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59-520: The Barcelona Series is a series of fifty black and white lithographs made by Joan Miró and published in 1944. They are in the collection of the Miró Foundation , in Barcelona . This print series can be considered a forerunner to Miró's 1941 oil series Constellations . These black and white lithographs depict deformed images of animal and human figures. The pictures were a reaction to

118-561: A clerk when he was a teenager, although he abandoned the business world completely for art after suffering a nervous breakdown. His early art, like that of the similarly influenced Fauves and Cubists, was inspired by Vincent van Gogh and Paul Cézanne . The resemblance of Miró's work to that of the intermediate generation of the avant-garde has led scholars to dub this period his Catalan Fauvist period. A few years after Miró's 1918 Barcelona solo exhibition, he settled in Paris where he finished

177-458: A cork, a feather and a hatpin onto a blank sheet of paper. Miró created over 250 illustrated books. These were known as " Livres d' Artiste ." One such work was published in 1974, at the urging of the widow of the French poet Robert Desnos , titled Les pénalités de l'enfer ou les nouvelles Hébrides ("The Penalties of Hell or The New Hebrides"). It was a set of 25 lithographs, five in black, and

236-472: A family of a goldsmith and watchmaker, Miquel Miró Adzerias, and mother Dolores Ferrà., Miró grew up in the Barri Gòtic neighborhood of Barcelona. The Miró surname indicates some possible Jewish roots (in terms of marrano or converso Iberian Jews who converted to Christianity ). He began drawing classes at the age of seven at a private school at Carrer del Regomir 13, a medieval mansion. To

295-562: A good indication of the international acclaim that had grown steadily over the previous half-century; further major retrospectives took place posthumously. Political changes in his native country led in 1978 to the first full exhibition of his painting and graphic work, at the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía in Madrid. In 1993, the year of the hundredth anniversary of his birth, several exhibitions were held, among which

354-469: A letter to poet friend Michel Leiris . The paintings that came out of this period were eventually dubbed Miró's dream paintings. Miró did not completely abandon subject matter, though. Despite the Surrealist automatic techniques that he employed extensively in the 1920s, sketches show that his work was often the result of a methodical process. Miró's work rarely dipped into non-objectivity, maintaining

413-599: A notebook. I saw shapes on the ceiling... Miró's surrealist origins evolved out of "repression" much like all Spanish surrealist and magic realist work, especially because of his Catalan ethnicity, which was subject to special persecution by the Franco regime. He drew on Catalan folk art such as siurells , which he claimed to "observe constantly." Also, Joan Miró was well aware of Haitian Voodoo art and Cuban Santería religion through his travels before going into exile. This led to his signature style of art making. Joan Miró

472-604: A number of paintings that he had begun on his parents' summer home and farm in Mont-roig del Camp . One such painting, The Farm , showed a transition to a more individual style of painting and certain nationalistic qualities. Ernest Hemingway , who later purchased the piece, described it by saying, "It has in it all that you feel about Spain when you are there and all that you feel when you are away and cannot go there. No one else has been able to paint these two very opposing things." Miró annually returned to Mont-roig and developed

531-627: A preconceived opinion, then they look at the work of art. Painting merely serves as a cloak in which to wrap their emaciated philosophical systems." In the final decades of his life Miró accelerated his work in different media, producing hundreds of ceramics, including the Wall of the Moon and Wall of the Sun at the UNESCO building in Paris. He also made temporary window paintings (on glass) for an exhibit. In

590-758: A series of sculptures and ceramics for the garden of the Maeght Foundation in Saint-Paul-de-Vence , France, which was completed in 1964. In 1974, Miró created a tapestry for the World Trade Center in New York City together with the Catalan artist Josep Royo . He had initially refused to do a tapestry, then he learned the craft from Royo and the two artists produced several works together. His World Trade Center Tapestry

649-425: A symbolic, schematic language. This was perhaps most prominent in the repeated Head of a Catalan Peasant series of 1924 to 1925. In 1926, he collaborated with Max Ernst on designs for ballet impresario Sergei Diaghilev . Miró returned to a more representational form of painting with The Dutch Interiors of 1928. Crafted after works by Hendrik Martenszoon Sorgh and Jan Steen seen as postcard reproductions,

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708-477: A symbolism and nationalism that would stick with him throughout his career. Two of Miró's first works classified as Surrealist, Catalan Landscape (The Hunter) and The Tilled Field , employ the symbolic language that was to dominate the art of the next decade. Josep Dalmau arranged Miró's first Parisian solo exhibition, at Galerie la Licorne in 1921. In 1924, Miró joined the Surrealist group. The already symbolic and poetic nature of Miró's work, as well as

767-446: A very precise style, picking out every element in isolation and detail and arranging them in deliberate composition. These works, including House with Palm Tree (1918), Nude with a Mirror (1919), Horse, Pipe and Red Flower (1920), and The Table – Still Life with Rabbit (1920), show the clear influence of Cubism , although in a restrained way, being applied to only a portion of the subject. For example, The Farmer's Wife (1922–23),

826-765: Is composed of three parts (plus the Orange Garden - a walled courtyard). The main hall, Sala de Contratación (The Trading Hall), is a large lavishly decorated space supported by gorgeous twisted columns. This was the financial centre of La Lonja, where the merchants work out contracts. The side-wing is named the Pavilion of the Consulate, and this was the seat of the Tribunal del Mar - the first marine merchant tribunal to ever be formed in Spain. The first two floors were

885-504: Is realistic, but some sections are stylized or deformed, such as the treatment of the woman's feet, which are enlarged and flattened. The culmination of this style was The Farm (1921–22). The rural Catalan scene it depicts is augmented by an avant-garde French newspaper in the center, showing Miró sees this work transformed by the Modernist theories he had been exposed to in Paris. The concentration on each element as equally important

944-534: Is very well studied. It has been argued that creative people have a higher chance of suffering from a manic depressive illness or schizophrenia, as well as higher chance of transmitting this genetically. Even though we know Miró suffered from episodic depression, it is uncertain whether he also experienced manic episodes, which is often referred to as bipolar disorder. His early modernist works include Portrait of Vincent Nubiola (1917), Siurana (the path) , Nord-Sud (1917) and Painting of Toledo . These works show

1003-466: Is visible in his painting Carnival of the Harlequin. He tried to paint the chaos he experienced in his mind, the desperation of wanting to leave that chaos behind and the pain created because of that. Miró painted the symbol of the ladder here which is also visible in multiple other paintings after this painting. It is supposed to symbolize escaping. The relation between creativity and mental illness

1062-537: The Fundació Joan Miró , was established in his native city of Barcelona in 1975, and another, the Fundació Pilar i Joan Miró , was established in his adoptive city of Palma in 1981. Earning international acclaim, his work has been interpreted as Surrealism but with a personal style, sometimes also veering into Fauvism and Expressionism . He was notable for his interest in the unconscious or

1121-698: The Modern art movement in America. From the outset Matisse represented Joan Miró and introduced his work to the United States market by frequently exhibiting Miró's work in New York. In 1932 he created a scenic design for Massine 's ballet Jeux d'enfants at Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo . Until the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War , Miró habitually returned to Spain in the summers. Once

1180-553: The Spanish Civil War and World War II . Desnos' bold criticism of the latter led to his imprisonment in Auschwitz , and he died at age 45 shortly after his release in 1945. Nearly three decades later, at the suggestion of Desnos' widow, Miró set out to illustrate the poet's manuscript. It was his first work in prose, which was written in Morocco in 1922 but remained unpublished until this posthumous collaboration." In Paris, under

1239-677: The Spanish Civil War , which was being waged at the time they were created. Even prior to the war, Miró had painted figures which expressed the pain of the forthcoming conflict in his Wild Paintings , such as in Man and Woman in Front of a Pile of Excrement . Here he used the printing skills he had been experimenting with since the 1930s to create a series that can be interpreted as either 50 individual pieces of art or as only one. Miró includes distorted ogres who are impotent. The ogres could represent Franco and his generals, but are known also to be based on

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1298-429: The subconscious mind, reflected in his re-creation of the childlike. His difficult-to-classify works also had a manifestation of Catalan pride. In numerous interviews dating from the 1930s onwards, Miró expressed contempt for conventional painting methods as a way of supporting bourgeois society, and declared an "assassination of painting" in favour of upsetting the visual elements of established painting. Born into

1357-642: The Kunsthaus Zürich , National Art Center, Tokyo. Exhibitions entitled Joan Miró: Instinct & Imagination and "Miró: The Experience of Seeing" were held at the Denver Art Museum from 22 March – 28 June 2015 and at the McNay Art Museum from 30 September 2015 – 10 January 2016 (respectively), showing works made by Miró between 1963 and 1981, on loan from the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía in Madrid. In 2018, he

1416-663: The Spanish Republican Pavilion at the 1937 Paris Exhibition , that Miró's work took on a politically charged meaning. In 1939, with Germany's invasion of France looming, Miró relocated to Varengeville in Normandy, and on 20 May of the following year, as Germans invaded Paris, he narrowly fled to Spain (now controlled by Francisco Franco) for the duration of the Vichy Regime's rule. In Varengeville, Palma, and Mont-roig, between 1940 and 1941, Miró created

1475-1049: The World. Running until July 2019, the exhibit showcases 60 pieces of work from the inception of Miró's career, and including the influence of the World Wars. The exhibit features 60-foot canvasses as well as smaller 8-foot paintings, and the influences range from cubism to abstraction. Miró has been a significant influence on late 20th-century art, in particular the American abstract expressionist artists that include: Motherwell , Calder , Gorky , Pollock , Matta , and Rothko , while his lyrical abstractions and color field paintings were precursors of that style by artists such as Helen Frankenthaler , Olitski and Louis and others. His work has also influenced modern designers, including Paul Rand and Lucienne Day , and influenced recent painters such as Julian Hatton . One of Man Ray 's 1930s photographs, Miró with Rope , depicts

1534-444: The art world, ranging from automatic drawing and surrealism , to expressionism , Lyrical Abstraction , and Color Field painting . Four-dimensional painting was a theoretical type of painting Miró proposed in which painting would transcend its two-dimensionality and even the three-dimensionality of sculpture. Miró's oft-quoted interest in the assassination of painting is derived from a dislike of bourgeois art, which he believed

1593-630: The artist. They were printed at Miralles, a small printer in Barcelona, in 1944, after Miró returned from his self-imposed exile in France. Only five sets were created of the series, together with two artist's proof sets. Today only the location of two of these series is known. One set is in the Joan Miró Foundation and a second set is owned by the descendants of Joan Prats . Because of the censorship in Spain under General Franco following

1652-489: The civil war, it was impossible to exhibit these pictures. Miró at the time was in internal exile in Mallorca . Joan Mir%C3%B3 Joan Miró i Ferrà ( / m ɪ ˈ r oʊ / mi- ROH , US also / m iː ˈ r oʊ / mee- ROH ; Catalan: [ʒuˈan miˈɾoj fəˈra] ; 20 April 1893 – 25 December 1983) was a Catalan Spanish painter, sculptor and ceramist . A museum dedicated to his work,

1711-815: The dismay of his father, he enrolled at the fine art academy at La Llotja in 1907. He studied at the Cercle Artístic de Sant Lluc and he had his first solo show in 1918 at the Galeries Dalmau , where his work was ridiculed and defaced. Inspired by Fauve and Cubist exhibitions in Barcelona and abroad, Miró was drawn towards the arts community that was gathering in Montparnasse and in 1920 moved to Paris, but continued to spend his summers in Catalonia . Miró initially went to business school as well as art school. He began his working career as

1770-487: The dualities and contradictions inherent to it, fit well within the context of dream-like automatism espoused by the group. Much of Miró's work lost the cluttered chaotic lack of focus that had defined his work thus far, and he experimented with collage and the process of painting within his work so as to reject the framing that traditional painting provided. This antagonistic attitude towards painting manifested itself when Miró referred to his work in 1924 ambiguously as "x" in

1829-519: The fictitious dictator, Ubu Roi , who was created by Alfred Jarry in 1898. The printing of these lithographs during the war required 350 sheets of paper. It is thought that the limited availability of paper led to the print run being limited to a total of just seven sets. After the publication of these prints Miró went to Paris in 1947, again taking a leading place in an exhibition of Surrealist Art , confirming his important position within that movement. The images were created between 1939 and 1944 by

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1888-705: The first monograph on Miró in 1940. In 1948–49 Miró lived in Barcelona and made frequent visits to Paris to work on printing techniques at the Mourlot Studios and the Atelier Lacourière . He developed a close relationship with Fernand Mourlot and that resulted in the production of over one thousand different lithographic editions. In 1959, André Breton asked Miró to represent Spain in The Homage to Surrealism exhibition alongside Enrique Tábara , Salvador Dalí , and Eugenio Granell . Miró created

1947-420: The hunter with a combination of signs: a triangle for the head, curved lines for the moustache, angular lines for the body. So encoded is this work that at a later time Miró provided a precise explanation of the signs used. Through the mid-1920s Miró developed the pictorial sign language which would be central throughout the rest of his career. In Harlequin's Carnival (1924–25), there is a clear continuation of

2006-402: The influence of Cézanne , and fill the canvas with a colorful surface and a more painterly treatment than the hard-edge style of most of his later works. In Nord-Sud , the literary newspaper of that name appears in the still life, a compositional device common in cubist compositions, but also a reference to the literary and avant-garde interests of the painter. Starting in 1920, Miró developed

2065-431: The influence of poets and writers, he developed his unique style: organic forms and flattened picture planes drawn with a sharp line. Generally thought of as a Surrealist because of his interest in automatism and the use of sexual symbols (for example, ovoids with wavy lines emanating from them), Miró's style was influenced in varying degrees by Surrealism and Dada , yet he rejected membership in any artistic movement in

2124-472: The interwar European years. André Breton described him as "the most Surrealist of us all." Miró confessed to creating one of his most famous works, Harlequin's Carnival , under similar circumstances: How did I think up my drawings and my ideas for painting? Well I'd come home to my Paris studio in Rue Blomet at night, I'd go to bed, and sometimes I hadn't any supper. I saw things, and I jotted them down in

2183-579: The last years of his life Miró wrote his most radical and least known ideas, exploring the possibilities of gas sculpture and four-dimensional painting. Throughout the 1960s, Miró was a featured artist in many salon shows assembled by the Maeght Foundation that also included works by Marc Chagall , Giacometti , Brach, Cesar, Ubac , and Tal-Coat . The large retrospectives devoted to Miró in his old age in places like New York (1972), London (1972), Saint-Paul-de-Vence (1973) and Paris (1974) were

2242-415: The line begun with The Tilled Field . But in subsequent works, such as The Happiness of Loving My Brunette (1925) and Painting (Fratellini) (1927), there are far fewer foreground figures, and those that remain are simplified. Soon after, Miró also began his Spanish Dancer series of works. These simple collages, were like a conceptual counterpoint to his paintings. In Spanish Dancer (1928) he combines

2301-550: The local Valencian scholar Joan Francesc Mira , this inscription showed that it was not a necessary to be a Protestant or a foreigner to establish the basis of a good trade; it also showed the union of ethics and economy. Other construction and decoration works lumbered on until 1548, such as the Consolat del Mar (Consulate of the Sea), a Renaissance building adjoined to La Lonja. During subsequent centuries, La Lonja functioned as

2360-680: The main function rooms, with the upper one hosting a richly decorated ceiling. These rooms are still maintained original furnishings. On occasion, the Tribunal would imprison merchants for debts in the central tower of La Lonja - the third part of the structure. Behind the current building, there was an earlier one from the 14th century, which was called the Oil Exchange ( Llotja de l’Oli , in Valencian, or Lonja del Aceite , in Spanish). It

2419-759: The most prominent were those held in the Fundació Joan Miró , Barcelona, the Museum of Modern Art , New York, the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía , Madrid, and the Galerie Lelong, Paris. In 2011, another retrospective was mounted by the Tate Modern , London, and travelled to Fundació Joan Miró and the National Gallery of Art , Washington, D.C.. Joan Miró, Printmaking , Fundación Joan Miró (2013). And two exhibitions in 2014, Miró: From Earth to Sky at Albertina Museum, and Masterpieces from

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2478-775: The new Lonja was Pere Compte , who built the main body of the building – the Trading Hall (or Sala de Contractació in Valencian) ;– in only fifteen years (1483–1498). So is written in a blue band that runs along all four walls of the Trading Hall, also called "Hall of Columns". It proclaims in golden letters the following inscription: Inclita domus sum annis aedificata quindecim. Gustate et videte concives quoniam bona est negotiatio, quae non agit dolum in lingua, quae jurat proximo et non deficit, quae pecuniam non dedit ad usuram eius. Mercator sic agens divitiis redundabit, et tandem vita fructur aeterna. According to

2537-478: The others in colors. In 2006 the book was displayed in "Joan Miró, Illustrated Books" at the Vero Beach Museum of Art. One critic said it is "an especially powerful set, not only for the rich imagery but also for the story behind the book's creation. The lithographs are long, narrow verticals, and while they feature Miró's familiar shapes, there's an unusual emphasis on texture." The critic continued, "I

2596-485: The painter with an arranged rope pinned to a wall, and was published in the single-issue surrealist work Minotaure . In 2002, American percussionist/composer Bobby Previte released the album The 23 Constellations of Joan Miró on Tzadik Records . Inspired by Miró's Constellations series, Previte composed a series of short pieces (none longer than about 3 minutes) to parallel the small size of Miró's paintings. Privete's compositions for an ensemble of up to ten musicians

2655-589: The paintings reveal the influence of a trip to Holland taken by the artist. These paintings share more in common with Tilled Field or Harlequin's Carnival than with the minimalistic dream paintings produced a few years earlier. Miró married Pilar Juncosa in Palma ( Majorca ) on 12 October 1929. Their daughter, María Dolores Miró , was born on 17 July 1930. In 1931, Pierre Matisse opened an art gallery in New York City. The Pierre Matisse Gallery (which existed until Matisse's death in 1989) became an influential part of

2714-590: The sky overwhelms me. I'm overwhelmed when I see, in an immense sky, the crescent of the moon, or the sun. There, in my pictures, tiny forms in huge empty spaces. Empty spaces, empty horizons, empty plains – everything which is bare has always greatly impressed me. —Joan Miró, 1958, quoted in Twentieth-Century Artists on Art In an interview with biographer Walter Erben , Miró expressed his dislike for art critics , saying, they "are more concerned with being philosophers than anything else. They form

2773-609: The street from another large public sculpture, the Chicago Picasso . Miró had created a bronze model of The Sun, the Moon and One Star in 1967. The maquette now resides in the Milwaukee Art Museum . In 1979 Miró received a doctorate honoris causa from the University of Barcelona . The artist, who suffered from heart failure, died in his home in Palma ( Majorca ) on 25 December 1983 at age 90. He

2832-543: The summer of 1923 in Mont-roig, Miró began a key set of paintings where abstracted pictorial signs, rather than the realistic representations used in The Farm, are predominant. In The Tilled Field , Catalan Landscape (The Hunter) and Pastoral (1923–24), these flat shapes and lines (mostly black or strongly coloured) suggest the subjects, sometimes quite cryptically. For Catalan Landscape (The Hunter) , Miró represents

2891-449: The twenty-three gouache series Constellations . Revolving around celestial symbolism, Constellations earned the artist praise from André Breton , who seventeen years later wrote a series of poems, named after and inspired by Miró's series. Features of this work revealed a shifting focus to the subjects of women, birds, and the moon, which would dominate his iconography for much of the rest of his career. Shuzo Takiguchi published

2950-400: The war began, he was unable to return home. Unlike many of his surrealist contemporaries, Miró had previously preferred to stay away from explicitly political commentary in his work. Though a sense of (Catalan) nationalism pervaded his earliest surreal landscapes and Head of a Catalan Peasant , it was not until Spain's Republican government commissioned him to paint the mural The Reaper , for

3009-526: Was a key step towards generating a pictorial sign for each element. The background is rendered in flat or patterned in simple areas, highlighting the separation of figure and ground, which would become important in his mature style. Miró made many attempts to promote this work, but his surrealist colleagues found it too realistic and apparently conventional, and so he soon turned to a more explicitly surrealist approach. In 1922, Miró explored abstracted, strongly coloured surrealism in at least one painting. From

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3068-481: Was among the first artists to develop automatic drawing as a way to undo previous established techniques in painting, and thus, with André Masson , represented the beginning of Surrealism as an art movement. However, Miró chose not to become an official member of the Surrealists to be free to experiment with other artistic styles without compromising his position within the group. He pursued his own interests in

3127-638: Was described by critics as "unconventionally light, ethereal, and dreamlike". In 1954 he was given the Venice Biennale print making prize, in 1958 the Guggenheim International Award. In 1981, the Palma City Council ( Majorca ) established the Fundació Pilar i Joan Miró a Mallorca , housed in the four studios that Miró had donated for the purpose. La Llotja Built between 1482 and 1533, la Lonja

3186-549: Was displayed at the building and was one of the most expensive works of art lost during the September 11 attacks . In 1977, Miró and Royo finished a tapestry to be exhibited in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC. In 1981, Miró's The Sun, the Moon and One Star —later renamed Miró's Chicago —was unveiled. This large, mixed media sculpture is situated outdoors in the downtown Loop area of Chicago, across

3245-619: Was exhibited alongside, among others, Henri Matisse , Le Corbusier , Raymond Hains and Éric Sandillon at the Museum of Decorative Arts and Design in Riga , Latvia . This exhibition, titled " Colour of Gobelins: Contemporary Gobelins from the 'Mobilier national' collection in France ", took place during the sixth edition of the Riga Textile Art. In Spring 2019, the Museum of Modern Art, New York, launched Joan Miró: Birth of

3304-445: Was instantly attracted to these four prints, to an emotional lushness, that's in contrast with the cool surfaces of so much of Miró's work. Their poignancy is even greater, I think, when you read how they came to be. The artist met and became friends with Desnos, perhaps the most beloved and influential surrealist writer, in 1925, and before long, they made plans to collaborate on a livre d'artiste . Those plans were put on hold because of

3363-644: Was later interred in the Montjuïc Cemetery in Barcelona. Miró had many episodes of depression throughout his life. He experienced his first depression when he was 18 in 1911. Miró said, I was demoralized and suffered from a serious depression. I fell really ill, and stayed three months in bed . He used painting as a way of dealing with depression, and it supposedly made him calmer and his thoughts less dark. Miró said that without painting he became very depressed, gloomy and I get 'black ideas', and I do not know what to do with myself . His mental state

3422-406: Was used as a way to promote propaganda and cultural identity among the wealthy. Specifically, Miró responded to Cubism in this way, which by the time of his quote had become an established art form in France. He is quoted as saying "I will break their guitar," referring to Picasso's paintings, with the intent to attack the popularity and appropriation of Picasso's art by politics. The spectacle of

3481-520: Was used not only for trading with agricultural oils, but for all kind of business. Where in 1348 was traded perxal ( percale ) as some kind of silk. Valencia's commercial prosperity reached its peak during the 15th century, and led to the construction of a new building. The design of the new Lonja of Valencia was derived from a similar structure in the Lonja of Palma de Majorca , built by the architect Guillem Sagrera in 1448. The architect in charge of

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