150-587: The Barabati Stadium is an Indian sports stadium used mostly for cricket and association football, and also sometimes for concerts and field hockey, located in Cuttack , Odisha . It is a regular venue for international cricket and is the home ground of Odisha cricket team . The stadium is owned and operated by the Odisha Olympic Association . It is also used for association football . It hosts Santosh Trophy national football tournament and
300-526: A ball that failed to sit up. The only other Test match here, against New Zealand in 1995–96, was badly affected by rain, affording less than 180 overs of playing time. Narendra Hirwani, on a comeback trail, took 6 for 59 in New Zealand's only innings, the best bowling figures here. Though it is not one of the regular Test venues anymore, it continues to enjoy the status of international venue and hosts One-Day Internationals regularly. India have won one of
450-433: A focus on Indian philosophies and Sanskrit. Though written in a number of different scripts, the dominant language of Hindu texts has been Sanskrit. It or a hybrid form of Sanskrit became the preferred language of Mahayana Buddhism scholarship; for example, one of the early and influential Buddhist philosophers, Nagarjuna (~200 CE), used Classical Sanskrit as the language for his texts. According to Renou, Sanskrit had
600-591: A language competed with numerous, less exact vernacular Indian languages called Prakritic languages ( prākṛta - ). The term prakrta literally means "original, natural, normal, artless", states Franklin Southworth . The relationship between Prakrit and Sanskrit is found in Indian texts dated to the 1st millennium CE. Patañjali acknowledged that Prakrit is the first language, one instinctively adopted by every child with all its imperfections and later leads to
750-527: A large art gallery for exhibitions. Town Hall, KVK, Sahid Bhawan, Satabdi Bhawan, and Sarala Bhawan are the prominent auditoriums in the city. The Odia film industry has its base in Cuttack. The Oriya film industry is popularly known as Ollywood , a portmanteau of the words Oriya and Hollywood . In 1974, the Government of Odisha declared film-making and construction of cinema theatres as industry in
900-658: A limited role in the Theravada tradition (formerly known as the Hinayana) but the Prakrit works that have survived are of doubtful authenticity. Some of the canonical fragments of the early Buddhist traditions, discovered in the 20th century, suggest the early Buddhist traditions used an imperfect and reasonably good Sanskrit, sometimes with a Pali syntax, states Renou. The Mahāsāṃghika and Mahavastu, in their late Hinayana forms, used hybrid Sanskrit for their literature. Sanskrit
1050-777: A lot towards the culture and history of modern Odisha. It is rightly called the cultural capital. Cuttack had been the centre of art and literature in the past. Annapurna Theatre is considered the pioneer of the Oriya theatre company. The B-Group of the Annapurna theatre, situated in Buxi Bazar, is also one of the oldest theatres in Odisha. Kala Vikash Kendra in Cuttack is another institution for dance, drama, and music in Odisha. It organises international theatre olympiads annually where artists from different countries participate along with
1200-402: A major industry due to the large number of universities, colleges, schools, and coaching centres and caters to the neighbouring districts. The proximity to Paradip Port comes as an added advantage. OSL Group, one of the leading stevedore firms of the country, is headquartered in Cuttack. Cuttack, being the largest business hub of the state, is the nodal point of trade and transport. It also has
1350-454: A natural part of the earliest Vedic language, and that these developed in the centuries after the composition had been completed, and as a gradual unconscious process during the oral transmission by generations of reciters. The primary source for this argument is internal evidence of the text which betrays an instability of the phenomenon of retroflexion, with the same phrases having sandhi-induced retroflexion in some parts but not other. This
1500-479: A negative evidence to Pollock's hypothesis, but it is not positive evidence. A closer look at Sanskrit in the Indian history after the 12th century suggests that Sanskrit survived despite the odds. According to Hanneder, On a more public level the statement that Sanskrit is a dead language is misleading, for Sanskrit is quite obviously not as dead as other dead languages and the fact that it is spoken, written and read will probably convince most people that it cannot be
1650-791: A number of Saraswati Shishu Mandirs and CBSE schools. The prominent public schools are Sai International Residential School (SIRS) , D.A.V. Public School, Sector-6, CDA , L.R.D.A.V Public School, Gandarpur, D.A.V. Public School, Rajabagicha, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya , Kendriya Vidyalaya No.1, Kendriya Vidyalaya No.2, Mahanadi Vihar, Kendriya Vidyalaya No.3, Kendriya Vidyalaya Arc Charbatia, Stewart School , New Stewart School, Delhi Public School Kalinga, St. Xavier's High School , Sri Sathya Sai School, St. Joseph's Girls High School , S.C.B. Medical Public School , Cambridge School , Joharimall High School, Modern Public School, Queen Mary's School etc. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose studied at Stewart School briefly before moving to Ravenshaw Collegiate School. Under
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#17327799936871800-546: A pan-Indo-Aryan accessibility to information and knowledge in the ancient and medieval times, in contrast to the Prakrit languages which were understood just regionally. It created a cultural bond across the subcontinent. As local languages and dialects evolved and diversified, Sanskrit served as the common language. It connected scholars from distant parts of South Asia such as Tamil Nadu and Kashmir, states Deshpande, as well as those from different fields of studies, though there must have been differences in its pronunciation given
1950-578: A refined and standardized grammatical form that emerged in the mid-1st millennium BCE and was codified in the most comprehensive of ancient grammars, the Aṣṭādhyāyī ('Eight chapters') of Pāṇini . The greatest dramatist in Sanskrit, Kālidāsa , wrote in classical Sanskrit, and the foundations of modern arithmetic were first described in classical Sanskrit. The two major Sanskrit epics, the Mahābhārata and
2100-538: A restrained language from which archaisms and unnecessary formal alternatives were excluded". The Classical form of the language simplified the sandhi rules but retained various aspects of the Vedic language, while adding rigor and flexibilities, so that it had sufficient means to express thoughts as well as being "capable of responding to the future increasing demands of an infinitely diversified literature", according to Renou. Pāṇini included numerous "optional rules" beyond
2250-439: A similar phonetic structure to Tamil. Hock et al. quoting George Hart state that there was influence of Old Tamil on Sanskrit. Hart compared Old Tamil and Classical Sanskrit to arrive at a conclusion that there was a common language from which these features both derived – "that both Tamil and Sanskrit derived their shared conventions, metres, and techniques from a common source, for it is clear that neither borrowed directly from
2400-535: A tree branch planted by him after using it as a tooth cleaner still flourishes here, hence the name Daatan Sahib. There are four Jain temples in Cuttack City that were established by Digambar and Swetambar Jain sects who had migrated to Cuttack from Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan . These are situated at Choudhury Bazar, Jaunliapatty, Alamchand Bazar, and Kaji Bazar. Tirthankara images have been installed in these temples. Digambar Jain temple at Choudhury Bazar
2550-514: Is "very high damage risk" from winds and cyclones . The 1999 Odisha cyclone caused major damage to the city, claiming many lives. Cuttack has been ranked 9th best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 2 3-10L Population Cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results' Dedicated to the Goddess Chandi , the presiding deity of Cuttack. The Cuttack Chandi Temple
2700-501: Is a Cuttack Municipal Corporation , which consists of 59 wards. The city stretches from Phulnakhara in south to Choudwar in north and Kandarpur in east to Naraj in west, while the main city is located at the apex of the Mahanadi River delta. Apart from Mahanadi, four of its distributaries also run through the city. The distributaries include Mahanadi, Kathajodi, Kuakhai, and Birupa, where Kathajodi further has two distributaries,
2850-474: Is a Hindu folk deity of Rajasthan in India. Ramdev is considered to be an incarnation of Krishna. He was said to have had miraculous powers, and his fame reached far and wide. Legend has it that five Pirs from Mecca came to test Ramdev's powers. A holy historical Sikh shrine, the Daatan Sahib Gurdwara, is where the first Sikh Guru, Shree Guru Nanak, halted on his way to Puri. It is believed that
3000-415: Is a five-chambered rekha and pidha shrine. The Vimana is of Pancharatha Rekha style. The doorjambs of the vimana and the bhogomandapa portray sculptures of the navagraha and dvarapalas. The plinth of the temple exhibits sculptures portraying war scenes, elephants and horses in procession, and decorated swans. In the sanctum is a Patal-Phuta Shiva Linga. There is a wooden canopy, possibly added sometime in
3150-430: Is a regular venue for ODI matches. It was an adopted home venue for former Indian Premier League franchise Deccan Chargers . Barabati Stadium has successfully served as the venue for both Indian Premier League and the now defunct Odisha Premier League . It has also hosted Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy 2020 from 4–11 January 2020. The Barabati Stadium in Cuttack hosted only the third One Day International in
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#17327799936873300-516: Is akin to that of Latin and Ancient Greek in Europe. Sanskrit has significantly influenced most modern languages of the Indian subcontinent , particularly the languages of the northern, western, central and eastern Indian subcontinent. Sanskrit declined starting about and after the 13th century. This coincides with the beginning of Islamic invasions of South Asia to create, and thereafter expand
3450-450: Is also situated in the S.C.B. Medical College Campus, which provides rehabilitation measures to persons with disabilities, especially spinal injuries. Swami Vivekananda National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research (SVNIRTAR) is the most prestigious institution in the field of rehabilitation located at Olatpur, 30 km from Cuttack. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel PG Institute of Paediatrics (SVPPIG), popularly known as Sishu Bhawan,
3600-599: Is an anglicised form of the Odia and Sanskrit name Kataka , which literally means The Fort , a reference to the ancient Barabati Fort around which the city initially developed. Cuttack is known as the Millennium City as well as the Silver City due to its history of 1000 years and famous silver filigree works respectively. The Orissa High Court and some other Odisha State Govt. offices are located there, and
3750-618: Is an annex hospital of SCBMCH. It is the largest hospital of its kind in eastern India. Leprosy Home and Hospital near Nuabazar is over 100 years old and is still serving patients. Major hospitals in and around Cuttack are District Headquarters Hospital (City Hospital), Shanti Memorial Hospital, HCG Panda Cancer Hospital, Ashwini Hospital, Sun Hospital, Sabarmati General Hospital, Dr. Agarwal's Eye Hospital , Heritage Healthcare Hospital, Rotary Eye Hospital, and Melvin Jones Lion's Eye Hospital, among others. Schools in Cuttack are either run by
3900-423: Is characterised by mild temperatures and occasional showers. The winter months feature chilly northerly winds, which bring down the temperature to around 15 °C, though the bright sunshine helps maintain the pleasant weather. Temperatures may exceed 45 °C at the height of summer and may fall below 10 °C in winter. The highest recorded temperature is 47.7 °C (117.9 °F) recorded on 2 May 1957, and
4050-409: Is famous for its silver filigree works, and only because of these works it is also known as the silver city of India. Cuttack is also famous for its handicraft works using cows and mostly Buffalo horn. Cuttack has only one retail store for horn items named Utkal Gaurab Madhusudhan Horn Work. It was greatly contributed by the late Kalandi Charana Behera. Generally, the horn of dead cattle is used, and it
4200-452: Is found in the writing of Bharata Muni , the author of the ancient Natya Shastra text. The early Jain scholar Namisādhu acknowledged the difference, but disagreed that the Prakrit language was a corruption of Sanskrit. Namisādhu stated that the Prakrit language was the pūrvam ('came before, origin') and that it came naturally to children, while Sanskrit was a refinement of Prakrit through "purification by grammar". Sanskrit belongs to
4350-524: Is hot and humid. The temperature around this season is 35 °C to 40 °C. Thunderstorms are common at the height of the summer. The monsoon months are from July to October, when the city receives most of its rainfall from the South West Monsoon. The annual rainfall is around 1,597.9 millimetres (159.79 cm). Temperatures are considerably lower during the rainy season, averaging around 30 °C. The winter season from November to February
4500-530: Is located in proximity to the banks of the Mahanadi River. It is famous for its annual Durga Puja and Kali Puja festivals. The Durga Puja festivities are prominent in Maa Katak Chandi temple, which takes place for 16 days starting from the dark fortnight of Ashwina Krishna Ashtami till Ashwina Shukla Navami and Vijayadashami. The goddess, popularly called Maa Kataka Chandi , sits and rules in
4650-531: Is performed by licensed craftsmen only. This peculiar artefact is limited to Cuttack only, and anything of such kind is found nowhere else in the world. These fine and unique handicraft works add significantly to the local economy. There are 11 large-scale industries in and around Cuttack, mostly in Choudwar and Athagarh , and many more in the pipeline. These industries include steel, power, automobiles, alloys, and fireclay. Indian Metals & Ferro Alloys (IMFA),
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4800-532: Is rare in the later version of the language. The Homerian Greek, like Ṛg-vedic Sanskrit, deploys simile extensively, but they are structurally very different. The early Vedic form of the Sanskrit language was far less homogenous compared to the Classical Sanskrit as defined by grammarians by about the mid-1st millennium BCE. According to Richard Gombrich—an Indologist and a scholar of Sanskrit, Pāli and Buddhist Studies—the archaic Vedic Sanskrit found in
4950-524: Is referred to as a city with Baaban Bazaar, Teppan Galee , i.e., this is the city of 52 markets and 53 streets, which is told by people of Odisha for the largeness of this city. Naranpur is another satellite township coming up in Trishulia, on the other side of the Kathajodi River . Cuttack experiences a tropical wet and dry climate . The summer season is from March to June, when the climate
5100-435: Is situated here. Apart from it, many other courts and tribunals have their offices in the city. Cuttack also houses a circle jail at Choudwar. Electricity is supplied by the state-operated Central Electricity Supply Utility of Odisha , or CESU. Fire services are handled by the state agency Odisha Fire Service . Drinking water is sourced from the underground wells and Mahanadi River. Water supply and sewerage are handled by
5250-479: Is taken along with evidence of controversy, for example, in passages of the Aitareya-Āraṇyaka (700 BCE), which features a discussion on whether retroflexion is valid in particular cases. The Ṛg-veda is a collection of books, created by multiple authors. These authors represented different generations, and the mandalas 2 to 7 are the oldest while the mandalas 1 and 10 are relatively the youngest. Yet,
5400-616: Is the oldest women's college in Odisha. Sanskrit Sanskrit ( / ˈ s æ n s k r ɪ t / ; attributively 𑀲𑀁𑀲𑁆𑀓𑀾𑀢𑀁 , संस्कृत- , saṃskṛta- ; nominally संस्कृतम् , saṃskṛtam , IPA: [ˈsɐ̃skr̩tɐm] ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages . It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from
5550-589: Is the predominant language of one of the largest collection of historic manuscripts. The earliest known inscriptions in Sanskrit are from the 1st century BCE, such as the Ayodhya Inscription of Dhana and Ghosundi-Hathibada (Chittorgarh) . Though developed and nurtured by scholars of orthodox schools of Hinduism, Sanskrit has been the language for some of the key literary works and theology of heterodox schools of Indian philosophies such as Buddhism and Jainism. The structure and capabilities of
5700-584: Is widely used for commercial purposes. Most of the banners are written in Odia and English . The City of Cuttack is administered by the Cuttack Municipal Corporation. CMC was established as a municipality on 4 June 1876 and was named as a corporation on 15 August 1994. This corporation covers an area of 192.5 km . The CMC is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the Metropolitan City. The Mayor heads
5850-540: The Bhagavata Purana , the Panchatantra and many other texts are all in the Sanskrit language. The Classical Sanskrit with its exacting grammar was thus the language of the Indian scholars and the educated classes, while others communicated with approximate or ungrammatical variants of it as well as other natural Indian languages. Sanskrit, as the learned language of Ancient India, thus existed alongside
6000-698: The Cuttack Municipal Corporation or by private trusts and individuals. The Odia medium schools in Cuttack are affiliated to the Board of Secondary Education, Odisha whilst the English medium affiliated to either ICSE or the CBSE . Apart from English and Odia medium schools, certain Hindi, Urdu, Gujarati, Bengali and Telugu medium schools are also present in Cuttack. Ravenshaw Collegiate School ,
6150-580: The Dalai Lama , the Sanskrit language is a parent language that is at the foundation of many modern languages of India and the one that promoted Indian thought to other distant countries. In Tibetan Buddhism, states the Dalai Lama, Sanskrit language has been a revered one and called legjar lhai-ka or "elegant language of the gods". It has been the means of transmitting the "profound wisdom of Buddhist philosophy" to Tibet. The Sanskrit language created
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6300-613: The Indo-European family of languages . It is one of the three earliest ancient documented languages that arose from a common root language now referred to as Proto-Indo-European : Other Indo-European languages distantly related to Sanskrit include archaic and Classical Latin ( c. 600 BCE–100 CE, Italic languages ), Gothic (archaic Germanic language , c. 350 CE ), Old Norse ( c. 200 CE and after), Old Avestan ( c. late 2nd millennium BCE ) and Younger Avestan ( c. 900 BCE). The closest ancient relatives of Vedic Sanskrit in
6450-713: The Keshari dynasty . As stated by the historian Andrew Stirling, present-day Cuttack was established as a military cantonment by king Nrupa Keshari of the Keshari dynasty in 989 CE. Stirling based his opinion on the Madala Panji , a chronicle of the Jagannatha temple of Puri . The reign of Maharaja Markata Keshari was distinguished for the stone embank built to protect the new capital from flooding in 1002 CE. Historical and archaeological evidence suggests Cuttack became
6600-625: The Matrubhasha . Cuttack is the healthcare hub of Odisha. Millions of people from different parts of Odisha and other states throng to the city with the hope of better medical facilities. Shri Ramachandra Bhanj Medical College (SCBMCH) , the largest medical college of the state, is located in Cuttack. The Acharya Harihar Regional Cancer Centre (AHRCC), the only one of its kind in Eastern India, carries out high-end research and treatment in cancer. The Regional Spinal Injury Centre (RSIC)
6750-515: The Public Health Engineering Organisation . State-owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited , or BSNL, as well as private enterprises, among them Vodafone , Bharti Airtel , Jio , and Idea Cellular , are the leading telephone, cell phone, and Internet service providers in the city. Cuttack has the largest number of NGOs, charitable organisations, orphanages, old age homes and destitute homes than anywhere else in
6900-753: The Rigveda had already evolved in the Vedic period, as evidenced in the later Vedic literature. Gombrich posits that the language in the early Upanishads of Hinduism and the late Vedic literature approaches Classical Sanskrit, while the archaic Vedic Sanskrit had by the Buddha 's time become unintelligible to all except ancient Indian sages. The formalization of the Saṃskṛta language is credited to Pāṇini , along with Patañjali's Mahābhāṣya and Katyayana's commentary that preceded Patañjali's work. Panini composed Aṣṭādhyāyī ('Eight-Chapter Grammar'), which became
7050-531: The Rāmāyaṇa , however, were composed in a range of oral storytelling registers called Epic Sanskrit which was used in northern India between 400 BCE and 300 CE, and roughly contemporary with classical Sanskrit. In the following centuries, Sanskrit became tradition-bound, stopped being learned as a first language, and ultimately stopped developing as a living language. The hymns of the Rigveda are notably similar to
7200-406: The sandhi rules, both internal and external. Quite many words found in the early Vedic Sanskrit language are never found in late Vedic Sanskrit or Classical Sanskrit literature, while some words have different and new meanings in Classical Sanskrit when contextually compared to the early Vedic Sanskrit literature. Arthur Macdonell was among the early colonial era scholars who summarized some of
7350-403: The undivided Cuttack district is famous for cooking tasty delicacies and sweets. Cuttack is famous for its Durga Puja , which is one of the most important festivals of Odisha . Being the favourite destination of poets and artists, it is also a cultural hub of Odisha. Due to its beauty, the term Kataka Nagara Dhabala Tagara is coined for it. The city is categorised as a Tier II city as per
7500-500: The verbal adjective sáṃskṛta- is a compound word consisting of sáṃ ('together, good, well, perfected') and kṛta - ('made, formed, work'). It connotes a work that has been "well prepared, pure and perfect, polished, sacred". According to Biderman, the perfection contextually being referred to in the etymological origins of the word is its tonal—rather than semantic—qualities. Sound and oral transmission were highly valued qualities in ancient India, and its sages refined
7650-485: The 10+2+3/4 plan, students complete ten years of schooling and then enroll for two years in junior college, where they select one of three streams: arts, commerce, or science. This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen field of study, or a professional degree course, such as law, engineering, and medicine. Most of the colleges in the city are affiliated to the Council of Higher Secondary Education. Some of
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#17327799936877800-414: The 13th century, a premier center of Sanskrit literary creativity, Sanskrit literature there disappeared, perhaps in the "fires that periodically engulfed the capital of Kashmir" or the "Mongol invasion of 1320" states Pollock. The Sanskrit literature which was once widely disseminated out of the northwest regions of the subcontinent, stopped after the 12th century. As Hindu kingdoms fell in the eastern and
7950-532: The 7th century where he established a major center of learning and language translation under the patronage of Emperor Taizong. By the early 1st millennium CE, Sanskrit had spread Buddhist and Hindu ideas to Southeast Asia, parts of the East Asia and the Central Asia. It was accepted as a language of high culture and the preferred language by some of the local ruling elites in these regions. According to
8100-425: The Classical Sanskrit language launched ancient Indian speculations about "the nature and function of language", what is the relationship between words and their meanings in the context of a community of speakers, whether this relationship is objective or subjective, discovered or is created, how individuals learn and relate to the world around them through language, and about the limits of language? They speculated on
8250-532: The Dravidian languages borrowed from Sanskrit vocabulary, but they have also affected Sanskrit on deeper levels of structure, "for instance in the domain of phonology where Indo-Aryan retroflexes have been attributed to Dravidian influence". Similarly, Ferenc Ruzca states that all the major shifts in Indo-Aryan phonetics over two millennia can be attributed to the constant influence of a Dravidian language with
8400-521: The Dravidian words and forms, without modifying the word order; but the same thing is not possible in rendering a Persian or English sentence into a non-Indo-Aryan language. Shulman mentions that "Dravidian nonfinite verbal forms (called vinaiyeccam in Tamil) shaped the usage of the Sanskrit nonfinite verbs (originally derived from inflected forms of action nouns in Vedic). This particularly salient case of
8550-476: The Indo-Aryan language underwent rapid linguistic change and morphed into the Vedic Sanskrit language. The pre-Classical form of Sanskrit is known as Vedic Sanskrit . The earliest attested Sanskrit text is the Rigveda , a Hindu scripture from the mid- to late-second millennium BCE. No written records from such an early period survive, if any ever existed, but scholars are generally confident that
8700-519: The Indo-European languages are the Nuristani languages found in the remote Hindu Kush region of northeastern Afghanistan and northwestern Himalayas, as well as the extinct Avestan and Old Persian – both are Iranian languages . Sanskrit belongs to the satem group of the Indo-European languages. Colonial era scholars familiar with Latin and Greek were struck by the resemblance of
8850-532: The Muslim rule in the form of Sultanates, and later the Mughal Empire . Sheldon Pollock characterises the decline of Sanskrit as a long-term "cultural, social, and political change". He dismisses the idea that Sanskrit declined due to "struggle with barbarous invaders", and emphasises factors such as the increasing attractiveness of vernacular language for literary expression. With the fall of Kashmir around
9000-496: The Muslim rulers. Hindu rulers such as Shivaji of the Maratha Empire , reversed the process, by re-adopting Sanskrit and re-asserting their socio-linguistic identity. After Islamic rule disintegrated in South Asia and the colonial rule era began, Sanskrit re-emerged but in the form of a "ghostly existence" in regions such as Bengal. This decline was the result of "political institutions and civic ethos" that did not support
9150-499: The Saṃskṛta language, both in its vocabulary and grammar, to the classical languages of Europe. In The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World , Mallory and Adams illustrate the resemblance with the following examples of cognate forms (with the addition of Old English for further comparison): The correspondences suggest some common root, and historical links between some of
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#17327799936879300-638: The South India, such as the great Vijayanagara Empire , so did Sanskrit. There were exceptions and short periods of imperial support for Sanskrit, mostly concentrated during the reign of the tolerant Mughal emperor Akbar . Muslim rulers patronized the Middle Eastern language and scripts found in Persia and Arabia, and the Indians linguistically adapted to this Persianization to gain employment with
9450-613: The State Legislative Assembly, viz., Barabati-Cuttack , Choudwar-Cuttack , and Cuttack Sadar . The Bhubaneswar–Cuttack Police Commissionerate , under the control of the Commissioner of Police, looks after the law enforcement in Cuttack. Cuttack has 25 police stations in the city. The headquarters of the state police are situated in Cuttack. Cuttack is the judicial capital of Odisha, as the High Court
9600-518: The Top cities of India. Around 89.65% of the city's population are Hindus , while Muslims account for 8.23%, and the rest constitute 2% of the total population. Cuttack has the largest population of Christians in the state. Odia is the primary language used in the city, besides which English and Hindi may be spoken and understood. There are people who also speak Santali , Bengali , Marwari , Telugu , Gujarati , Punjabi , Urdu , etc. English
9750-466: The Twin Cities of Odisha. The metropolitan area formed by the two cities had a population of 1.862 million in 2018. Cuttack is characterised by a maze of streets, lanes, and by-lanes, which have given it the nickname of a city with Bauna Bazaar, Tepana Galee , i.e., 52 markets and 53 streets, but some localities such as Jobra Colony, Markatnagar (C.D.A.) and Mahanadi Vihar are planned localities of
9900-447: The Vedic Sanskrit in these books of the Ṛg-veda "hardly presents any dialectical diversity", states Louis Renou – an Indologist known for his scholarship of the Sanskrit literature and the Ṛg-veda in particular. According to Renou, this implies that the Vedic Sanskrit language had a "set linguistic pattern" by the second half of the 2nd millennium BCE. Beyond the Ṛg-veda, the ancient literature in Vedic Sanskrit that has survived into
10050-451: The Vedic Sanskrit's bahulam framework, to respect liberty and creativity so that individual writers separated by geography or time would have the choice to express facts and their views in their own way, where tradition followed competitive forms of the Sanskrit language. The phonetic differences between Vedic Sanskrit and Classical Sanskrit, as discerned from the current state of the surviving literature, are negligible when compared to
10200-407: The alphabet, the structure of words, and its exacting grammar into a "collection of sounds, a kind of sublime musical mold" as an integral language they called Saṃskṛta . From the late Vedic period onwards, state Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus, resonating sound and its musical foundations attracted an "exceptionally large amount of linguistic, philosophical and religious literature" in India. Sound
10350-440: The capacity to understand the old Prakrit languages such as Ardhamagadhi . A section of European scholars state that Sanskrit was never a spoken language. However, evidences shows that Sanskrit was a spoken language, essential for oral tradition that preserved the vast number of Sanskrit manuscripts from ancient India. The textual evidence in the works of Yaksa, Panini, and Patanajali affirms that Classical Sanskrit in their era
10500-541: The capital of a kingdom founded by Raja Anangabhimadeva III of the Ganga dynasty in 1211 CE. After the end of Ganga rule, Odisha passed to the hands of the Suryavamsi Gajapati dynasty (1434–1541 CE), under whom Cuttack continued to be the capital of Odisha. After the death of Raja Mukunda deva, the last Hindu king of Orissa , Cuttack first came under Muslim rule and later under Mughals , who made Cuttack
10650-515: The city is the judiciary capital of Odisha. It is the commercial capital of Odisha, which hosts many trading and business houses in and around the city. The city is famous for strongly holding the sense of fraternity and brotherhood . The city is famous in Orissa for some types of food , such as the Thunkapuri , Dahibara , Lassi , various kinds of Chat etc. Amongst all districts in Orissa,
10800-404: The city renowned nationally and internationally. The Paradip Port , which is around 85 km from the city, facilitates this process. The city is one of the largest hubs for textiles in eastern India. The city's annual textile trade generates over a billion dollars of revenue. A large textile park is planned, giving a facelift to the erstwhile Orissa Textile Mills in the city outskirts. Cuttack
10950-415: The city. The name Cuttack is an anglicised form of Kataka ( Odia : କଟକ) which is derived from Sanskrit , meaning capital, fort and military establishment, or a cantonment. The city was known as Bidanasi Kataka (meaning Bidanasi Military Base) during the days when Barabati Fort was in existence. Bidanasi is now one of the localities of the city. The earliest written history of Cuttack may go back to
11100-422: The city. A large chunk of these serve as ancillary industries for the big industrial houses in Odisha and other states. Being the former capital and now the partial capital of the state and a big business hub, many central and state government and corporate offices are in Cuttack. The service sector is quite large. The people of nearby districts are heavily dependent on the city for their livelihood, contributing to
11250-527: The close relationship between the Indo-Iranian tongues and the Baltic and Slavic languages , vocabulary exchange with the non-Indo-European Uralic languages , and the nature of the attested Indo-European words for flora and fauna. The pre-history of Indo-Aryan languages which preceded Vedic Sanskrit is unclear and various hypotheses place it over a fairly wide limit. According to Thomas Burrow, based on
11400-614: The context of a speech or language, is found in verses 5.28.17–19 of the Ramayana . Outside the learned sphere of written Classical Sanskrit, vernacular colloquial dialects ( Prakrits ) continued to evolve. Sanskrit co-existed with numerous other Prakrit languages of ancient India. The Prakrit languages of India also have ancient roots and some Sanskrit scholars have called these Apabhramsa , literally 'spoiled'. The Vedic literature includes words whose phonetic equivalent are not found in other Indo-European languages but which are found in
11550-537: The country's largest producer of ferrous alloys , is in Choudwar, Cuttack. A mega-auto complex is in implementation stages on the city's outskirts. Cuttack occupies a very significant place in the logistics map of the country. The number of medium- and small-scale industries concentrated around Cuttack is by far the largest among the cities in the state. The industrial estates in and around Cuttack number around eight. Jagatpur and Khapuria are industrial estates inside
11700-693: The country, in January 1982, when India beat England by five wickets to win the series 2–1. In the first Test match here, five seasons later, the Sri Lankans were greeted with an underprepared wicket affording vastly unpredictable bounce. Dilip Vengsarkar, then at the most dizzying heights of his career, made his highest Test score of 166, his fourth century in eight Tests, when no other batsman on either side crossed 60. The Lankans were rolled over twice as India seized an innings and 67-run victory. Kapil Dev bagged his 300th Test victim, bowling Rumesh Ratnayake with
11850-653: The crystallization of Classical Sanskrit. As in this period the Indo-Aryan tribes had not yet made contact with the inhabitants of the South of the subcontinent, this suggests a significant presence of Dravidian speakers in North India (the central Gangetic plain and the classical Madhyadeśa) who were instrumental in this substratal influence on Sanskrit. Extant manuscripts in Sanskrit number over 30 million, one hundred times those in Greek and Latin combined, constituting
12000-467: The detailed and sophisticated treatise then transmitted it through his students. Modern scholarship generally accepts that he knew of a form of writing, based on references to words such as Lipi ('script') and lipikara ('scribe') in section 3.2 of the Aṣṭādhyāyī . The Classical Sanskrit language formalized by Pāṇini, states Renou, is "not an impoverished language", rather it is "a controlled and
12150-471: The differences between the Vedic and Classical Sanskrit. Louis Renou published in 1956, in French, a more extensive discussion of the similarities, the differences and the evolution of the Vedic Sanskrit within the Vedic period and then to the Classical Sanskrit along with his views on the history. This work has been translated by Jagbans Balbir. The earliest known use of the word Saṃskṛta (Sanskrit), in
12300-460: The distant major ancient languages of the world. The Indo-Aryan migrations theory explains the common features shared by Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages by proposing that the original speakers of what became Sanskrit arrived in South Asia from a region of common origin, somewhere north-west of the Indus region , during the early 2nd millennium BCE. Evidence for such a theory includes
12450-549: The early 10th and 11th centuries. The island is connected to the mainland on the other side by a suspension bridge, which is the first and only of its kind in the state. Paramhansa Nath Temple, Biribat built, 11th A.D., 4 km from the Cuttack-Paradeep Road. This is situated right on the banks of the River Kathajodi. Another hidden gem of Katak, and it has been standing upright 80 feet for 1000 years. This
12600-548: The first language of the respective speakers. The Sanskrit language brought Indo-Aryan speaking people together, particularly its elite scholars. Some of these scholars of Indian history regionally produced vernacularized Sanskrit to reach wider audiences, as evidenced by texts discovered in Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Maharashtra. Once the audience became familiar with the easier to understand vernacularized version of Sanskrit, those interested could graduate from colloquial Sanskrit to
12750-498: The former being the state's second four-screen multiplex after its Bhubaneswar branch. Odisha's First Cinema Hall marks its beginning from Cuttack. In 1926, a mobile cinema hall named Chameria Cinema Company showed films. Thereafter, Annapurna Theatre came into existence. In 1932, Hallmuk Cinema Hall marked its beginning at Tinkonia Bagicha. Movies like Harischandra and Odia's first movie, Sita Bibaha , were screened at this cinema hall in 1934. Another cinema hall named Capital Cinema
12900-412: The foundation of Vyākaraṇa, a Vedānga . The Aṣṭādhyāyī was not the first description of Sanskrit grammar, but it is the earliest that has survived in full, and the culmination of a long grammatical tradition that Fortson says, is "one of the intellectual wonders of the ancient world". Pāṇini cites ten scholars on the phonological and grammatical aspects of the Sanskrit language before him, as well as
13050-537: The gods Varuna, Mitra, Indra, and Nasatya found in the earliest layers of the Vedic literature. O Bṛhaspati, when in giving names they first set forth the beginning of Language, Their most excellent and spotless secret was laid bare through love, When the wise ones formed Language with their mind, purifying it like grain with a winnowing fan, Then friends knew friendships – an auspicious mark placed on their language. — Rigveda 10.71.1–4 Translated by Roger Woodard The Vedic Sanskrit found in
13200-504: The head of the delta formed between the tributary Kathajodi river and the main river Mahanadi has come up by the name of Markat Nagar (popularly known as CDA by the local residents), which is spread across 2000 acres. CDA has 15 sectors out of which 11 are residential and has a population of around 150,000. Jagatpur and Mahanadi Vihar are the other two townships in the city. Mahanadi Vihar is the first satellite city project in Odisha . Cuttack
13350-494: The heart of the ancient city. Gada Chandi Temple, situated within the premises of the Barabati Fort , is one of the oldest temples in Cuttack and is believed to be the older temple of Cuttack Chandi before her shift to the present Cuttack Chandi Temple. Dedicated to the worship of Lord Shiva, Dhabaleswar Temple is situated on an exotic island in the Mahanadi River and is embellished with stone carvings that date back to
13500-431: The historic Sanskrit literary culture and the failure of new Sanskrit literature to assimilate into the changing cultural and political environment. Sheldon Pollock states that in some crucial way, "Sanskrit is dead ". After the 12th century, the Sanskrit literary works were reduced to "reinscription and restatements" of ideas already explored, and any creativity was restricted to hymns and verses. This contrasted with
13650-486: The intense change that must have occurred in the pre-Vedic period between the Proto-Indo-Aryan language and Vedic Sanskrit. The noticeable differences between the Vedic and the Classical Sanskrit include the much-expanded grammar and grammatical categories as well as the differences in the accent, the semantics and the syntax. There are also some differences between how some of the nouns and verbs end, as well as
13800-432: The largest cultural heritage that any civilization has produced prior to the invention of the printing press. — Foreword of Sanskrit Computational Linguistics (2009), Gérard Huet, Amba Kulkarni and Peter Scharf Sanskrit has been the predominant language of Hindu texts encompassing a rich tradition of philosophical and religious texts, as well as poetry, music, drama , scientific , technical and others. It
13950-887: The largest wholesale commodities market of the state at Malgodown, and Chhatra Bazaar caters to the whole state. Cuttack has a Doordarshan centre that telecasts Odia programs. The Cuttack station of All India Radio started post-independence in 1948 and broadcasts programs in AM as well as FM bandwidth, catering to the whole state . At present, Cuttack has six local radio stations broadcasting on FM , including two from AIR. The private FM stations include 91.9 Sarthak FM, BIG 92.7 FM, RED 93.5 FM, and Radio Choklate 104 FM. Among several print media houses located at Cuttack, Oriya newspapers published here include The Samaja (founded by Utkala Mani Gopabandhu Das), Prajatantra (founded by Harekrushna Mahatab, former Chief Minister of Odisha and former Governor of Maharashtra ), Sambad , Dharitri , and
14100-412: The linguistic expression and sets the standard for the Sanskrit language. Pāṇini made use of a technical metalanguage consisting of a syntax, morphology and lexicon. This metalanguage is organised according to a series of meta-rules, some of which are explicitly stated while others can be deduced. Despite differences in the analysis from that of modern linguistics, Pāṇini's work has been found valuable and
14250-514: The literary works. The Indian tradition, states Winternitz , has favored the learning and the usage of multiple languages from the ancient times. Sanskrit was a spoken language in the educated and the elite classes, but it was also a language that must have been understood in a wider circle of society because the widely popular folk epics and stories such as the Ramayana , the Mahabharata ,
14400-559: The local artists. Sarala Sahitya Sansad, Utkal Sahitya Samaj, and Marwari Yuva Manch are some other organisations contributing to the rich culture of Odisha. Cuttack has been the seat of various literary activities, and many notable writers and poets lived and worked here. There are many old libraries in Cuttack, including the first library of the state, Kanika Library at Ravenshaw University, Biswanath Pandit Central Library, Odisha Urdu Library, Madhusudan Library, PK Padhihari Pathagara, Bakul Library, and Biren Mitra Library. CMC Sahid Bhawan has
14550-530: The lowest is 5.8 °C (42.4 °F) recorded on 7 January 1986. Due to its proximity to the coast, the city is prone to cyclones from the Bay of Bengal . One such cyclone struck Cuttack in 1971 , resulting in more than 10,000 deaths in the state. The Bureau of Indian Standards places the city inside seismic zone III on a scale ranging from I to V in order of increasing susceptibility to earthquakes. The United Nations Development Programme reports that there
14700-441: The mask pattern was conducted in his presence at Binod Behari Devi Mandap. The remains of the old moated Barabati Fort still exist in the heart of Cuttack. Cuttack is located at 20°31′23″N 085°47′17″E / 20.52306°N 85.78806°E / 20.52306; 85.78806 and has an average elevation of 36 metres (118 ft). The city is spread across an area of 192.5 km (74 sq mi). The city
14850-536: The mid-15th or 16th century. Other deities around the temple are Parvati, Kartikeya, and Ganesh. A big bull figure and Rama-abhisekha images are found on the northern wall of the temple. Two Vishnu images are found on the outer walls of the temple. Built by the Somavanshi Dynasty. The temple is located beside the Cuttack–Bhubaneswar national highway. It is built entirely of white marble. Ramdev Pir
15000-511: The modern age include the Samaveda , Yajurveda , Atharvaveda , along with the embedded and layered Vedic texts such as the Brahmanas , Aranyakas , and the early Upanishads . These Vedic documents reflect the dialects of Sanskrit found in the various parts of the northwestern, northern, and eastern Indian subcontinent. According to Michael Witzel, Vedic Sanskrit was a spoken language of
15150-429: The more advanced Classical Sanskrit. Rituals and the rites-of-passage ceremonies have been and continue to be the other occasions where a wide spectrum of people hear Sanskrit, and occasionally join in to speak some Sanskrit words such as namah . Classical Sanskrit is the standard register as laid out in the grammar of Pāṇini , around the fourth century BCE. Its position in the cultures of Greater India
15300-401: The most advanced analysis of linguistics until the twentieth century. Pāṇini's comprehensive and scientific theory of grammar is conventionally taken to mark the start of Classical Sanskrit. His systematic treatise inspired and made Sanskrit the preeminent Indian language of learning and literature for two millennia. It is unclear whether Pāṇini himself wrote his treatise or he orally created
15450-602: The most archaic poems of the Iranian and Greek language families, the Gathas of old Avestan and Iliad of Homer . As the Rigveda was orally transmitted by methods of memorisation of exceptional complexity, rigour and fidelity, as a single text without variant readings, its preserved archaic syntax and morphology are of vital importance in the reconstruction of the common ancestor language Proto-Indo-European . Sanskrit does not have an attested native script: from around
15600-409: The mountains of what is today northern Afghanistan across northern Pakistan and into northwestern India. Vedic Sanskrit interacted with the preexisting ancient languages of the subcontinent, absorbing names of newly encountered plants and animals; in addition, the ancient Dravidian languages influenced Sanskrit's phonology and syntax. Sanskrit can also more narrowly refer to Classical Sanskrit ,
15750-476: The municipal corporation and the municipal commissioner is head of the executive arm. A municipal commissioner is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer appointed by the state government. Subhash Chandra Singh is the first directly elected mayor of Cuttack and holds executive power in the Municipal Corporation. Cuttack City is divided into three constituencies, which are represented at
15900-460: The north across the Birupa River, while in the east it begins at Kandarpur and runs west as far as Naraj. Four rivers, including Mahanadi and its distributaries Kathajodi , Kuakhai and, Birupa, run through the city. Further Kathajodi is distributed into Devi and Biluakhai, which often makes the geographical area look like fibrous roots. Cuttack and Bhubaneswar are often referred to as
16050-435: The northwest in the late Bronze Age . Sanskrit is the sacred language of Hinduism , the language of classical Hindu philosophy , and of historical texts of Buddhism and Jainism . It was a link language in ancient and medieval South Asia, and upon transmission of Hindu and Buddhist culture to Southeast Asia, East Asia and Central Asia in the early medieval era, it became a language of religion and high culture , and of
16200-597: The numbers are thought to signify a wish to be aligned with the prestige of the language. Sanskrit has been taught in traditional gurukulas since ancient times; it is widely taught today at the secondary school level. The oldest Sanskrit college is the Benares Sanskrit College founded in 1791 during East India Company rule . Sanskrit continues to be widely used as a ceremonial and ritual language in Hindu and Buddhist hymns and chants . In Sanskrit,
16350-692: The oldest school of Odisha which proudly boasts many eminent personalities in its alumni including Netaji Subash Chandra Bose , Biju Patnaik , Harekrushna Mahatab , etc. Its situated in Cuttack. Some of the other prominent Odia medium schools of the city include Secondary Board High School , Jobra High School , Ravenshaw Girls High School , Ranihat High School, Nua Bazar High School, Odisha Police High School, Sri Aurobindo Institute of Higher Studies and Research Matrubhaban , Christ Collegiate School, Kamalakanta Vidayapitha, Peary Mohan Academy, Badambadi New Colony High School, Buckley Girls School , Sri Aurobindo School Of New Thought, CRRI High School. The city has
16500-403: The oral transmission of the texts is reliable: they are ceremonial literature, where the exact phonetic expression and its preservation were a part of the historic tradition. However some scholars have suggested that the original Ṛg-veda differed in some fundamental ways in phonology compared to the sole surviving version available to us. In particular that retroflex consonants did not exist as
16650-615: The other regular Indian festivals like Ratha Yatra , Raja , Ganesh Chaturthi , Vasant Panchami , Holi , Diwali , Chhath , Eid , Good Friday , Christmas, and the numerous festivals are celebrated here. Cuttack is the street food capital of Odisha. It is famous for its Dahibara Aludam , a local delicacy made using black gram (a cousin of the mung bean) and potato curry. Chhena poda and Rasagulla from Salepur by Bikalananda Kar are local desserts made of unripened curd cheese made from buffalo or cow milk. Apart from Dahibara Aloodam: Chaat, Gupchup (puchuka/panipuri), and samosas rule
16800-431: The other." Reinöhl further states that there is a symmetric relationship between Dravidian languages like Kannada or Tamil, with Indo-Aryan languages like Bengali or Hindi, whereas the same relationship is not found for non-Indo-Aryan languages, for example, Persian or English: A sentence in a Dravidian language like Tamil or Kannada becomes ordinarily good Bengali or Hindi by substituting Bengali or Hindi equivalents for
16950-529: The political elites in some of these regions. As a result, Sanskrit had a lasting impact on the languages of South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia, especially in their formal and learned vocabularies. Sanskrit generally connotes several Old Indo-Aryan language varieties. The most archaic of these is the Vedic Sanskrit found in the Rigveda , a collection of 1,028 hymns composed between 1500 BCE and 1200 BCE by Indo-Aryan tribes migrating east from
17100-414: The possible influence of Dravidian on Sanskrit is only one of many items of syntactic assimilation, not least among them the large repertoire of morphological modality and aspect that, once one knows to look for it, can be found everywhere in classical and postclassical Sanskrit". The main influence of Dravidian on Sanskrit is found to have been concentrated in the timespan between the late Vedic period and
17250-439: The previous 1,500 years when "great experiments in moral and aesthetic imagination" marked the Indian scholarship using Classical Sanskrit, states Pollock. Scholars maintain that the Sanskrit language did not die, but rather only declined. Jurgen Hanneder disagrees with Pollock, finding his arguments elegant but "often arbitrary". According to Hanneder, a decline or regional absence of creative and innovative literature constitutes
17400-480: The problems of interpretation and misunderstanding. The purifying structure of the Sanskrit language removes these imperfections. The early Sanskrit grammarian Daṇḍin states, for example, that much in the Prakrit languages is etymologically rooted in Sanskrit, but involves "loss of sounds" and corruptions that result from a "disregard of the grammar". Daṇḍin acknowledged that there are words and confusing structures in Prakrit that thrive independent of Sanskrit. This view
17550-552: The prominent colleges include Ravenshaw College, Stewart Science College, Christ College, Choudwar College, Choudwar women's college, Cuttack College, Jatiya Kabi Bira Kishore (J.K.B.K.) College, Netaji City College, Raghunathjew College, Sailabala Women's College , Emarti Devi Women's College , Indira Gandhi Women's College ,Sri Aurobindo School Of New Thought, City Women's College, Sri Aurobindo Institute of Higher Studies & Research Matrubhaban, Kishore Nagar College, Kandarpur College. Sailabala Women's college established in 1913
17700-432: The quantity of Muslim households in the city, traditional Islamic and Mughlai cuisines like Biriyani , Tandoor , and Sheer kurma are also popular among the denizens. Due to its close proximity to Paradip and Mahanadi catchment areas, Cuttack is one of the major producers and consumers of fish. Fish curry is a popular dish among Odia households. Cuttack has been the home to many notable personalities who have contributed
17850-469: The ranking system used by the Government of India . The old and most important part of the city is centred on a strip of land between the Kathajodi River and the Mahanadi River , bounded on the south-east by Old Jagannath Road. The city, being a part of the Cuttack Municipal Corporation consisting of 59 wards. Cuttack stretches from Phulnakhara across the Kathajodi in the south to Choudwar in
18000-609: The regional Prakrit languages, which makes it likely that the interaction, the sharing of words and ideas began early in the Indian history. As the Indian thought diversified and challenged earlier beliefs of Hinduism, particularly in the form of Buddhism and Jainism , the Prakrit languages such as Pali in Theravada Buddhism and Ardhamagadhi in Jainism competed with Sanskrit in the ancient times. However, states Paul Dundas , these ancient Prakrit languages had "roughly
18150-497: The relationship between various Indo-European languages, the origin of all these languages may possibly be in what is now Central or Eastern Europe, while the Indo-Iranian group possibly arose in Central Russia. The Iranian and Indo-Aryan branches separated quite early. It is the Indo-Aryan branch that moved into eastern Iran and then south into South Asia in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE. Once in ancient India,
18300-514: The right being Devi while the left is Biluakhai. Mahanadi runs through the city on the northern side, separating the main city from the Jagatpur Industrial Area. The Kathajodi River forms a riverine island of Bayalis Mouza (42 Wards) after separating the main city from Gopalpur. The Kuakhai River separates the southern part of the city into two halves, namely Pratap Nagri and the new township of Naranpur. The Kuakhai runs throughout
18450-562: The role of language, the ontological status of painting word-images through sound, and the need for rules so that it can serve as a means for a community of speakers, separated by geography or time, to share and understand profound ideas from each other. These speculations became particularly important to the Mīmāṃsā and the Nyaya schools of Hindu philosophy, and later to Vedanta and Mahayana Buddhism, states Frits Staal —a scholar of Linguistics with
18600-496: The same relationship to Sanskrit as medieval Italian does to Latin". The Indian tradition states that the Buddha and the Mahavira preferred the Prakrit language so that everyone could understand it. However, scholars such as Dundas have questioned this hypothesis. They state that there is no evidence for this and whatever evidence is available suggests that by the start of the common era, hardly anybody other than learned monks had
18750-590: The seat of the new Orissa Subah (imperial top-level province) under Shah Jahan . By 1750, Cuttack came under the Maratha Empire , and it grew fast as a business centre, being the convenient point of contact between the Bhonsale Marathas of Nagpur and the English merchants of Bengal . The term "Attock te Cuttack" ( Attock to Cuttack) was first used to describe the extent of the Maratha Empire after they conquered Cuttack in 1750 and Attock in 1758. It
18900-556: The semi-nomadic Aryans . The Vedic Sanskrit language or a closely related Indo-European variant was recognized beyond ancient India as evidenced by the " Mitanni Treaty" between the ancient Hittite and Mitanni people, carved into a rock, in a region that now includes parts of Syria and Turkey. Parts of this treaty, such as the names of the Mitanni princes and technical terms related to horse training, for reasons not understood, are in early forms of Vedic Sanskrit. The treaty also invokes
19050-427: The series 2–1. It hosted its first ever Test match five years later where India played hosts to Sri Lanka. Though it is not a regular Test venue, it continues to host One-Day Internationals regularly. It also hosted the 2013 Women's Cricket World Cup . This ground is also known for its good playing conditions and smooth experiences. The cricket and football venue is equipped with floodlights for day-and-night games and
19200-509: The service sector and, thus, the floating population. The presence of Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI), the largest rice research institute in Asia, adds to the importance of Cuttack in the agricultural map of the country. The presence of Odisha High Court and the SCB Medical & College , the largest medical institution in the state, further nourishes the service sector. Education is
19350-615: The social structures such as the role of the poet and the priests, the patronage economy, the phrasal equations, and some of the poetic metres. While there are similarities, state Jamison and Brereton, there are also differences between Vedic Sanskrit, the Old Avestan, and the Mycenaean Greek literature. For example, unlike the Sanskrit similes in the Ṛg-veda, the Old Avestan Gathas lack simile entirely, and it
19500-421: The south of the city along Phulnakhara before entering Bhubaneswar. The Birupa river runs through the north of Jagatpur Industrial Area, separating it from Choudwar. There are numerous ponds known as ( pokharis ) in the city that store rainwater. The Mahanadi provides much of the drinking water to the city. Recent growth of the city has resulted in expansion across the Kathajodi River , and a newer township towards
19650-583: The state's Odisha First Division League football matches. The Barabati Stadium is one of the older grounds in India, having hosted several touring sides – including the MCC, the West Indies team and the Australians – before it hosted its first international cricket match. It hosted only the third one-day international in this country, in January 1982, when India put it across England by five wickets to lift
19800-795: The state, and two years later, in 1976, it established the Orissa Film Development Corporation in Cuttack. One of the regional offices for the Central Board of Film Certification is situated in Cuttack. The city has several cinemas playing movies in Odia, Hindi, and English. Historically, Cuttack accounted for almost half of the number of cinema halls in the state, but eventually, those numbers declined. Presently, Cuttack hosts five single-screen movie theatres named Grand, Brindaban, Samrat, Nishamani, and Jayashree. It also houses two multiplexes, namely Inox and Sangam,
19950-527: The state. Famous ones include Matrubhaban, Josoda Sadan, Daya Ashram, Basundhara orphanage, Odisha Children's Orphanage, Leprosy Home, Regional Institute of Mental Health, etc. Cuttack is widely known as the commercial capital of Odisha. It is believed to have the largest GDP among all cities in Odisha due to its large business houses and a wide range of industries ranging from ferrous alloys, steel, and logistics to agriculture and traditional industries like textiles and handicrafts. There are many trading houses in
20100-425: The streets. The city has major food joints like Chandini Chowk, Bidanasi, Stadium Road, Buxi Bazar, Dolamundai, Choudhary Bazar, etc. Thunka puri is a famous delicacy available only during Baliyatra. Traditional Oriya food such as Dahi-Pakhal (rice soaked in water with yoghurt and seasonings) is considered a body coolant, accompanied by Badi chura or saga , and is consumed during the months of April–June. Due to
20250-653: The turn of the 1st-millennium CE, it has been written in various Brahmic scripts , and in the modern era most commonly in Devanagari . Sanskrit's status, function, and place in India's cultural heritage are recognized by its inclusion in the Constitution of India 's Eighth Schedule languages . However, despite attempts at revival, there are no first-language speakers of Sanskrit in India. In each of India's recent decennial censuses, several thousand citizens have reported Sanskrit to be their mother tongue, but
20400-711: The two Test matches played here, and have an 11–4 win–loss record in ODIs. In 2012, OCA named the indoor cricket hall at Barabati Stadium after Sachin Tendulkar . The following table summarises the Test centuries scored at the Barabati Stadium. The following table summarises the One Day centuries scored at the Barabati Stadium. Match Information : Test Match Statistics : ODI Match Statistics : This stadium
20550-408: The variants in the usage of Sanskrit in different regions of India. The ten Vedic scholars he quotes are Āpiśali, Kaśyapa , Gārgya, Gālava, Cakravarmaṇa, Bhāradvāja , Śākaṭāyana, Śākalya, Senaka and Sphoṭāyana. In the Aṣṭādhyāyī , language is observed in a manner that has no parallel among Greek or Latin grammarians. Pāṇini's grammar, according to Renou and Filliozat, is a classic that defines
20700-564: The vernacular Prakrits. Many Sanskrit dramas indicate that the language coexisted with the vernacular Prakrits. The cities of Varanasi , Paithan , Pune and Kanchipuram were centers of classical Sanskrit learning and public debates until the arrival of the colonial era. According to Lamotte , Sanskrit became the dominant literary and inscriptional language because of its precision in communication. It was, states Lamotte, an ideal instrument for presenting ideas, and as knowledge in Sanskrit multiplied, so did its spread and influence. Sanskrit
20850-502: The Ṛg-veda is distinctly more archaic than other Vedic texts, and in many respects, the Rigvedic language is notably more similar to those found in the archaic texts of Old Avestan Zoroastrian Gathas and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey . According to Stephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. Brereton – Indologists known for their translation of the Ṛg-veda – the Vedic Sanskrit literature "clearly inherited" from Indo-Iranian and Indo-European times
21000-434: Was 658,986, of which 331,246 are males and 327,740 are females. There were 48,585 children aged 0–6, 8.02% of the total population of Cuttack City: 25,358 boys and 23,227 girls. The gender ratio of Cuttack City was 997 per 1000 males, and for children, 916 girls per 1000 boys. Cuttack has an average literacy rate of 91.17%, with male literacy at 97.87% and female literacy at 84.49%. The Cuttack ranks high in literacy rate among
21150-408: Was a spoken language ( bhasha ) used by the cultured and educated. Some sutras expound upon the variant forms of spoken Sanskrit versus written Sanskrit. Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Xuanzang mentioned in his memoir that official philosophical debates in India were held in Sanskrit, not in the vernacular language of that region. According to Sanskrit linguist professor Madhav Deshpande, Sanskrit
21300-427: Was a spoken language in a colloquial form by the mid-1st millennium BCE which coexisted with a more formal, grammatically correct form of literary Sanskrit. This, states Deshpande, is true for modern languages where colloquial incorrect approximations and dialects of a language are spoken and understood, along with more "refined, sophisticated and grammatically accurate" forms of the same language being found in
21450-472: Was adopted voluntarily as a vehicle of high culture, arts, and profound ideas. Pollock disagrees with Lamotte, but concurs that Sanskrit's influence grew into what he terms a "Sanskrit Cosmopolis" over a region that included all of South Asia and much of southeast Asia. The Sanskrit language cosmopolis thrived beyond India between 300 and 1300 CE. Today, it is believed that Kashmiri is the closest language to Sanskrit. Reinöhl mentions that not only have
21600-591: Was also built in Tinkonia Bagicha in 1936. The second Odia film, Lalita , was released at the same hall. Similarly, in 1944–45 Pravat Cinema Hall near Baropathar, in 1951 Hind Cinema was built. In 1962, United Talkies opened in Saheed Bhawan. Thereafter, Parvati Talkies was also built in Kalyanmandap of Cuttack Municipality. In 1969, Grand Cinema and Suraj Talkies and 1972 Jyoti Cinema, which
21750-738: Was also the language of some of the oldest surviving, authoritative and much followed philosophical works of Jainism such as the Tattvartha Sutra by Umaswati . The Sanskrit language has been one of the major means for the transmission of knowledge and ideas in Asian history. Indian texts in Sanskrit were already in China by 402 CE, carried by the influential Buddhist pilgrim Faxian who translated them into Chinese by 418 CE. Xuanzang , another Chinese Buddhist pilgrim, learnt Sanskrit in India and carried 657 Sanskrit texts to China in
21900-1016: Was constructed during the second half of the 20th century and is remarkable for its artistic design. Although there are several churches in Cuttack, the oldest among them all is the Church of Epiphany on the Cantonment Road, built in the year 1865. This iconic brick structure is an example of the British-era colonial architecture . Other famous temples in Cuttack are Gada Chandi Temple, Khannagar Sai Mandir, Amareswar Temple, Raghunath Jew Temple, Gopal Jew Temple, Nitai Gouranga Matha, Rasabihari Matha, Shyamsundar Matha, Ramakrishna Mission|Ramakriskna Mission]], Maa Jhanjhirimangala Temple, Dolamundai Jagannath Temple, Chahata Ram Mandir, Badambadi Siddhivinayak Temple, Khannagar Kali Mandir, Kalia Boda Shani Temple, etc. Cuttack also houses many churches, including Holy Rosary Church and Oriya Baptist Church . All
22050-541: Was occupied by the British in 1803 and later became the capital of the Odisha division in 1816. From 1948 onwards, when the capital was shifted to Bhubaneswar , the city remained the administrative headquarters for the state of Odisha . The introduction of the Sharadiya Utsav tradition in the city dates back to the visit of Saint Chaitanya in the 16th century, when the consecration of the idol of Durga by using
22200-446: Was renamed Laxmi Hall, started. Later, more opened: Durga Hall (1979), Nisamani Hall, Samrat Hall (1980), Brundaban Hall, Sagar Sangam Hall, Devi Cinema (1982), Rajtarangini (1983), Jaysree Talkies (1985). In 2018, Inox Multiplex opened, as Odisha's second after Bhubaneswar Inox. According to the 2011 census of India, the population of Cuttack City in 2011 was 606,007: 331,246 male and 302,477 female. Its urban / metropolitan population
22350-403: Was the main venue of the 2012 Santosh Trophy football tournament which was won by Services . Cuttack Cuttack ( / ˈ k ʌ t ə k / , or officially Kataka in Odia [ˈkɔʈɔkɔ] ), is the former capital, deputy capital and the 2nd largest city of the Indian state of Odisha . It is also the headquarters of the Cuttack district . The name of the city
22500-442: Was visualized as "pervading all creation", another representation of the world itself; the "mysterious magnum" of Hindu thought. The search for perfection in thought and the goal of liberation were among the dimensions of sacred sound, and the common thread that wove all ideas and inspirations together became the quest for what the ancient Indians believed to be a perfect language, the "phonocentric episteme" of Sanskrit. Sanskrit as
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