Abbasid Caliphate capital from Damascus to Baghdad inaugurated the flowering of the Islamic Golden Age at the expense of the provinces. With the decline of Abbasid power in

4032-406: The philosophers, and those who studied under them, remained a small select group, limited largely to the educated elite. Hellenistic Judaism was a form of Judaism in the ancient world that combined Jewish religious tradition with elements of Greek culture . Until the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and the Byzantine, Sassanid and Arab conquests of the Eastern and Western Mediterranean Basin,

4104-426: The rites had an orgiastic character. Linked to this was the last of the Greco-Roman Gods and Goddesses, Antinous , who was syncretized with Osiris, Dionysus, and other deities. These newly introduced religions and gods only had a limited impact within Greece itself; the main exception was at Delos , which was a major port and trading center. The island was sacred as the birthplace of Apollo and Artemis , and by

4176-442: The same time, the city was passed to Al-Mu'azzam's brother, al-'Aziz 'Uthman . For a while it was ruled as the hereditary principality of the dynast and his sons. The fourth prince, al-Sa'id Hasan, surrendered it to As-Salih Ayyub in 1247. He later tried to retake the land, at the time of An-Nasir Yusuf , but was imprisoned. In 1252 Banias was attacked by the forces of the Seventh Crusade and took it, but they were driven out by

4248-400: The scheme The project was to divert 20 to 30 million cubic metres of water from the river Jordan tributaries to Syria and Jordan for the development of Syria and Jordan. The diversion plan for the Banias called for a 73 kilometre long canal to be dug 350 metres above sea level, that would link the Banias with the Yarmuk . The canal would carry the Banias's fixed flow plus the overflow from

4320-437: The spring of Banias was variously called Ba'al-gad or Ba'al Hermon . The spring lies close to the 'way of the sea' mentioned by the Book of Isaiah , along which many armies of Antiquity marched. It was certainly an ancient place of great sanctity, and when Hellenised religious influences began to overlay the region, the cult of its local numen gave place to the worship of the Arcadian goat-footed god Pan , to whom

4392-417: The springs and the archaeological site, and the waterfall with a hanging trail. Hellenistic religion The concept of Hellenistic religion as the late form of Ancient Greek religion covers any of the various systems of beliefs and practices of the people who lived under the influence of ancient Greek culture during the Hellenistic period and the Roman Empire ( c. 300 BCE to 300 CE). There

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4464-475: The state religion. In Paneas this was achieved by replacing Christian symbols with pagan ones, though the change was short lived. In the 5th century, following the division of the Empire , the city was part of the Eastern (later Byzantine ) Empire, but was lost to the Arab conquest of the Levant in the 7th century. In 635, Paneas gained favourable terms of surrender from the Muslim army of Khalid ibn al-Walid after it had defeated Heraclius ' forces. In 636,

4536-428: The tenth century, Paneas found itself a provincial backwater in a slowly collapsing empire, as district governors began to exert greater autonomy and used their increasing power to make their positions hereditary. The control of Syria and Paneas passed to the Fatimids of Egypt. At the end of the 9th century Al-Ya'qubi reaffirms that Paneas was still the capital of al-Djawlan in the jund of Dimshq , although by then

4608-435: The town was known as Madīnat al-Askat (city of the tribes) with its inhabitants being Qays , mostly of the Banu Murra with some Yamani families. Due to the Byzantine advances under Nicephorus Phocas and John Zimisces into the Abbasid empire, a wave of refugees fled south and augmented the population of Madīnat al-Askat. The city was taken over by an extreme Shī‘ah sect of the Bedouin Qarāmita in 968. In 970

4680-400: The year, with particular emphasis directed towards the patron god of the city, such as Athena at Athens , or Apollo at Corinth . The religious practice would also involve the worship of heroes , people who were regarded as semi-divine, such as Achilles, Heracles, and Perseus. Such heroes ranged from the mythical figures in the epics of Homer to historical people such as the founder of

4752-455: Was Stoicism , which taught that life should be lived according to the rational order which the Stoics believed governed the universe; human beings had to accept their fate as according to divine will, and virtuous acts should be performed for their own intrinsic value. Another philosophy was Epicureanism , which taught that the universe was subject to the random movements of atoms, and life should be lived to achieve psychological contentment and

4824-422: Was turned over to the Franks following the purge of the sect from Damascus by Buri . Later on, Shams al-Mulk Isma'il attacked Banias and captured it on 11 December 1132. In 1137, Banias became under the rule of Imad al-Din Zengi . In late spring 1140, Mu'in ad-Din Unur handed Banias to the Crusaders during the reign of King Fulk , due to their assistance against Zengi's aggression towards Damascus. With

4896-403: Was a product of the post-World War I Anglo-French partition of Ottoman Syria. British forces had advanced to a position at Tel Hazor against Turkish troops in 1918 and wished to incorporate all the sources of the Jordan River within the British controlled Palestine. Due to the French inability to establish administrative control, the frontier between Syria and Palestine was fluid. Following

4968-427: Was deposed. The international boundary between Palestine and Syria was agreed by Great Britain and France in 1923 in conjunction with the Treaty of Lausanne , after Britain had been given a League of Nations mandate for Palestine in 1922. Banyas (on the Quneitra /Tyre road) was within the French Mandate of Syria. The border was set 750 metres south of the spring. In 1941, Australian forces occupied Banias in

5040-407: Was much continuity in Hellenistic religion: people continued to worship the Greek gods and to practice the same rites as in Classical Greece . Change came from the addition of new religions from other countries, including the Egyptian deities Isis and Serapis , and the Syrian gods Atargatis and Hadad , which provided a new outlet for people seeking fulfillment in both the present life and

5112-436: Was rejected by the Arab League . Instead, at the 2nd Arab summit conference in Cairo of January 1964 the League decided that Syria , Lebanon and Jordan would begin a water diversion project. Syria started the construction of canal to divert the flow of the Banias river away from Israel and along the slopes of the Golan toward the Yarmouk River . Lebanon was to construct a canal from the Hasbani River to Banias and complete

5184-543: Was to survive in Banias under the tutelage of Arab scholars such as Abú Ishaq (Ibrahim b. Hatim) and al-Balluti. The Crusaders' arrival in 1099 quickly split the mosaic of semi-independent cities of the Seljuk sultanate of Damascus. The Crusaders held the town twice, between 1129–1132 and 1140–1164. It was called by the Franks Belinas or Caesarea Philippi. From 1126–1129, the town was held by Assassins , and

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