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66-611: Barcus is located in the Massif des Arbailles in the former province of Soule some 25 km south by south-east of Sauveterre-de-Béarn and 12 km west of Oloron-Sainte-Marie . The commune covers a complex of valleys formed by the course of the Joos and its left and right tributaries - the Paradis district, for example, is located on the Ibarra and the former hamlet of Guibelhéguiet

132-444: A Pastoral , a Soule traditional show mixing theatre, dancing and singing. There is a Pastoral throughout winter until April on Sundays in other villages of Soule. Soule Soule ( French pronunciation: [sul] ; Basque : Zuberoa ; Zuberoan/ Soule Basque: Xiberoa or Xiberua ; Occitan : Sola ) is a former viscounty and French province and part of the present-day Pyrénées-Atlantiques département . It

198-732: A Basque department failed, their districts merged with Béarn among protests of the Basque representatives, and even Soule was divided into two cantons. After the end of the First Carlist War in Spain and the relocation of customs to the Pyrenees from the Ebro (1841), trade with Navarre collapsed. In the late 19th century, the establishment of espadrille factories in Mauleón made up for

264-502: A forest region known as Arbaila and the highlands at south, in a region named Basabürüa with a highest peak at 2,017 meters (6,617 feet) at the Pic d'Orhy . Soule's orography divides into three regions: the northern lowlands, made up by extensive plains; the central region, which is fairly hilly and the southern highlands, which are part of the northwestern Pyrenees , with altitudes reaching up to 2,017 meters (6,617 feet) above sea level at

330-407: A given geographical area having specific environmental and human features that affect an agricultural product's key characteristics. These factors are meant to capture unique environmental features (e.g. type of soil, topology of the production environment, local climate) and farming and processing practices (e.g. the steps taken and inputs used in producing a specific type of cheese). Thus, it includes

396-426: A label of a product not qualifying for that AOC. This strict label policy can lead to confusion, especially where towns share names with appellations. If the town of origin of a product contains a controlled appellation in its name, the producer (who is legally required to identify the place of origin on the product label but legally prohibited from using the full town's name unless the product is an approved AOC product)

462-774: A list of designated products. The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement between Canada and the European Union is an example. Alternatively, the country can seek the development of rules or agreements at the World Trade Organization . Since each country has its own legal and agricultural framework, the specifics of each trade relationship are likely to vary. Also, there are often conflicts between trademarks and geographical indications. For instance, in Canada, only Canadian wines can be VQA approved but other certification trademarks can be registered under

528-581: A protected designation of AOP under EU law. For those products, only the EU PDO/AOP designation can be used. However, wines with a PDO/AOP status can still use the French AOC designation. After Brexit, all geographic indications already established under EU law as of 31 December 2020 are also recognized under UK law, according to Article 54, paragraph 2 of the withdrawal treaty. Many other countries have based their controlled place name systems on

594-652: A specific village takes the responsibility of arranging a new performance. It consists of a music band in due carnival outfit surrounded with a group of set carnivalesque characters and dancers parading up and down the main street of the host village; at the end, they stage an informal play usually in the market place or handball court. Soule is also renowned for its singing tradition, elegant dances and local music instruments, such as xirula and ttun-ttun . These instruments are gaining new dynamism thanks to music schools founded to that end by local cultural activists. Soule's own language has been Basque for centuries, with

660-628: A strategic position between the Kingdom of Navarre to the south and the Duchy of Aquitaine to the north. In the year 1152 Eleanor of Aquitaine married Henry II of England , and thus the Duchy of Aquitaine joined the Crown of England. In 1261, after ten years of conflict, the last viscount of Soule, Auger III, surrendered the castle of Mauléon to Edward I of England , and as a result the territory of Soule

726-567: A strong influence from the Kingdom of Pamplona , established in the year 824. However, it would be in 1023 when Sancho VI Duke of Gascony would name Guillaume Fort as first Viscount of Soule. His descendants would inherit the title for around two centuries. The Viscounts of Soule had their base in the fortress of Mauléon , a strategic region that controlled the pass from Aquitaine to the Iberian peninsula . The viscounts of Soule took advantage of their territory. Despite being small in size, it held

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792-410: Is a label that identifies an agricultural product whose stages of production and processing are carried out in a defined geographical area – the terroir – and using recognized and traditional know-how. The specificity of an AOC product is determined by the combination of a physical and biological environment with established production techniques transmitted within a human community. Together, these give

858-612: Is divided into two cantons of the arrondissement (district) of Oloron-Sainte-Marie (Mauleon-Licharre and Tardets-Sorholus ), and a part of the canton of Saint Palais (arrondissement of Bayonne ). Its provincial capital is Mauléon, which combined with Licharre in 1841 to form " Mauléon-Licharre ", but today is often known as "Mauléon-Soule". Historically, Soule is the smallest province of the Basque Country (785 km ; 303 sq. mi.). Its population has been decreasing (23,803 in 1901; 16,006 in 1990; 15,535 in 1999). The territory

924-467: Is enjoined from listing anything more than a cryptic postal code. For example, there are a dozen townships in l'Aude that have Cabardès in their names, several of which are not even within the geographical boundaries of the Cabardès AOC . Any vineyard that produces wine in one of those towns must not mention the name of the town of origin on the product labels. The origins of AOC date to 1411, when

990-736: Is named Xiberoa in Souletin Basque , Zuberoa in standard Basque , Sola in Gascon and Soule in French ; all of them derivate from Subola , the previous name of the region attested for the first time in the year 635 in the diaries of a Franco-Burgundian expedition led by Duke Arnebert against the Basques . Subola comes from the name the Romans gave to the Aquitani tribe that inhabited

1056-583: Is on a tributary of the Joos. Access to the commune is by the D24 road from Chéraute in the west which passes through the centre of the commune and continues east to Esquiule . The D347 branches from the D26 west of the village and goes south to Tardets-Sorholus . The D59 comes from Saint-Goin in the north-east through the village and continues south down the eastern side of the commune to Montory . The D859 branches off

1122-452: Is the main river of Soule. It is 60 km (37 mi) long and originates at Licq, in the highlands region. Smaller rivers rising at the Pyrenees join the Saison before it converges with the river Oloron, together flowing into the river Adour . The oceanic climate of Soule is generally warm and humid. The highlands and Pyrenees experience an alpine climate . Soule is the province with

1188-420: The pastoral : the inhabitants of a village spend the year preparing and rehearsing the play and its dances. Traditionally, the subject of the play was Catholic, but recently pieces of Basque history are also presented. Another event akin to the pastoral beloved of the people of Soule is the maskaradas . This theatrical performances are put on in many villages of Soule in carnival time through spring. Each year

1254-634: The Comité National des appellations d'origine (CNAO) was created by representatives of the government and the major winegrowers to manage the administration of the AOC process for wines at the initiative of Joseph Capus . In the Rhône wine region Baron Pierre Le Roy Boiseaumarié , a trained lawyer and winegrower from Châteauneuf-du-Pape , successfully obtained legal recognition of the " Côtes du Rhône " appellation of origin in 1936. After World War II

1320-506: The French Basque Country ) are dubbed Manexak after a commonplace sheep breed in the area. 43°14′N 0°53′W  /  43.233°N 0.883°W  / 43.233; -0.883 Appellation d%27origine contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e In France, the appellation d'origine contrôlée ( French pronunciation: [apɛlasjɔ̃ dɔʁiʒin kɔ̃tʁole] , lit.   ' controlled designation of origin ' ; AOC )

1386-495: The Northern Basque Country , also known as French Basque Country or Pays basque . Its entire territory extends around the axis provided by the river Saison , known in Basque as Uhaitza, that flows from south to north until it joins the river Oloron , that works as a border between Soule and Béarn. Soule includes three geographical regions: the lowlands at north on a territory known as Pettara or Lower Soule,

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1452-729: The Parliament of Navarre and Béarn (six deputies, two for each estate). The representatives of Soule in the National Costituent Assembly held in Paris (August 1789) voted against the suppression of the French provinces and the establishment of a new administrative arrangement that wiped out the existence of their native order, giving way to the départément system . Attempts by the Basque deputies in Paris to create

1518-874: The Ruisseau Ibarra (4.4 km, which is joined in the commune by the Askontchilo erreka and the Athaketa stream) and the Lecheguita stream (also with its tributary the Ilharra stream). Paul Raymond mentioned another tributary of the Joos crossing Barcus called the Guibéléguiet with its tributary the Paradis . Tributaries of the Lausset , which also flows into the Gave d'Oloron, also pass through

1584-553: The Vin de Pays or Vin Délimité de Qualité Supérieure systems. Portugal 's Denominação de Origem Controlada , Austria 's Districtus Austria Controllatus , South Africa 's Wine of Origin , and Switzerland 's AOC-IGP are all similar to the French AOC system as well. Switzerland has an appellation d'origine contrôlée certification for wines and an appellation d'origine protégée certification for other food products. Before 2013,

1650-471: The appellation d'origine contrôlée was used for all products. The United States' American Viticultural Areas also follows the model set by the French AOC. The United States Department of the Treasury 's Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau even uses the legal terminology "Appellation of Wine Origin" to describe a vintage wine's location of origin. The AVA indication on a label indicates that 85% of

1716-610: The Committee became the public-private Institut National des Appellations d'Origine (INAO). The AOC seal was created and mandated by French laws in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. On 2 July 1990, the scope of work of the INAO was extended beyond wines to cover other agricultural products. Over 300 French wines are entitled to the display the AOC seal on their label. Wines still may use this label, despite classification under EU and UK law as Protected Designation of Origin. In 2018, 47% of

1782-572: The D59 in the north of the commune and goes north to join the D25 north of the commune. The D159 branches off the D59 halfway down the commune and goes east to join the D24 east of Esquiule. The D459 branches off the D59 in the south of the commune and goes south-east to Lanne-en-Barétous . The commune is located in the drainage basin of the Adour . The Joos river rises west of the commune and flows east across

1848-530: The Duke Arembert was ambushed and defeated by the Basques in a place named "vallis subola". This valley is then included in the territory of the " Wascones " ( Duchy of Vasconia ), which included intermittently lands to either side of the western and central Pyrenees . It was later referred to as Gascony . The region of Soule may have developed a primeval political structure before the 11th century with

1914-468: The European Union may compete in international markets with foreign products that refer to a geographical origin that has nothing to do with where the product is produced (e.g. Parmesan that is produced in the United States and not in a narrowly defined region of northern Italy). In such cases, bilateral agreements with other countries, whereupon the signatories agree to accord a special status to

1980-523: The French AOC classification. Italy 's Denominazione di Origine Controllata and Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita followed the model set by the French AOC, and the EU standard for Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions (QWpsr) also corresponds closely. While Spain's denominación de origen is very similar, the classification of Rioja in 1925 and Sherry in 1933 preceded

2046-440: The French AOC system by a few years and show that Spain's DdO system developed parallel to France's AOC system to some extent. Similarly, Germany 's Qualitätswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete is a wine classification system based on geographic region, but it differs from the AOC in important ways. Qualitätswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete wines are commonly seen as less prestigious than Qualitätswein mit Prädikat , making it more similar to

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2112-547: The PDO and PGI logos or terms, mostly for aesthetic purposes. The AOC certification of authenticity is granted to certain geographical indications for wines , cheeses , butters , and other agricultural products by the Institut national de l'origine et de la qualité (INAO). The certification system is designed to protect distinctive and traditional regional products, based on the upon the concept of terroir . Terroir refers to

2178-595: The PDO/AOP logo, rather than the AOC logo. EU law has created a similar type of protection for regional products called the AOP ( appellation d'origine protégée ; or, in English, Protected designation of origin , PDO). This protection recognizes products that are the "result of a unique combination of human and environmental factors that are characteristic of a given territory." Most products with an AOC designation also have

2244-976: The Pic d'Orhy. In the Pyrenees , from west to east, the first peak is the Pic d'Orhy , above 2,000 meters (6,600 feet) and the fourth highest peak in the Basque Country after Iror Errege Maia and Euzkarre among others, all of them in Navarre. Also in the highlands are located the Otsogorrigaina (1,922 metres (6,306 feet) and Sardekagaina (1,893 metres (6,211 feet), which are the second and third highest mountains in Soule. In total, there exist more than 20 peaks higher than 1,000 metres (3,300 feet). The river Saison (known as Ühaitza in Souletin Basque)

2310-682: The Romans had some influence in the territory, although Soule kept its language and culture and was relatively unimportant during the times of the Roman Empire , due to its isolation. The only evidence of Roman influence in Soule exists in the chapelle of the Madeleine, in Tardets . Soule is first mentioned as a territory in a text from the 7th Century. In 636 (or 635) the Frankish army led by

2376-502: The bottom" is joined to the element -koiz to approximate the Basque goiz meaning "morning or east". Barcus is located in a low valley to the east which justifies the Orpustan analysis. The following table details the origins of the commune name and other names in the commune. Sources: Origins: Jean-Baptiste Orpustan noted that the commune was a former "royal town". Paul Raymond on page 21 of his 1863 dictionary noted that

2442-414: The canton of Tardets-Sorholus , that includes 16 communes; the canton of Saint-Palais and the canton of Oloron. After decades of emigration and demographic, social and cultural decay, the territory is showing a strong determination to recover the lost vitality of centuries ago. Assorted cultural events linked to old traditions bear witness to that dynamism. There is a tradition of folk musical theatre,

2508-583: The centre of power, Paris . It came to be surrounded by the sovereign Kingdom of Navarre on the south and west and the independent principality of Viscounty of Béarn on the east. In 1511, King Francis I of France urged the Souletins to set down their institutional and legal framework on paper, which they did in Bearnese , the administrative written language up to that point. In 1539, an amendment to their region specific laws went on to be written in French,

2574-647: The commune had a Lay Abbey , vassal of the Viscounts of Soule . In 1790 Barcus was the capital of a Canton dependent on the District of Mauleon Licharre and made up of the communes of Barcus, L'Hôpital-Saint-Blaise , and Roquiague . Barcus appears as Barcux on the 1750 Cassini Map and the same on the 1790 version. List of Successive Mayors The commune is part of five inter-communal structures: The Journal by Pierre Casalivetery, Notary at Mauléon , during 1460-1481 counted 26 fires at Barcus and 210 for

2640-672: The commune such as the Ascania stream and the Ibarle stream with its tributary the Ambelseko erreka . Finally the Ruisseau de Lacoste , a sub-tributary of the arréc of Bitole also crosses the commune. There are a large number of places and hamlets in the commune: The commune name in Basque is Barkoxe . Jean-Baptiste Orpustan proposes a Basque etymological construction in two parts. The first element barr meaning "located inside, at

2706-690: The commune then north, forming the eastern border of the commune, continuing north-east to eventually join the Gave d'Oloron at Préchacq-Josbaig . Many tributaries rise in the commune and flow east into the Joos including the Bouhatéko erreka , the arréc of Etchanchu , the Handia , the Oyhanart erreka , the arriou of Soulou , the Sustaris erreka , and the Ibarra stream (7 km long) with its tributaries,

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2772-407: The decay of economic life and emigration, with a number of inhabitants in Navarre and Aragón pouring in and being recruited on the workforce. Soule is located in the northern basin of the western Pyrenees , and is the smallest of the Basque region . It is surrounded by Lower Navarre on the west, Navarre on the south, Béarn on the east and north. Along with Labourd and Lower Navarre, it forms

2838-576: The existence of an exchange economy in Soule, which very likely worked as an access point between Aquitaine— Novempopulania —in the north and the southern side of the Pyrenees . At the time of the Roman arrival in the 1st century, Soule was inhabited by an Aquitani tribe named Suburates , who spoke the Aquitanian language (a form of Proto-Basque ). As with other peoples in Aquitaine,

2904-510: The exterior for many years. Finally, in 1449, an army led by Gaston IV , the Count of Foix and Viscount of Béarn, took possession of the castle in the name of the French king ending the English presence in Soule. In the mid 15th century, Soule finally recognizes the King of France as its own, with the Basque district becoming the smallest province and exclave of the kingdom and the most distant from

2970-411: The grapes for wine are grown in the designated AVA. Overall, the appellation of a wine simply says where the grapes are from, although there are some particularities. If the appellation is a state, 100% of the grapes which go into the wine must come from the specific state. If a winery gets grapes from a neighboring state (for example, a California vintner getting Pinot noir from Oregon ), it may label

3036-419: The height of the ones used for the village name." On the other hand, while the process of label approval is enforced to the millimetre, the quality control for the wine in the bottle is less strict. A blind taster must approve the wine for it to receive AOC classification, but this tasting often occurs before the product is even bottled, and by a local expert who may well have ties to the local vintners. Even if

3102-469: The largest AOCs. However, within its area lies one of the smallest AOCs, Château-Grillet , which occupies less than 4 hectares (9.9 acres) of land. The INAO's mission is to ensure that all AOC products are held to a rigorous set of clearly defined standards; they are to be produced in a consistent and traditional manner with ingredients from specifically classified producers in designated geographical areas. The products must also be aged at least partially in

3168-420: The lowest population density of the Northern Basque Country, with 17 people per square kilometer (44 people/sq mi). Soule has experienced a significant population decline since the 19th century; many people have emigrated to larger cities and regions outside the province, such as Labourd , Béarn and Paris . In the last century, Soule has lost more than three quarters of its population, which has caused

3234-478: The mid 17th century and in the context of the Treaty of the Pyrenees , anger spread like fire among common Souletins at the aristocracy's takeover of lands and the curtailment of their legal and institutional sovereignty. In 1661, a widespread rebellion erupted led by the priest Bernard Goihenetche 'Matalaz', but was harshly suppressed by an army sent over from Gascony. Still Soule managed to retain many native laws and institutions, with its representatives attending

3300-399: The need for different municipalities to be merged in order to assure the maintenance of public services. Traditionally, Soule has been divided into three geographical regions, each of which group a determinate number of municipalities or communes . For administrative purposes, the communes of Soule are grouped into four cantons ; the canton of Mauléon-Licharre , that includes 19 communes;

3366-400: The new official language as decreed by King Francis I. Despite numbering more than fifty towns and villages, Soule was populated by fewer than 4,000 people. The only town was Mauléon , with a population totalling fewer than 350 people. As of 1512, given its proximity to France and its particular geographic situation surrounded by the Kingdom of Navarre-Bearn and the recently invaded Navarre to

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3432-528: The product its distinctive qualities. The defining technical and geographic factors are set forth in standards for each product, including wines, cheeses and meats. Other countries and the European Union have similar labeling systems. The European Union 's protected designation of origin (PDO and PGI) system has harmonized the protection of all geographical indications and their registration. When labelling wine however, producers may still use recognized traditional terms like AOC, and are not required to display

3498-409: The production of blue Roquefort cheese was regulated by parliamentary decree. The first French law determining viticultural designations of origin dates to the 1 August 1905, and, on 6 May 1919, the Law for the Protection of the Place of Origin was passed, specifying the region and commune in which a given product must be manufactured. This law has since been revised many times. On 30 July 1935,

3564-405: The protections afforded by the AOC status may not be available in foreign markets. Part of the problem arises from the fact that European migrants to various countries marketed food products under the names referring to the places they came from (e.g. Parmesan, Rioja). After many years, such names became simply generic names for food products. Thus, products which are labelled AOC in France or AOP in

3630-421: The region by the time of their arrival, the Suburates , also called Sibusates by Julius Caesar in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico and Sybillates by Pliny the Elder . Soule has been continuously inhabited since the last glaciation . There are several deposits from the Neolithic as well as fifteen protohistoric settlements. The first text written in Soule dates from the 7th century. The territory

3696-575: The region featuring its own Souletin dialect. At the same time, the neighbouring Béarnais (Gascon) has been widely understood, and in recent centuries even spoken as a lingua franca . However, both Basque and Béarnais have lost ground to French with both languages struggling to survive into the next generation. Basque is attested to have been widespread farther east of the territory into the Pyrenees in previous centuries. The inhabitants call non-Basque speaking foreigners Kaskoinak , while other Basque speaking people (especially when referring to those of

3762-549: The respective designated area. Under French law, it is illegal to manufacture and sell a product under one of the AOC-controlled geographical indications if it does not comply with the criteria of the AOC. In order to make them easily recognizable, all AOC products carry a seal. The seal displays a number as well as the name of the certifying body. The color of the seal indicates the product classification: green for field products and red for dairy products. To prevent any possible misrepresentation, no part of an AOC name may be used on

3828-424: The south, Soule became ensnared in the political, religious and military manoeuvres derived from its shaky position, with the French Wars of Religion affecting the province tremendously. The province of Soule relied largely on the commons set on the highlands and lowlands of the valley for the use of local farmers and shepherds. However, they were also coveted by local and alien lords with estate grants on Soule. By

3894-437: The taster is objective, the wine sample may not be representative of the actual product, and there is almost no way to verify that the finished bottled product is the same as the original AOC sample. In 1925, Roquefort became the first cheese to be awarded an AOC label, and since then over 40 cheeses have been assigned AOC status. The generally are also classified as Protected Designations of Origin under EU law, and thus use

3960-430: The traditional savoir-faire that goes into the production of AOC products. Taken together, these give the product its distinctive qualities. The terroirs of AOCs vary dramatically in size. Some cover vast expanses with a variety of climatic and soil conditions, while others are small and highly uniform. For example, the Côtes du Rhône AOC covers some 75,000 acres (about 30,000 hectares) and 171 villages, making it one of

4026-428: The wine "Oregon", but if the state is not a neighboring one (for example, a California vintner getting Cabernet from Washington state ), the only permitted appellation is "American". In Canada , there is a government-sanctioned wine standard called Vintners Quality Alliance (VQA). It only applies to Canadian wines, and only the provinces of Ontario and British Columbia regulate it. Outside their home country,

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4092-446: The wines produced in France were wines with a controlled designation of origin. Legislation concerning the way vineyards are identified makes recognizing the various AOCs very challenging for wine drinkers not accustomed to the system. Often, distinguishing classifications requires knowledge of esoteric label laws such as "Unless the wine is from a Premier Cru vineyard, the vineyard name must be printed in characters no more than half

4158-403: The years 1540–1548, indicating a rapidly growing population. The inhabitants of the commune are known in French as Barcusiens or Barcusiennes and in Basque as Barkoxtar . Economic activity is mainly oriented towards agriculture (mixed farming and sheep farming). The commune is part of the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) zone designation of Ossau-iraty . In 2009 Barcus organised

4224-401: Was English, the rest being either locally-born or Gascons. The ex-viscount Auger III allied with the Kingdom of Navarre , and taking advantage of the war between Philip IV , king of Navarre, and Edward I of England , retook his fortress at Mauléon in 1295, but he was forced to hand it back after Aquitaine was formally declared English in 1303. The Hundred Years' War kept Soule isolated from

4290-407: Was administered by the crown of England. At this time the current network of roads between the Souletin villages was constructed. The English Soule was under the direct authority of the Duke of Aquitaine, who was also the King of England. Control over the territory was delegated to a lord, who kept the castle of Mauléon and collected the taxes. The lord of Soule had fourteen captains, of whom only one

4356-446: Was already inhabited in the Middle Paleolithic ; Neanderthal prehistoric settlements have been found in the caves of Xaxixiloaga in Aussurucq and Etxeberri. At the end of the Neolithic the population had extended and assimilated knowledge from other peoples. There are protohistoric settlements that show a simple material life and a lifestyle dominated by migration. Remains of coins and other monetary artifacts have been found, proving

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