Barataria Bay ( French : Baie de Barataria ), also Barrataria Bay , is a bay of the Gulf of Mexico , about 15 miles (24 km) long and 12 miles (19 km) wide, in southeastern Louisiana , in Jefferson Parish and Plaquemines Parish , United States . It is separated from the gulf by two barrier islands , Grand Isle and Grand Terre.
106-545: The bay takes its name from the Spanish novel Don Quixote , in which the insula Barataria , or Barataria island, appears as a fictional territory governed by Sancho Panza . The bay is indented and marshy, with many islands. The surrounding low-lying Barataria country, south of New Orleans and west of the Mississippi River Delta , is noted for its shrimp industry (based at villages built on pilings above
212-427: A 20-to-100-foot (6.1 to 30.5 m) oil and gas geyser. The geyser was brought under control and the wellhead was repaired and capped on 1 August 2010, five days after the collision. 29°22′27″N 89°56′17″W / 29.37411°N 89.93813°W / 29.37411; -89.93813 Spanish literature#Baroque Spanish literature is literature ( Spanish poetry , prose , and drama) written in
318-502: A Dios, preguntándole por qué se pudre lentamente mi alma, por qué se pudren más de un millón de cadáveres en esta ciudad de Madrid, por qué mil millones de cadáveres se pudren lentamente en el mundo. Dime, ¿qué huerto quieres abonar con nuestra podredumbre? ¿Temes que se te sequen los grandes rosales del día, las tristes azucenas letales de tus noches? Poems by José Hierro , Blas de Otero , and Gabriel Celaya were more direct, penning poems with such transparent titles as Canto
424-567: A España (Hierro), A la inmensa mayoría (Otero), or La poesía es un arma cargada de futuro (Celaya). Francisco de Quevedo Francisco Gómez de Quevedo y Santibáñez Villegas , Knight of the Order of Santiago ( Spanish pronunciation: [fɾanˈθisko ðe keˈβeðo] ; 14 September 1580 – 8 September 1645) was a Spanish nobleman, politician and writer of the Baroque era . Along with his lifelong rival, Luis de Góngora , Quevedo
530-486: A devastating impact on Spanish writing. Among the handful of civil war poets and writers, Miguel Hernández stands out. During the early dictatorship (1939–1955), literature followed dictator Francisco Franco 's reactionary vision of a second, Catholic Spanish golden age. By the mid-1950s, just as with the novel, a new generation which had only experienced the Spanish Civil War in childhood was coming of age. By
636-521: A devastating impact on the trajectory of Spanish letters. In July 1936, Spain was at the height of its Silver Age. Every major writer of the three major generations—1898, 1914, and 1927—was still alive and productive. Those of 1914 and 1927 were at the height or just reaching the height of their literary powers. Several were recognized among Western civilization's most talented and influential writers. But by April 1939, Miguel de Unamuno, Antonio Machado, and Federico García Lorca, among others, were dead. All but
742-691: A general cultural crisis in Spain. The "Disaster" of 1898 led established writers to seek practical political, economic, and social solutions in essays grouped under the literary heading of "Regeneracionismo". For a group of younger writers, among them Miguel de Unamuno , Pío Baroja , and José Martínez Ruiz (Azorín), the Disaster and its cultural repercussions inspired a deeper, more radical literary shift that affected both form and content. These writers, along with Ramón del Valle-Inclán , Antonio Machado , Ramiro de Maeztu , and Ángel Ganivet , came to be known as
848-547: A greater sense of distance and objectivity. These writers had enjoyed more formal academic training than their predecessors, many taught within the walls of academia, and one, Azaña, was to become President and face of the Second Republic. Their genre of choice were the essay and the article, their arguments more systematic, and their tastes, more European. In contrast to Unamuno's existential obsessions or Machado's conceptual, earth-bound verse, Juan Ramón's poetry pursued
954-665: A martyr to the Republican cause but this time as a post-war prisoner, fighting and writing as a soldier poet throughout the war and then languishing and dying in one of Franco's prisons in 1942. Among his important works, Perito en lunas (1933) from his pre-war surrealist days and Viento del pueblo (1937), evidence of the work of a soldier-poet, stand out. The earliest years of the post-war were characterized more by hunger, repression, and suffering than by any significant literature. The published works of this period were true to pseudo-fascist dictator Francisco Franco's reactionary vision of
1060-516: A more esoteric version of beauty and truth above all, while still manifesting an internalized sense of the existential dilemmas that plagued intellectuals in the first half of the twentieth century. Juan Ramón was Spain's great modernist poet and the maestro of the coming vanguardist Generation of 1927. In 1957 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. José Ortega y Gasset became the spokesman for this and essential every generation of writers in
1166-442: A new type of prose named the verbal portrait. This form is demonstrated by Pulgar's work Claros varones de Castilla in which he represents the detailed lives of twenty-four distinguished contemporaries. He explores their moral and psychological natures as well as physical traits. Pulgar was the official historian of the monarchs Fernando and Isabel, the famous Catholic Monarchs of Spain. This position gave him close encounters with
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#17327803961291272-520: A prominent place for themselves within the Spanish cultural field. The Roman conquest and occupation of the peninsula, spanning from the 3rd century BCE to the 5h century CE, brought a fully developed Latin culture to Spanish territories. While the invasion of Germanic tribes in the fifth century CE put an end to Roman Spain, the tribes’ relative lack of advanced culture, including any kind of literary tradition, meant that any written literature produced in
1378-501: A real man—his battles, conquests, and daily life. The poet, name unknown, wrote the epic in about 1140 and Cid supposedly died forty years before in 1099. This epic represents realism, because nothing was exaggerated and the details are very real, even the geography correctly portrays the areas in which Cid traveled and lived. Unlike other European epics, the poem is not idealized and there is no presence of supernatural beings. It has assonance instead of rhyme and its lines vary in length,
1484-474: A reputation for adulterating and badly preparing medications. His love poetry includes such works as Afectos varios de su corazón, fluctuando en las ondas de los cabellos de Lisi ( Several Reactions of his Heart, Bobbing on the Waves of Lisi's Hair ). As one scholar has written, "Even though women were never very much appreciated by Quevedo, who is labeled as a misogynist , it is impossible to imagine that there
1590-492: A satirical tone, La hora de todos y la Fortuna con seso (1699), with many political, social and religious allusions. He shows in it his ability in the use of language, with word-play and fantastic and real characters. La Isla de los Monopantos , a virulently antisemitic tale in the book portraying a secret Jewish plot to destroy Christendom with the assistance of the Monopanto chief Pragas Chincollos (a satirical portrayal of
1696-688: A second Spanish golden age than to the material and existential anguish facing the majority of the country's population of the time. Neo-baroque poetry and paeans to Franco's Spain satisfied the censors but has enjoyed no subsequent critical shelf-life. Ironically, the narrative production of one of Franco's censors would provide the first sign of literary revival in post-war Spain. In 1942, Camilo José Cela 's novel, La familia de Pascual Duarte , used just enough experimental arrangement (temporally disjointed narrative development to problematize simple accusations of political cause-effect critique; prefaces and post-scripts that confuse authorial intentions) to avoid
1802-417: A sense of deep malaise at the social injustice, political bungling, and cultural indifference evident in contemporary Spanish society. Within a matter of years, these young authors had transformed their nation’s literary landscape. To be sure, established nineteenth century realists, such as Benito Pérez Galdós, continued to write novels and theater into the second decade of the twentieth century, and, again in
1908-542: A small handful of the remaining writers had fled into exile, dispersed across the length of the American continent, most never to enjoy the close associations of conferences, tertulias, and theater premiers that had so often united them in pre-war Madrid. Among the handful of civil war poets and writers, Miguel Hernández stands out. A young disciple and associate of the Generation of 1898, Hernández, like Lorca, became
2014-807: A social realist tradition that was as celebrated as it was short-lived. Spanish poetry experienced renewal along similar lines. Dámaso Alonso 's poem, "Insomnia" (1947) captures much of the angst and sense of violence that informed the works of Cela et al. and that would infuse the Spanish poetry of the era: Madrid es una ciudad de más de un millón de cadáveres (según las últimas estadísticas). A veces en la noche yo me revuelvo y me incorporo en este nicho en el que hace 45 años que me pudro, y paso largas horas oyendo gemir al huracán, o ladrar los perros, o fluir blandamente la luz de la luna. Y paso largas horas gimiendo como el huracán, ladrando como un perro enfurecido, fluyendo como la leche de la ubre caliente de una gran vaca amarilla. Y paso largas horas preguntándole
2120-584: A stop to his career at court, perhaps because the king had an equally rowdy reputation. In fact, in 1632 he would become secretary to the king, thus reaching the apex of his political career. His friend Antonio Juan de la Cerda , the Duke de Medinaceli , forced Quevedo to marry against his will with Doña Esperanza de Aragón, a widow with children. The marriage, made in 1634, barely lasted three months. Quevedo filled these years with febrile creative activity. In 1634 he published La cuna y la sepultura ( The Cradle and
2226-722: A universal manner (all things come to an end). He is still considered a poet of the Middle Ages in that he finds peace and finality in religion. The 15th century may be thought of as a pre-Renaissance period. Literary production increases greatly. Outstanding poets of this century include Juan de Mena and Íñigo López de Mendoza (Marquess of Santillana). Spanish literature of the Middle Ages concludes with La Celestina by Fernando de Rojas . Important Renaissance themes are poetry, with Garcilaso de la Vega and Juan Boscán ; religious literature, with Fray Luis de León , San Juan de la Cruz , and Santa Teresa de Jesús ; and prose, with
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#17327803961292332-440: A very concise manner, and conceptual intricacies are emphasised over elaborate vocabulary. Conceptismo can effect elegant philosophical depth, as well as biting satire and humor, such as in the case of the works of Quevedo and Baltasar Gracián . The first tercet from Quevedo's sonnet ¡Ah de la vida! is considered to exemplify conceptismo in poetry at its peak: Quevedo produced a vast quantity of poetry. His poetry, which
2438-429: A very erudite exchange of letters with the humanist Justus Lipsius , in which Quevedo deplored the wars that were ravaging Europe. The Court returned to Madrid in 1606, and Quevedo followed, remaining till 1611. By then, he was a well-known and accomplished man-of-letters. He befriended and was praised by Miguel de Cervantes and Lope de Vega , the premier playwright of the age. Quevedo's enemies included, among others,
2544-758: A younger group of writers—mostly poets—began publishing works that from their beginnings revealed the extent to which younger artists were absorbing the literary experimentation of the writers of 1898 and 1914. Poets Pedro Salinas , Jorge Guillén , Federico García Lorca , Vicente Aleixandre , Dámaso Alonso , Rafael Alberti , Luis Cernuda , Manuel Altolaguirre were likewise the most closely tied to formal academia yet. Novelists such as Benjamín Jarnés , Rosa Chacel , Francisco Ayala , and Ramón J. Sender were equally experimental and academic. Many of this generation were full-time university professors, while others spent periods as guest teachers and students. All were scholars of their national literary heritage, again evidence of
2650-421: A “generation", contemporary critics and later literary historians were to catalogue and then interpret the arrival of new batches of authors in such generational terms for nearly the next one hundred years. Certainly, the terminology possesses a certain organizational elegance and indeed, recognizes the significant impact of major political and cultural events on changing literary expressions and tastes (for example,
2756-530: Is The Dream of the Last Judgment , in which Quevedo finds himself witnessing the Day of Judgment, and closes with a glimpse of Hell itself. The second dream is The Bedeviled Constable in which a constable is possessed by an evil spirit, which results in the evil spirit begging to be exorcised , since the constable is more evil of the two. The third dream is the long Vision of Hell . The fourth dream-vision
2862-507: Is a frame story or short stories within an overall story. In this work, the Conde Lucanor seeks advice from his wise counselor, Patronio, who gives the advice through the telling of stories. Juan Manuel also wrote lesser-known works such as El libro de los estados on the social classes and El libro del caballero y escudero on philosophical discussions. Toward the end of the Middle Ages, writer Fernando del Pulgar (1436-1490?) created
2968-525: Is an important branch of Spanish literature, with its own particular characteristics dating back to the earliest years of Spain’s conquest of the Americas (see Latin American literature ). The Roman conquest and occupation of the Iberian Peninsula beginning in the 3rd century BC brought a Latin culture to Spanish territories. The Muslim conquest in 711 CE brought the cultures of West Asia and
3074-617: Is called The World from the Inside The last dream is Dream of Death in which Quevedo offers examples of man's dishonest ways. In the Dreams , the somewhat misanthropic Quevedo showcased his antipathy for numerous groups, including but not limited to tailors, innkeepers, alchemists, astrologers, women, the Genovese, Protestants, constables, accountants, Jews, doctors, dentists, apothecaries, and hypocrites of all kinds. He wrote too, in
3180-606: Is characterized by the following points: In the Enlightenment of the 18th century, with the arrival of "the lights" to Spain, important topics are the prose of Fray Benito Jerónimo Feijoo , Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos , and José Cadalso ; the lyric of the Salmantine school (with Juan Meléndez Valdés ), the lyric of the Madrilenian group (with the story-tellers Tomás de Iriarte and Félix María Samaniego ), and
3286-465: Is no book, despicable as it can be, that does not contain something good..."). Quevedo, who was frail and very ill when he left from his confinement in 1643, resigned from royal court definitively to retire at Torre de Juan Abad. He died in the Dominican convent of Villanueva de los Infantes , on 8 September 1645. One tale tells that his tomb was pillaged days later by a gentleman who wished to have
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3392-728: Is the picaresque novel Vida del Buscón or El Buscón (Full original title: Historia de la vida del Buscón, llamado Don Pablos, ejemplo de vagamundos y espejo de tacaños ) published in 1626. The work is divided into three books. The novel was popular in English; it was first translated by John Davies in 1657 under the title The Life and Adventures of Buscon the Witty Spaniard , a second edition appearing in 1670. New translations appeared in 1683 and 1707. Quevedo produced about 15 books on theological and ascetic subjects. These include La cuna y la sepultura (1612; The Cradle and
3498-582: The Arcipreste de Hita is an outstanding lyricist of the fourteenth century. His only work, Libro de buen amor is a framework tale in which he includes translations from Ovid, satires, little poems called serranillas , twenty-nine fables, a sermon on Christian armor, and many lyric poems that praise the Virgin Mary. Poet Íñigo López de Mendoza, the Marqués de Santillana (1398–1458), begins to show
3604-702: The Count-Duke of Olivares ), is believed by some to have been a key influence in Hermann Goedsche 's novel Biarritz , one of the unacknowledged sources of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion . A strident antisemite and opponent of the conversos , Quevedo had described the character of the Portuguese new Christians to Philip IV in his work Execración contra los judíos (a blend of a teological-medieval anti-Jewish worldview and racial antisemitism) in
3710-443: The Enlightenment era of the 18th century, notable works include the prose of Feijoo , Jovellanos , and Cadalso ; the lyric of Juan Meléndez Valdés , Tomás de Iriarte and Félix María Samaniego ), and the theater, with Leandro Fernández de Moratín , Ramón de la Cruz , and Vicente García de la Huerta . In Romanticism (beginning of the 19th century) important topics are: the poetry of José de Espronceda and other poets; prose;
3816-457: The Mester de Clerecía became popular in the thirteenth century. It is the verse form of the learned poets, usually clerics (hence the name 'clerecía'). The poetry was formal, with carefully counted syllables in each line. Popular themes were Christian legends, lives of saints and tales from classical antiquity. The poems were recited to villagers in public plazas. Two traits separate this form from
3922-458: The Poema del Cid (El Cantar de mío Cid) (1140 CE) in the history of Spanish literature, they cannot be seen as a precursor to Spain's great epic poem. What the discovery of the jarchas makes clear instead is that from its origins, the literature of Spain has arisen out of and born witness to a rich, heterogeneous mix of cultures and languages. The epic poem Cantar de Mio Cid was written about
4028-522: The Spanish language within the territory that presently constitutes the Kingdom of Spain . Its development coincides and frequently intersects with that of other literary traditions from regions within the same territory, particularly Catalan literature, Galician intersects as well with Latin, Jewish, and Arabic literary traditions of the Iberian Peninsula . The literature of Spanish America
4134-565: The muwashah , maqama , and nawba . Important works include Al-ʿIqd al-Farīd , Hayy ibn Yaqdhan , The Incoherence of the Incoherence , and Hadith Bayad wa Riyad . The earliest recorded examples of a vernacular Romance-based literature date from the same time and location, the rich mix of Muslim, Jewish, and Christian cultures in Muslim Spain, in which Maimonides , Averroes , and others worked. The Jarchas , dating from
4240-518: The " Generation of 98 ". The label from its outset was controversial and even Azorín, the source of its origin, came to reject it. Nevertheless, it stuck as a way to describe a group of writers who turned in content from the more general exploration of universal middle class values characteristic of Nineteenth Century Realism to an obsession with questions of a more national nature. Their articles, essays, poems, and novels exploring Spanish history and geography carried existential overtones, expressing overall
4346-612: The 1898 connection, or a 1927 literary celebration that briefly united nearly every major vanguard poet in Spain). The next supposed “generation" of Spanish writers following those of ´98 already calls into question the value of such terminology. By the year 1914—the year of the outbreak of the First World War and of the publication of the first major work of the generation's leading voice, José Ortega y Gasset —a number of slightly younger writers had established their own place within
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4452-590: The 9th to the 12th centuries C.E., were short poems spoken in local colloquial Hispano-Romance dialects, known as Mozarabic , but written in Arabic script. The Jarchas appeared at the end of longer poetry written in Arabic or Hebrew known as muwashshah , which were lengthy glosses on the ideas expressed in the jarchas. Typically spoken in the voice of a woman, the jarchas express the anxieties of love, particularly of its loss. This combination of Hispano-Romance expression with Arabic script, only discovered in 1948, locates
4558-589: The Grave ) and La providencia de Dios (1641; The Providence of God ). His works on literary criticism include La culta latiniparla ( The Craze for Speaking Latin ) and Aguja de navegar cultos ( Compass for Navigating among Euphuistic Reefs ). Both works were written with the purpose of attacking culteranismo . Quevedo's satire includes Sueños y discursos , also known as Los Sueños (1627; Dreams and Discourses ). Quevedo employed much word-play in this work, which consists of five "dream-visions." The first
4664-553: The Head of Cardinal Richelieu ) or Carta a Luis XIII ( Letter to Louis XIII ). In 1635 there appeared in Valencia the most important of the numerous libels destined to defame him, El tribunal de la justa venganza, erigido contra los escritos de Francisco de Quevedo, maestro de errores, doctor en desvergüenzas, licenciado en bufonerías, bachiller en suciedades, catedrático de vicios y protodiablo entre los hombres. ( The Court of
4770-429: The Iberian Peninsula continued along Romanized lines. Outstanding amongst the works produced is Saint Isidore of Seville’s ( c. 560–636 ) Etymologiae , an attempted summa of all classical knowledge. Called “the last scholar of the ancient world", St. Isidore penned theological and proto-scientific treatises, letters, and a series of histories that would serve as models for the rest of Western Europe throughout
4876-541: The Middle Ages includes popular poems and the courtly poetry of the nobles. During the 15th century the pre-Renaissance occurred and literary production increased greatly. In the Renaissance important topics were poetry, religious literature, and prose. In the 16th century the first Spanish novels appeared, Lazarillo de Tormes and Guzmán de Alfarache . In the Baroque era of the 17th century important works were
4982-650: The Middle Ages. The arrival of Muslim invaders in 711 CE brought the cultures of the Middle and Far East to the Iberian Peninsula and ultimately to all of Europe. During the era of relative religious tolerance that followed, writers such as the Jewish theologian Maimonides (1135–1204) or the Muslim polymath (1126–1198) Averroes penned works of theology, science, philosophy, and mathematics that would have lasting impacts on Hebrew and Muslim philosophy and prove essential to
5088-473: The North Africa to the peninsula, creating Andalusi literary traditions . In medieval Spanish literature , the earliest recorded examples of a vernacular Romance-based literature mix Muslim, Jewish, and Christian culture. One of the notable works is the epic poem Cantar de Mio Cid , composed some time between 1140 and 1207. Spanish prose gained popularity in the mid-thirteenth century. Lyric poetry in
5194-646: The Sepulchre ) and the translation of La introducción a la vida devota ( Introduction to a Life of Devotion ) of Francis of Sales ; between 1633 and 1635 he completed works like De los remedios de cualquier fortuna ( On the Remedies of Any Fortune ), the Epicteto , Virtud Militante , Los cuatro fantasmas ( The Four Ghosts ), the second part of Política de Dios ( The Politics of God ), Visita y anatomía de la cabeza del cardenal Richelieu ( Visit and Anatomy of
5300-425: The Spanish cultural field. Leading voices include the poet Juan Ramón Jiménez , the academics and essayists Ramón Menéndez Pidal , Gregorio Marañón , Manuel Azaña , Eugenio d'Ors , and Ortega y Gasset, and the novelists Gabriel Miró , Ramón Pérez de Ayala , and Ramón Gómez de la Serna . While still driven by the national and existential questions that obsessed the writers of ´98, they approached these topics with
5406-425: The anonymous El Lazarillo de Tormes . Among the principal features of the Renaissance were the revival of learning based on classical sources, the rise of courtly patronage, the development of perspective in painting, and advances in science. The most important characteristics of the Renaissance are: In the Baroque of the 17th century important topics are the prose of Francisco de Quevedo and Baltasar Gracián ;
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#17327803961295512-453: The arrival of Spain's Second Republic in 1931, the Generation's poets reached the apex of their experimental writings, manifesting a clear awareness of the international vanguard “—isms" sweeping major Western capitals of the day. After 1931, the Generation's writing increasingly displays the imprint of the political and social stresses that would lead to Spain's bloody civil war. The Spanish Civil War , lasting from July 1936 to April 1939, had
5618-402: The author and fencing master Luis Pacheco de Narváez as a result of Quevedo criticizing one of Pacheco's works. Quevedo took off Pacheco's hat in the first encounter. They remained enemies all their lives. In Quevedo's Buscón , this duel was parodied with a fencer relying on mathematical calculations having to run away from a duel with an experienced soldier. Quevedo could be impulsive. He
5724-561: The awe experienced in confronting the sublimity of nature. It elevated folk art, nature and custom. The characteristics of the works of Romanticism are: Various are the themes of the romanticist works: In Realism (end of the 19th century), which is mixed with Naturalism , important topics are the novel, with Juan Valera , José María de Pereda , Benito Pérez Galdós , Emilia Pardo Bazán , Leopoldo Alas (Clarín) , Armando Palacio Valdés , and Vicente Blasco Ibáñez ; poetry, with Ramón de Campoamor , Gaspar Núñez de Arce , and other poets;
5830-468: The bloodless coup of 1868 and that would come to a tragic end with the outbreak of civil war in July 1936. The writing of this supposed generation can be roughly divided into three moments. In their early years their work arises still out of mostly local and national traditions, culminating in their united celebration of the tri-centennial of the death of Golden Age poet Luis de Góngora . From mid decade until
5936-461: The case of Galdós, were much admired by the new generation of writers. Nevertheless, with the novels of Unamuno, Azorín, Pío Baroja, and Valle Inclán, the theater of the latter, and the poetry of Antonio Machado and Unamuno, a definitive literary shift had taken place—a shift in both form and content—pointing towards the more celebrated experimental writings of Spain's vanguard writers of the 1920s. Thanks to Azorín's designation of his fellow writers as
6042-524: The causes of the decadence of Spain as a nation between the 19th and the 20th century is called Regenerationism. It expresses a pessimist judgement about Spain. The regenerationist intellectuals divulgated their studies in journals with a big diffusion, so the movement expanded. Some important Modernist authors are Salvador Rueda , Juan Ramón Jiménez , Miguel de Unamuno and Rubén Darío . The destruction of Spain's fleet in Cuba by U.S. gunboats in 1898 provoked
6148-608: The censors´ cuts and to present to discerning Spanish readers an exposé of a spiritually troubled, socially impoverished, and structurally violent society. Cela was to remain for the next five decades as one of Spain's most important novelists, eventually receiving the Nobel Prize for literature in 1989. With the 1945 publication of the Nadal Prize winning Nada by Carmen Laforet and the 1947 release of Miguel Delibes 's La sombra del ciprés es alargada , readers of intelligent Spanish narrative at last had cause for hope. While
6254-486: The characters in this book, making the work realistic and detailed. Lyric poetry in the Middle Ages can be divided into three groups: the jarchas, the popular poems originating from folk-songs sung by commoners, and the courtly poetry of the nobles. Alfonso X of Castile fits into the third group with his series of three hundred poems, written in Galician: Las cantigas de Santa María. Another poet, Juan Ruiz, or
6360-672: The coastal marshes), muskrat trapping, natural gas wells, oil wells, and sulfur production. Its inlet is connected to the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway system. Barataria Bay was used in the early 19th century as the base of pirates , privateers , and smugglers led by the pirate Jean Lafitte . They were referred to as the Baratarians . Today the bay is a notable source of shrimp and sulfur , as well as of muskrat fur , natural gas , and petroleum . Until Hurricane Betsy made landfall in 1965, Barataria Bay
6466-428: The defense of the country, being convinced of the necessity and inevitability of the hegemony of Spain in the world, something that in the full Spanish decline had to do him much harm. It was also integrated in the tradition of laus Hispaniae, established by San Isidoro and used by Quevedo himself to try to recover the values that he thought, made the nation powerful. In a series of works like his defended Spain, he praised
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#17327803961296572-475: The dramatist Juan Ruiz de Alarcón for, despite his own physical handicaps, Quevedo found Alarcón's redheaded and hunchbacked physique a source of amusement. Quevedo also attacked Juan Pérez de Montalbán , the son of a bookseller with whom he had quarrelled, satirizing him in La Perinola ( The Whirligig ), a piece that he included in his book Para todos ( For Everyone ). In 1608, Quevedo duelled with
6678-524: The early 1960s, Spanish authors moved towards a restless literary experimentation. When Franco died in 1975, the important work of establishing democracy had an immediate impact on Spanish letters. Over the next several years a wealth of young new writers, among them Juan José Millás , Rosa Montero , Javier Marías , Luis Mateo Díez , José María Merino , Félix de Azúa , Cristina Fernández Cubas , Enrique Vila-Matas , Carme Riera , and later Antonio Muñoz Molina and Almudena Grandes , would begin carving out
6784-483: The early models laid down by Cela and Laforet. Equally influenced by the films of the Italian neorealists, novelists such as Luis Romero ( La noria , 1951), Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio ( El jarama , 1956), Jesús Fernández Santos ( Los bravos , 1956), Carmen Martín Gaite ( Entre visillos , 1957), Ignacio Aldecoa ( El fulgor y la sangre , 1954), and Juan Goytisolo ( Juegos de manos , 1954) produced
6890-579: The first half of the twentieth century. In essays like “Meditations on the Quijote," “The Rebellion of the Masses," and most famously, “The Dehumanization of Art," Ortega laid out theories of art and society that lucidly explained and celebrated twentieth century vanguard experimentation while holding fast to an elitist social vision whose eclipse this art ironically expressed. The most elusive voice of this generation, and arguably, unclassifiable within this group
6996-434: The first modern book of laws of the land written in the people's language. Another work was La primera crónica general which accounted for the history of Spain from the creation until the end of Alfonso's father's reign, San Fernando. For his direction of these works and many others he directed, Alfonso X is called the father of Spanish prose. His nephew, Don Juan Manuel is famous for his prose work El Conde Lucanor which
7102-558: The flowering of the European Renaissance centuries later. While none of their works can be considered direct ancestors of a Spanish literary tradition, it was out of the cultural milieu fostered by such intellectual energy that the first written manifestations of a Spanish literature proper arise. The period of Islamic rule in Iberia from 711 to 1492 brought many new literary traditions to Spain. Most literature at this time
7208-472: The following light: "mice they are, Lord, enemies of the light, friends of darkness, unclean, stinking, subterranean". His political works include La política de Dios, y gobierno de Cristo (1617–1626; "The Politics of the Lord") and La vida de Marco Bruto (1632–1644; The Life of Marcus Brutus ). According to writers Javier Martínez-Pinna and Diego Peña "in his writings he always manifested an obsession for
7314-402: The fresh, joyful experimentation of Spain's "Silver Age" writers had disappeared, Cela, Laforet, and Delibes at least showed a renewed commitment to a kind of writing that first, was connected to Spain's material reality, and second, would stretch itself aesthetically in its attempts to capture the experience. By the middle of the next decade, a whole new generation of novelists was latching onto
7420-404: The gold spurs with which Quevedo had been buried. Quevedo was an adherent of the style known as conceptismo , a name derived from concepto , which has been defined as "a brilliant flash of wit expressed in pithy or epigrammatic style." Conceptismo is characterized by a rapid rhythm, directness, simple vocabulary, witty metaphors, and wordplay. In this style, multiple meanings are conveyed in
7526-463: The great statesmen and generals of the age, whom he accompanied as secretary to Italy in 1613, carrying out a number of missions for him which took him to Nice , Venice, and finally back to Madrid. There he engaged in all manner of courtly intrigue to get the viceroyalty of Kingdom of Naples for Osuna, an effort that finally bore fruit in 1616. He then returned to Italy in the Duke's entourage, where he
7632-432: The impact of the calls of “Regeneracionistas" and the Generation of 1898 for Spanish intelligence to turn at least partially inwards. This group of poets continues to be, without contest, the most celebrated and studied of Spain's twentieth century writers. Their work provides a capstone to what some have called the “Silver Age" of Spanish Letters, a period that began with the veritable explosion of novel production following
7738-554: The latter romanticism (post-romanticism) some appear: Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer and Rosalía de Castro . Some anti-romantic poets are Ramón de Campoamor and Gaspar Núñez de Arce . In part a revolt against aristocratic, social, and political norms of the Enlightenment period and a reaction against the rationalization of nature, in art and literature Romanticism stressed strong emotion as a source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as trepidation, horror, and
7844-518: The lyric of the Sevillian school; and also the theater, with Leandro Fernández de Moratín , Ramón de la Cruz and Vicente García de la Huerta . Enlightenment thinkers sought to apply systematic thinking to all forms of human activity, carrying it to the ethical and governmental spheres in exploration of the individual, society and the state. Three phases in the Spanish literature of the 18th century are distinguished: Early Romanticism appeared with
7950-424: The mester de juglaría: didacticism and erudition. Gonzalo de Berceo was one of the greatest advocates of this school, writing on religious subjects. Spanish prose gained popularity in the mid-thirteenth century when King Alfonso X of Castile gave support and recognition to the writing form. He, with the help of his groups of intellectuals, directed the composition of many prose works including Las siete partidas,
8056-501: The most common length being fourteen syllables . This type of verse is known as mester de juglaria (verse form of the minstrels). The epic is divided into three parts, also known as cantos. Medieval Spanish poets recognized the Mester de Juglaría as a literary form written by the minstrels (juglares) and composed of varying line length and use of assonance instead of rhyme. These poems were sung to uneducated audiences, nobles and peasants alike. This Castilian narrative poetry known as
8162-462: The movement away from the traditions of the Middle Ages. He shows a knowledge of Latin authors and familiarity with the works of Dante and Petrarch . Mendoza was also the first to introduce the sonnet into Spanish literature. The last great poet of the Middle Ages is Jorge Manrique . He is famous for his work which laments the death of his father, Coplas a la muerte de su padre . In this piece, Manrique shows classical feelings by expressing himself in
8268-515: The novelists Gabriel Miró , Ramón Pérez de Ayala , and Ramón Gómez de la Serna . Around 1920 a younger group of writers—mostly poets—began publishing works that from their beginnings revealed the extent to which younger artists were absorbing the literary experimentation of the writers of 1898 and 1914. Poets were closely tied to formal academia. Novelists such as Benjamín Jarnés , Rosa Chacel , Francisco Ayala , and Ramón J. Sender were equally experimental and academic. The Spanish Civil War had
8374-681: The plural, quevedos , came to mean "pince-nez" in the Spanish language. Orphaned by the age of six, he was able to attend the Imperial School run by the Jesuits in Madrid. He then attended university at Alcalá de Henares from 1596 to 1600. By his own account, he made independent studies in philosophy, classical languages, Arabic, Hebrew, French and Italian. Quevedo attended the Medrano Academy (Poetic Academy of Madrid) founded by
8480-531: The president Sebastian Francisco de Medrano between 1616-1626. In 1601, Quevedo, as a member of the Court, moved to Valladolid , where the Court had been transferred by the King's minister, the Duke of Lerma . There he studied theology, a subject that would become a lifelong interest, and on which in later life he would compose the treatise Providencia de Dios ( God's Providence ) against atheism. By this time, he
8586-404: The prose of Francisco de Quevedo and Baltasar Gracián . A notable author was Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra , famous for his masterpiece Don Quixote de la Mancha . In this novel Cervantes consolidated the form of literature that the picaresque novel had established in Spain to a fictional narrative that became the template for many novelists throughout the history of Spanish literature. In
8692-791: The rightful revenge, erected against the writings of Francisco de Quevedo, teacher of errors, doctor in shamelessness, licensed in buffoonery, bachelor in dirt, university professor of vices and proto-devil among men. ) In 1639, he was arrested. His books were confiscated. The authorities, hardly giving Quevedo time to get dressed, took the poet to the convent of San Marcos in León . In the monastery Quevedo dedicated himself to reading, as recounted in his Carta moral e instructiva ( Moral and instructive letter ), written to his friend, Adán de la Parra, depicting hour by hour his prison life ("From ten to eleven, I spend my time in prayer and devotions, and from eleven to noon I read good and bad authors; because there
8798-582: The rise of a Spanish literary tradition in the cultural heterogeneity that characterized Medieval Spanish society and politics. However, the Mozarabic language of the Jarchas appears to be a separate Romance language whose evolution from Vulgar Latin paralleled that of Castilian Spanish rather than deriving from or fusing into the latter. Hence, while the relatively recent discovery of the Jarchas challenges pride of chronological place that belonged for so long to
8904-440: The singular figure of Manuel José Quintana . In Romanticism (beginning of the 19th century) important topics are: the poetry of José de Espronceda and other poets; prose, which can have several forms (the historical novel, scientific prose, the description of regional customs, journalism —where Mariano José de Larra can be mentioned—; the theater, with Ángel de Saavedra (Duke of Rivas), José Zorrilla , and other authors. In
9010-457: The sonnet A una nariz , ( To a Nose ). It begins with the lines: Érase un hombre a una nariz pegado, / érase una nariz superlativa, / érase una nariz sayón y escriba, / érase un peje espada muy barbado . (There was a man glued to a nose, / there was a superlative nose, / there was a nose that was an official and a scribe, / there was a bearded swordfish .) About that time, Quevedo grew very close to Pedro Téllez-Girón, 3rd Duke of Osuna , one of
9116-518: The theater is notable ( Lope de Vega , Pedro Calderón de la Barca , and Tirso de Molina ); and poetry with Luis de Góngora (who is a Culteranist ) and Francisco de Quevedo (who is a Conceptist ). In the works of Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra notable novels are La Galatea and Don Quixote de la Mancha . The Baroque style used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, literature, dance, and music. The Baroque
9222-488: The theater, with José Echegaray , Manuel Tamayo y Baus , and other dramatists; and the literary critics, emphasizing Menéndez Pelayo . In Modernism several currents appear: Parnasianism , Symbolism , Futurism , and Creationism . The destruction of Spain's fleet in Cuba by the U.S. in 1898 provoked a crisis in Spain. A group of younger writers, among them Miguel de Unamuno , Pío Baroja , and José Martínez Ruiz (Azorín), made changes to literature's form and content. By
9328-589: The theater, with José Echegaray , Manuel Tamayo y Baus , and other dramatists; and the literary critics, emphasizing Menéndez Pelayo . Realism offered depictions of contemporary life and society 'as they were'. In the spirit of general "Realism," Realist authors opted for depictions of everyday and banal activities and experiences, instead of a romanticized or similarly stylized presentation. The realistic works of this period are characterized by: In Modernism several currents appear: Parnassianism , Symbolism , Futurism , and Creationism . Literary Modernism in Spain
9434-438: The theater, with Ángel de Saavedra (Duke of Rivas), José Zorrilla , and other authors. In Realism (end of the 19th century), which is mixed with Naturalism, important topics are the novel, with Juan Valera , José María de Pereda , Benito Pérez Galdós , Emilia Pardo Bazán , Leopoldo Alas (Clarín) , Armando Palacio Valdés , and Vicente Blasco Ibáñez ; poetry, with Ramón de Campoamor , Gaspar Núñez de Arce , and other poets;
9540-519: The throne in 1621 meant the end of Quevedo's exile, and his return to Court and politics, now under the influence of the new minister, the Count-Duke of Olivares . Quevedo accompanied the young king in trips to Andalusia and Aragon , recounting some of its various incidents in interesting letters. At this time he decided to denounce to the Spanish Inquisition his own works, published without his consent by profiteering booksellers . It
9646-500: The town's council that would not be won until after his death. Quevedo would write some of his better poetry in this retirement, such as the sonnet Retirado a la paz de estos desiertos... or Son las torres de Joray... . He found consolation to his failed ambitions as a courtier in the Stoicism of Seneca , his study and commentary turning him into one of the main exponents of Spanish Neostoicism . The elevation of Philip IV to
9752-454: The year 1914—the year of the outbreak of the First World War and of the publication of the first major work of the generation's leading voice, José Ortega y Gasset —a number of slightly younger writers had established their own place within the Spanish cultural field. Leading voices include the poet Juan Ramón Jiménez , the academics and essayists Ramón Menéndez Pidal , Gregorio Marañón , Manuel Azaña , Eugenio d'Ors , and Ortega y Gasset, and
9858-524: Was a move to frighten off the booksellers and regain control over his writings, with a view to a definitive edition of his work that was not to come in his lifetime. He became known for a disorderly lifestyle: he was a heavy smoker , a frequent visitor to brothels and taverns, and cohabited with a woman only known as Ledesma. Góngora derided him as a drunkard in a satirical poem as Don Francisco de Quebebo (a play on his name that can be roughly translated as Don Francisco of Drinksalot. ) None of this put
9964-415: Was an adaptation of a French poem by Joachim du Bellay , Nouveau venu qui cherches Rome en Rome, from Les Antiquités de Rome (1558). His poetic works range from satirical and mythological subjects to love poetry and philosophical pieces. Quevedo constantly attacked avarice and avaricious people. His Cartas del Caballero de la Tenaza attack a notorious miser. He also attacked apothecaries , who had
10070-499: Was anyone else who could adore them more." The first four lines run as follows: His work also employed mythological themes, typical of the age, though it also employs satirical elements, for example in his To Apollo chasing Daphne : Quevedo's poetry also includes pieces such as an imagined dedication to Columbus by a piece of the ship in which the navigator had discovered the New World : The only novel written by Quevedo
10176-518: Was becoming noted as both a poet and a prose writer. Some of his poetry was collected in a 1605 generational anthology by Pedro Espinosa entitled Flores de Poetas Ilustres ( Flowers by Illustrious Poets ). We can also date back to this time the first draft of his picaresque novel Vida del Buscón – apparently written as an exercise in courtly wit – and a few satirical pamphlets that made him famous among his fellow students and which he would later disown as juvenile pranks. Around this time, he began
10282-658: Was entrusted with putting in order the Viceroyalty's finances, and sent on several espionage-related missions to the rival Republic of Venice , although it is now believed these did not involve him personally. He was rewarded for his efforts with a knighthood in the order of Santiago in 1618. With the fall from favor of Osuna in 1620, Quevedo lost his patron and protector and was exiled to Torre de Juan Abad ( Ciudad Real ), whose fiefdom his mother had purchased for him. His supposed vassals, however, refused to acknowledge him, forcing Quevedo into an interminable legal battle with
10388-480: Was home to Manila Village . Barataria Bay along with Biloxi Marsh, Pointe-au-Chien and Adam’s Bay since 2014 have been part of an oyster shell recycling program to build reefs and protect against erosion and create marine habitats. On 27 July 2010, the tugboat Pere Ana C. struck an abandoned wellhead owned by Houston-based Cedyco Corp, while pulling a barge near Bayou St. Denis in Barataria Bay, causing
10494-475: Was influenced by the " disaster of '98 ", Regenerationism, and the Free Institution of Education (founded by Giner de los Ríos ). Modernism was rooted in the idea that "traditional" forms of art, literature, religious faith, social organization, and daily life had become outdated; therefore it was essential to sweep them aside. The intellectual movement that thinks objectively and scientifically about
10600-589: Was not published in book form during his lifetime, "shows the caricature-like vision its author had of men, a vision sometimes deformed by a sharp, cruel, violently critical nature." This attitude is of a piece with the "black seventeenth century" he lived in. Despite his satirical work, however, Quevedo was primarily a serious poet who valued love poems. His poetry gives evidence not only of his literary gifts but also of his erudition (Quevedo had studied Greek , Latin , Hebrew , Arabic , French, and Italian). One of his sonnets, A Roma sepultada en sus ruinas (1650),
10706-572: Was one of the most prominent Spanish poets of the age. His style is characterized by what was called conceptismo . This style existed in stark contrast to Góngora's culteranismo . Quevedo was born on 14 September 1580 in Madrid into a family of hidalgos from the village of Vejorís , located in the northern mountainous region of Cantabria . His family was descended from the Castilian nobility. Quevedo's father, Francisco Gómez de Quevedo,
10812-513: Was present at the church of San Martín in Madrid when a woman praying there was slapped on the cheek by another man who had rushed up to her. Quevedo seized the man, dragging him outside the church. The two men drew swords, and Quevedo ran his opponent through. The man, who died of his wounds some time later, was someone of importance. Quevedo thus retired temporarily to the palace of his friend and patron, Pedro Téllez-Girón, 3rd Duke of Osuna . The preferred object of his fury and ridicule, however,
10918-629: Was produced in standard Arabic, though poetry and other forms of literature of the Jewish golden age found expression in Judeo-Arabic or Hebrew . Maimonides , for example, wrote his magnum opus The Guide for the Perplexed in Arabic with Hebrew script . Other major literary figures of the time include Ibn Arabi , Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad , Ibn al-Khatib , Ibn Zaydún and Hafsa Bint al-Hajj al-Rukuniyya . Important literary styles include
11024-415: Was secretary to Maria of Spain , daughter of emperor Charles V and wife of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor , and his mother, Madrid -born María de Santibáñez, was lady-in-waiting to the queen. Quevedo matured surrounded by dignitaries and nobility at the royal court. Intellectually gifted, Quevedo was physically handicapped with a club foot , and myopia . Since he always wore pince-nez , his name in
11130-452: Was the novelist Ramón Gómez de la Serna who carried the narrative experiments of Unamuno and Valle Inclán to absurd extremes, such as in his 1923 novel, El novelista , where varieties of plays with narrative subjectivity result in chapters envisioned through the eyes and voice of street lamps. More approachable and enduring are Gómez de la Serna's “Greguerías," an original form of aphorism that he described as “humor plus metaphor." Around 1920
11236-573: Was the poet Góngora , whom, in a series of scathing satires, he accused of being an unworthy priest, a homosexual, a gambler, and a writer of indecent verse who used a purposefully obscure language. Quevedo lampooned his rival by writing a sonnet , Aguja de navegar cultos, which listed words from Góngora's lexicon : "He who would like to be a culto poet in just one day, / must the following jargon learn: / Fulgores, arrogar, joven, presiente / candor, construye, métrica, armonía... " Quevedo satirized Góngora's physique, particularly his prominent nose in
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