Philosophers
16-589: Baron Clifford is a title in the Peerage of England created by writ of summons on 17 February 1628 for Henry Clifford , the heir of Francis Clifford, 4th Earl of Cumberland . Francis was believed to hold the Barony de Clifford , created in 1299, which could therefore be used to give Henry a seat in the House of Lords during his father's lifetime via a writ of acceleration . However, it would later be determined that
32-520: A brother) who inherited in this way would do so as co-parceners. In these circumstances, the title would in fact be held in abeyance until one of them renounced for herself and her successors in favour of the other, or the entire estate naturally descends to a single coparcener. In England and Wales , passage of a title in this fashion is effected under the rules laid down in the Law of Property Act 1925 . Patrilineally Patrilineality , also known as
48-811: Is Israel ( Jacob ). In the first lines of the New Testament , the descent of Jesus Christ from King David is counted through the male lineage. Patrilineal or agnatic succession gives priority to or restricts inheritance of a throne or fief to male heirs descended from the original title holder through males only. Traditionally, agnatic succession is applied in determining the names and membership of European dynasties . The prevalent forms of dynastic succession in Europe, Asia and parts of Africa were male-preference primogeniture , agnatic primogeniture , or agnatic seniority until after World War II . The agnatic succession model, also known as Salic law , meant
64-479: Is the situation in which two or more people inherit a title equally between them as a result of which none can inherit until all but one have renounced their right to the inheritance. This could arise when a title passes through and vests in female heirs in the absence of a male heir. Before they could inherit, each of the female heirs would be an heir presumptive . After they inherited, since the title could not be held by two people simultaneously, two daughters (without
80-566: The Earls of Burlington and Cork until the death of the 3rd and last Earl of Burlington in 1753, when the earldom of Burlington and the Clifford of Lanesborough barony (i.e. the 1644 creation) became extinct. The 1628 Clifford barony then devolved upon Charlotte Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington , wife of the future 4th Duke of Devonshire . The barony was held by the Dukes of Devonshire until
96-401: The male line , the spear side or agnatic kinship , is a common kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives from and is recorded through their father's lineage. It generally involves the inheritance of property, rights, names, or titles by persons related through male kin. This is sometimes distinguished from cognate kinship, through the mother's lineage, also called
112-500: The barony had in fact passed to his niece, Lady Anne Clifford . The summons of 1628 therefore unintentionally created a new barony , held by Henry. In 1641, on his father's death, Henry inherited the earldom of Cumberland , which became extinct upon his own death in 1643. Henry's only child, Lady Elizabeth Clifford, succeeded to the 1628 Clifford barony in her own right (although, as was customary in those days, she never made claim to it). In 1635, Elizabeth had married Richard Boyle ,
128-454: The case of a single title, or divided when the family bears multiple titles. In the French nobility , often the children and other male-line descendants of a lawful noble titleholder self-assumed the same or a lower title of nobility; while not legal, such titles were generally tolerated at court during both the ancien regime and 19th century France as titres de courtoisie . Coparcenary
144-589: The death of William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire in 1858, since when it has been in abeyance . Current co-heirs to the barony are George Howard, 13th Earl of Carlisle (heir of the 8th baron's sister Georgiana ) and Fergus Leveson-Gower, 6th Earl Granville (heir of the 8th baron's sister Harriet ). Hereditary title Works Hereditary titles , in a general sense, are nobility titles , positions or styles that are hereditary and thus tend or are bound to remain in particular families. Though both monarchs and nobles usually inherit their titles,
160-686: The first child born to a monarch inherits the throne, regardless of the child's sex. The fact that human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) is paternally inherited enables patrilines and agnatic kinships of men to be traced through genetic analysis. Y-chromosomal Adam (Y-MRCA) is the patrilineal most recent common ancestor from whom all Y-DNA in living men is descended. An identification of a very rare and previously unknown Y-chromosome variant in 2012 led researchers to estimate that Y-chromosomal Adam lived 338,000 years ago (237,000 to 581,000 years ago with 95% confidence ), judging from molecular clock and genetic marker studies. Before this discovery, estimates of
176-575: The grantee equally, as well as to all of that grantee's remoter descendants, male and female. This practice was common in the Kalmar Union , and was frequently the case in the letters patent issued by King Eric of Pomerania , King Joseph Bonaparte conferred the title "Prince of Naples" and later "Prince of Spain" on his children and grandchildren in the male and female line. Historically, females have much less frequently been granted noble titles and, still more rarely, hereditary titles. However it
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#1732773090654192-550: The heir of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork . The younger Boyle inherited his father's titles in 1643, but was unable to sit in the English House of Lords as they were all in the Peerage of Ireland . In 1644 he was therefore created Baron Clifford of Lanesborough in the Peerage of England , which allowed him to sit in the Lords. Boyle was created Earl of Burlington in 1664. The 1628 and 1644 Clifford baronies remained with
208-505: The mechanisms often differ, even in the same country. The British crown has been heritable by women since the medieval era (in the absence of brothers), while the vast majority of hereditary noble titles granted by British sovereigns are not heritable by daughters. Often a hereditary title is inherited only by the legitimate, eldest son of the original grantee or that son's male heir according to masculine primogeniture . In some countries and some families, titles descended to all children of
224-542: The spindle side or the distaff side. A patriline ("father line") is a person's father, and additional ancestors, as traced only through males. In the Bible , family and tribal membership appears to be transmitted through the father. For example, a person is considered to be a priest or Levite , if his father is a priest or Levite, and the members of all the Twelve Tribes are called Israelites because their father
240-523: The total exclusion of women as hereditary monarchs and restricted succession to thrones and inheritance of fiefs or land to men in parts of medieval and later Europe. This form of strict agnatic inheritance has been officially revoked in all extant European monarchies except the Principality of Liechtenstein . By the 21st century, most ongoing European monarchies had replaced their traditional agnatic succession with absolute primogeniture , meaning that
256-568: Was not uncommon for a female to inherit a noble title if she survived all kinsmen descended patrilineally from the original grantee or, in England and Iberia, if she survived just her own brothers and their descendants. Rarely, a noble title descends to the eldest child regardless of gender (although by law this has become the prevalent form of titular inheritance among the Spanish nobility ). A title may occasionally be shared and thus multiplied, in
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