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67-481: Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath in 1173 granted the lands of Skryne and Santry to his lieutenant Adam de Feypo , who was the first of his family to use the title Baron of Skryne. Despite Adam's loyalty to Hugh de Lacy, his son Richard, second Baron Skryne, witnessed a charter in 1210 forfeiting the de Lacy inheritance. A later Richard, perhaps the first Richard's grandson, died in the reign of Edward I leaving an underage son, Simon. In 1302 Simon, by then an adult, brought

134-525: A Norman development while chase is the French equivalent imported with a different meaning. Distinctions in meaning between Anglo-Norman and French have led to many faux amis (words having similar form but different meanings) in Modern English and Modern French. Although it is a Romance language, Norman contains a significant amount of lexical material from Old Norse . Because of this, some of

201-528: A hush sibilant not recorded in French mousseron , as does cushion for coussin . Conversely, the pronunciation of the word sugar resembles Norman chucre even if the spelling is closer to French sucre . It is possible that the original sound was an apical sibilant, like the Basque s , which is halfway between a hissing sibilant and a hushing sibilant. The doublets catch and chase are both derived from Low Latin *captiare . Catch demonstrates

268-707: A language did exist, and that it was the language descended from the Norman French originally established in England after the Conquest. When William the Conqueror led the Norman conquest of England in 1066, he, his nobles, and many of his followers from Normandy , but also those from northern and western France, spoke a range of langues d'oïl (northern varieties of Old French ). This amalgam developed into

335-583: A language of business communication, especially when it traded with the continent, and several churches used French to communicate with lay people. A small but important number of documents survive associated with the Jews of medieval England, some featuring Anglo-French written in Hebrew script, typically in the form of glosses to the Hebrew scriptures. As a langue d'oïl , Anglo-Norman developed collaterally to

402-639: A minor, was made a Royal ward , and in 1422 King Henry VI of England granted the wardship to Stephen de Bray , the Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas . The elder Thomas's widow Joan was given the required royal licence to remarry whom she pleased in 1415. In 1459 an Act of the Parliament of Ireland authorised a payment of 10 shillings to Richard Marward, Baron of Skryne, for his services. A few years later Anne Marward, described as

469-488: A second language among the upper classes. Moreover, with the Hundred Years' War and the growing spirit of English and French nationalism, the status of French diminished. French (specifically Old French ) was the mother tongue of every English king from William the Conqueror (1066–1087) until Henry IV (1399–1413). Henry IV was the first to take the oath in ( Middle ) English, and his son, Henry V (1413–1422),

536-453: A son and a daughter: [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (1892). " Lacy, Hugh de (d.1186) ". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 31. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Anglo-Norman language Anglo-Norman ( Norman : Anglo-Normaund ; French : Anglo-normand ), also known as Anglo-Norman French ,

603-558: A successful lawsuit against his former guardian Theobald de Verdon for wasting his inheritance. The last of the de Feypo barons of Skryne, Francis, founded an Augustinian friary and a chantry about 1340. Francis's daughter and heiress Katherine de Feypo married Thomas Marward in about 1375. Lord Francis's eldest son and heir John de Feipo along with his son, also called John, had died before Francis and Katherine became heiress to Skryne. Robert de Feipo, Katherine's surviving brother must have been somewhat out of sorts as he should have been

670-567: A velar plosive where French has a fricative : Some loans were palatalised later in English, as in the case of challenge (< Old Norman calonge , Middle English kalange, kalenge , later chalange ; Old French challenge, chalonge ). There were also vowel differences: Compare Anglo-Norman profound with Parisian French profond , soun sound with son , round with rond . The former words were originally pronounced something like 'profoond', 'soon', 'roond' respectively (compare

737-737: A very high level of development. The important Benedictine monasteries both wrote chronicles and guarded other works in Old English . However, with the arrival of the Normans, Anglo-Saxon literature came to an end and literature written in Britain was in Latin or Anglo-Norman. The Plantagenet kings encouraged this Anglo-Norman literature . Nevertheless, from the beginning of the 14th century, some authors chose to write in English, such as Geoffrey Chaucer . The authors of that period were influenced by

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804-615: A written and literary language probably owes something to this history of bilingualism in writing. Around the same time, as a shift took place in France towards using French as a language of record in the mid-13th century, Anglo-Norman also became a language of record in England, although Latin retained its pre-eminence for matters of permanent record (as in written chronicles ). From around this point onwards, considerable variation begins to be apparent in Anglo-Norman, which ranges from

871-637: Is Buttevant (from the motto of the Barry family: Boutez en avant , "Push to the Fore"), the village of Brittas (from the Norman bretesche , "boarding, planking") and the element Pallas (Irish pailís , from Norman paleis , "boundary fence": compare palisade , The Pale ). Others exist with English or Irish roots, such as Castletownroche , which combines the English Castletown and

938-459: Is evidence, too, that foreign words ( Latin , Greek , Italian , Arabic , Spanish ) often entered English via Anglo-Norman. The language of later documents adopted some of the changes ongoing in continental French and lost many of its original dialectal characteristics, so Anglo-French remained (in at least some respects and at least at some social levels) part of the dialect continuum of modern French, often with distinctive spellings. Over time,

1005-535: Is still evident in official and legal terms where the ordinary sequence of noun and adjective is reversed , as seen in phrases such as Blood Royal, attorney general, heir apparent, court martial, envoy extraordinary and body politic. The royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom still features in French the mottos of both the British Monarch , Dieu et mon droit ("God and my right"), and

1072-589: The Order of the Garter , Honi soit qui mal y pense ("Shamed be he who thinks evil of it"). Dieu et mon droit was first used by Richard I (who spoke Anglo-Norman, but cannot be proved to have been able to speak English) in 1198 and adopted as the royal motto of England in the time of Henry VI . The motto appears below the shield of the Royal Coat of Arms. Though in regular use at the royal court, Anglo-French

1139-524: The 19th century, but these words are probably linguistic traces of Saxon or Anglo-Scandinavian settlements between the 4th and the 10th centuries in Normandy. Otherwise the direct influence of English in mainland Norman (such as smogler "to smuggle") is from direct contact with English in later centuries, rather than Anglo-Norman. When the Normans conquered England, Anglo-Saxon literature had reached

1206-673: The Anglo-Norman of medieval England. Many of the earliest documents in Old French are found in England. In medieval France , it was not usual to write in the vernacular : Because Latin was the language of the Church , education , and historiography , it was also used for records. In medieval England, Latin also remained in use by the Church, the royal government, and much local administration in parallel with Middle English , as it had been before 1066. The early adoption of Anglo-Norman as

1273-419: The French language used in England changed from the end of the 15th century into Law French , that was used since the 13th century. This variety of French was a technical language, with a specific vocabulary, where English words were used to describe everyday experience, and French grammatical rules and morphology gradually declined, with confusion of genders and the adding of -s to form all plurals. Law French

1340-642: The House of Commons to endorse them during their progress to becoming law, or spoken aloud by the Clerk of the Parliaments during a gathering of the Lords Commissioners , to indicate the granting of Royal Assent to legislation. The exact spelling of these phrases has varied over the years; for example, s'avisera has been spelled as s'uvisera and s'advisera , and Reyne as Raine . Though

1407-537: The Irish to pay tribute. This led to renewed disapproval, but Lacy remained in Ireland and occupied himself as before with castle-building. In 1186 Hugh de Lacy was killed by Gilla-Gan-Mathiar O'Maidhaigh, while he was supervising the construction of a Motte castle at Durrow at the instigation of An tSionnach and O'Breen . Prince John was promptly sent over to Ireland to take possession of his lands. Lacy's body

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1474-433: The Irish. In 1181 , Lacy was recalled from his royal post for having married the daughter of Ruadri O Conchobair, King of Connaught and deposed High King of Ireland , without the permission of Henry. He was sent back the following winter, although with a co-adjutor, Robert of Shrewsbury, one of the royal clerks. Early in 1185, Henry sent his son John over to Ireland, who complained to his father that Lacy would not permit

1541-453: The Norman or French word supplanted the original English term, or both words would co-exist but with slightly different nuances. In other cases, the Norman or French word was adopted to signify a new reality, such as judge , castle , warranty . In general, the Norman and French borrowings concerned the fields of culture, aristocratic life, politics and religion, and war whereas the English words were used to describe everyday experience. When

1608-596: The Normans (Norsemen) and was then brought over after the Conquest and established firstly in southern English dialects. It is, therefore, argued that the word mug in English shows some of the complicated Germanic heritage of Anglo-Norman. Many expressions used in English today have their origin in Anglo-Norman (such as the expression before-hand , which derives from Anglo-Norman avaunt-main ), as do many modern words with interesting etymologies. Mortgage , for example, literally meant death-wage in Anglo-Norman. Curfew (fr. couvre-feu ) meant cover-fire , referring to

1675-407: The Normans arrived in England, their copyists wrote English as they heard it, without realising the peculiarities of the relationship between Anglo-Saxon pronunciation and spelling and so the spelling changed. There appeared different regional Modern-English written dialects, the one that the king chose in the 15th century becoming the standard variety. In some remote areas, agricultural terms used by

1742-554: The central Old French dialects which would eventually become Parisian French in terms of grammar , pronunciation and vocabulary . Before the signature of the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts in 1539, French was not standardised as an administrative language throughout the kingdom of France. Middle English was heavily influenced by Anglo-Norman and, later, Anglo-French. W. Rothwell has called Anglo-French 'the missing link ' because many etymological dictionaries seem to ignore

1809-483: The central langue d'oïl dialects that developed into French. English therefore, for example, has fashion from Norman féchoun as opposed to Modern French façon (both developing from Latin factio, factiōnem ). In contrast, the palatalization of velar consonants before /a/ that affected the development of French did not occur in Norman dialects north of the Joret line . English has therefore inherited words that retain

1876-570: The continent, English sometimes preserves earlier pronunciations. For example, ch used to be /tʃ/ in Medieval French, where Modern French has /ʃ/ , but English has preserved the older sound (in words like chamber, chain, chase and exchequer ). Similarly, j had an older /dʒ/ sound, which it still has in English and some dialects of modern Norman, but it has developed into /ʒ/ in Modern French. The word mushroom preserves

1943-548: The contribution of that language in English and because Anglo-Norman and Anglo-French can explain the transmission of words from French into English and fill the void left by the absence of documentary records of English (in the main) between 1066 and c.  1380 . Anglo-Norman continued to evolve significantly during the Middle Ages by reflecting some of the changes undergone by the northern dialects of mainland French. For example, early Anglo-Norman legal documents used

2010-587: The daughter of Baron Skryne (almost certainly Richard, who died in 1478), married as his first wife Sir Alexander Plunket (died 1503), a future Lord Chancellor of Ireland . Walter Marward, Baron Skryne (died 1487), who was probably Anne's brother, was apparently a man of some consequence, who married Margaret St Lawrence, daughter of the powerful Anglo-Irish peer and statesman Christopher St Lawrence, 2nd Baron Howth . After Skryne's death, she remarried Sir William Darcy of Platten, another leading Anglo-Irish statesman and writer on political issues. William Nugent ,

2077-417: The great mass of ordinary people spoke forms of English, French spread as a second language due to its prestige, encouraged by its long-standing use in the school system as a medium of instruction through which Latin was taught. In the courts, the members of the jury , who represented the population, had to know French in order to understand the plea of the lawyer. French was used by the merchant middle class as

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2144-495: The instigation of James' wife, Maud Darcy, who later married Fitzgerald. James left an only son Thomas (or Walter) who died about 1565, leaving a daughter and heiress, Janet, titular Barones of Skryne. Her mother, Janet Plunket, daughter of Sir John Plunket , remarried the leading judge Nicholas Nugent , who was given wardship of his step-daughter. Nugent apparently conspired with his favourite nephew, William Nugent to kidnap Janet and force her into marriage with William. Despite

2211-426: The judge, the lawyer, the complainant or the witnesses. The judge gave his sentence orally in Norman, which was then written in Latin. Only in the lowest level of the manorial courts were trials entirely in English. During the late 14th century, English became the main spoken language, but Latin and French continued to be exclusively used in official legal documents until the beginning of the 18th century. Nevertheless,

2278-468: The king in 1275. With effect from the 13th century, Anglo-Norman therefore became used in official documents, such as those that were marked by the private seal of the king whereas the documents sealed by the Lord Chancellor were written in Latin until the end of the Middle Ages. English became the language of Parliament and of legislation in the 15th century, half a century after it had become

2345-468: The language of the king and most of the English nobility. During the 11th century, development of the administrative and judicial institutions took place. Because the king and the lawyers at the time normally used French, it also became the language of these institutions. From the 11th century until the 14th century, the courts used three languages: Latin for writing, French as the main oral language during trials, and English in less formal exchanges between

2412-572: The late 14th century onwards. Although Anglo-Norman and Anglo-French were eventually eclipsed by modern English , they had been used widely enough to influence English vocabulary permanently. This means that many original Germanic words, cognates of which can still be found in Nordic , German , and Dutch , have been lost or, as is more often the case, exist alongside synonyms of Anglo-Norman French origin. Anglo-Norman had little lasting influence on English grammar, as opposed to vocabulary, although it

2479-573: The mill which no women enter ) Lacy only escaped from Dublin with difficulty; he seems to have left the city in the charge of Richard de Clare by the king's orders, and to have commenced securing Meath by the construction of castles. Among these was Trim Castle , which was put in charge of Hugh Tyrrel . The Song of Dermot and the Earl states, "And Skryne he then gave by charter to Adam de Feypo he gave it", and he built his castle there. After this Lacy went back to England. On 29 December 1172 he

2546-442: The phrase "del roy" (of the king), whereas by about 1330 it had become "du roi" as in modern French. Anglo-Norman morphology and phonology can be deduced from its heritage in English. Mostly, it is done in comparison with continental Central French. English has many doublets as a result of this contrast: Compare also: The palatalization of velar consonants before the front vowel produced different results in Norman to

2613-557: The rightful heir. There had been de Feypos holding the title of Baron for five generations. Robert lived in Santry Castle near Dunboyne and his descendants also used the title Baron Skryne. When the Marwards first adopted the title Baron Skryne is uncertain, but it was certainly before 1414, when Thomas Marward, Baron Skryne, was killed taking part in putting down a rebellion by O'Connor Fahy. His son, also called Thomas, being

2680-961: The rural workers may have been derived from Norman French. An example is the Cumbrian term sturdy for diseased sheep that walk in circles, derived from étourdi meaning dizzy. The Norman invasion of Ireland began in 1169, on the first of May in Bannow Bay , and led to Anglo-Norman control of much of the island. Norman-speaking administrators arrived to rule over the Angevin Empire 's new territory. Several Norman words became Gaelic words, including household terms: garsún (from Norman garçun , "boy"); cóta ( cote , "cloak"); hata ( hatte , "hat"); gairdín ( gardin , "garden"); and terms relating to justice (Irish giúistís , bardas (corporation), cúirt (court)). Place-names in Norman are few, but there

2747-632: The scandal surrounding the marriage, it could not be dissolved. William died in 1625 and Janet in 1629. The Skryne inheritance passed to James Nugent, eldest son of William and Janet, but his lands were forfeit to the English Crown after he took part in the Irish Rebellion of 1641 , and the title lapsed. Incomplete list Incomplete list Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath, 4th Baron Lacy ( Anglo-Norman : Huge de Laci ; before 1135 – 25 July 1186),

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2814-543: The second son of Richard, Baron Delvin , married Janet Marward, only daughter and heiress of Walter Marward, baron of Skryne, who died c. 1565, and inherited with this marriage the manor of Santry among other possessions. In the sixteenth century, the Marward family were involved in two notable scandals. In 1534 James Marward, Baron Skryne, grandson of Walter and Margaret, was murdered by Richard FitzGerald, younger son of Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare , supposedly at

2881-463: The settlers who came with William the Conqueror, but also the continued influence of continental French during the Plantagenet period . Though it is difficult to know much about what was actually spoken, as what is known about the dialect is restricted to what was written, it is clear that Anglo-Norman was, to a large extent, the spoken language of the higher social strata in medieval England. It

2948-423: The similarly denasalised vowels of modern Norman), but later developed their modern pronunciation in English. The word veil retains the /ei/ (as does modern Norman in vaile and laîsi ) that in French has been replaced by /wa/ voile , loisir . Since many words established in Anglo-Norman from French via the intermediary of Norman were not subject to the processes of sound change that continued in parts of

3015-555: The third time jointly with the Bishop of Salisbury. King Henry's ostensible grant of Meath to Lacy was not accepted by Tighearnán Ó Ruairc , King of Bréifne , who ruled it at that time. Ó Ruairc refused to concede, but parleyed with Lacy on the Hill of Ward , in Meath. After negotiations stalled, a dispute ensued in which an interpreter was killed by a blow aimed at Lacy, who fled; Ó Ruairc

3082-458: The time in the evening when all fires had to be covered to prevent the spread of fire within communities with timber buildings. The word glamour is derived from Anglo-Norman grammeire , the same word which gives us modern grammar ; glamour meant first "book learning" and then the most glamorous form of book learning, "magic" or "magic spell" in Medieval times. The influence of Anglo-Norman

3149-414: The unique insular dialect now known as Anglo-Norman French, which was commonly used for literary and eventually administrative purposes from the 11th until the 14th century. The term "Anglo-Norman" harks back to the time when the language was regarded as being primarily the regional dialect of the Norman settlers. Today the generic term "Anglo-French" is used instead to reflect not only the broader origin of

3216-437: The use of Anglo-French expanded into the fields of law, administration, commerce, and science, in all of which a rich documentary legacy survives, indicative of the vitality and importance of the language. By the late 15th century, however, what remained of insular French had become heavily anglicised: see Law French . It continued to be known as "Norman French" until the end of the 19th century even though, philologically, there

3283-477: The very local (and most anglicised ) to a level of language which approximates to and is sometimes indistinguishable from varieties of continental French. Typically, therefore, local records are rather different from continental French, with diplomatic and international trade documents closest to the emerging continental norm. English remained the vernacular of the common people throughout this period. The resulting virtual trilingualism in spoken and written language

3350-680: The words introduced to England as part of Anglo-Norman were of Germanic origin. Indeed, sometimes one can identify cognates such as flock (Germanic in English existing prior to the Conquest) and floquet (Germanic in Norman). The case of the word mug demonstrates that in instances, Anglo-Norman may have reinforced certain Scandinavian elements already present in English. Mug had been introduced into northern English dialects by Viking settlement. The same word had been established in Normandy by

3417-471: The works of contemporary French writers whose language was prestigious. Chaucer - himself of Norman origin - is considered to be the father of the English language and the creator of English as a literary language. The major Norman-French influence on English can still be seen in today's vocabulary. An enormous number of Norman-French and other medieval French loanwords came into the language, and about three-quarters of them are still used today. Very often,

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3484-633: Was a dialect of Old Norman that was used in England and, to a lesser extent, other places in Great Britain and Ireland during the Anglo-Norman period. According to some linguists, the name Insular French might be more suitable, because "Anglo-Norman" is constantly associated with the notion of a mixed language based on English and Norman. According to some, such a mixed language never existed. Other sources, however, indicate that such

3551-583: Was a benefactor of Llanthony Priory and also of many churches in Ireland, including the abbey of Trim. Hugh de Lacy was married twice. Before 1155 Hugh married Rohese of Monmouth (also known as Rose of Monmouth or Roysya de Monemue). She was the granddaughter of Gilbert Fitz Richard . Strongbow was another grandchild of Fitz Richard. Hugh and Rohese had at least 8 children, 4 sons and 4 daughters: Rohese died before 1180. Hugh married secondly Princess Rose Ní Conchobair , daughter of King of Ireland , Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair . They had at least 2 children,

3618-672: Was an Anglo-Norman landowner and royal office-holder. He had substantial land holdings in Herefordshire and Shropshire . Following his participation in the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland , he was granted, in 1172, the lands of the Kingdom of Meath by the Anglo-Norman King Henry II , but he had to gain control of them. The Lordship of Meath was then the most extensive liberty in Ireland . Hugh de Lacy

3685-441: Was at Canterbury , where, according to a story preserved by Giraldus, he reproved Archbishop Richard of Dover for his boastful language. Next year he was fighting for King Henry in France and held Verneuil against Louis VII for a month; but at the end of that time, the town was forced to capitulate. Lacy was sent back to Ireland as procurator-general in 1177, soon after the death of Richard de Clare. The grant of Meath to Lacy

3752-592: Was banished from the courts of the common law in 1731, almost three centuries after the king ceased speaking primarily French. French was used on moots in the Inner Temple until 1779. Anglo-Norman has survived in the political system in the use of certain Anglo-French set phrases in the Parliament of the United Kingdom , where they are written by hand on bills by the Clerk of the Parliaments or Clerk of

3819-640: Was initially buried at Durrow Abbey . In 1195, the Archbishops of Cashel and Dublin disinterred his body and reinterred his remains at Bective Abbey in Meath and his head in St Thomas's Abbey , Dublin. A long controversy was then carried on between the two abbeys for his body, settled only in 1205 when it was disinterred again and reburied in St Thomas's Abbey, in the tomb of Lacy's first wife. Lacy

3886-560: Was killed by a spear-thrust as he mounted his horse, and he was decapitated. His head was impaled over the gate of Dublin Castle and was later sent to Henry II. The Annals of the Four Masters say that Ó Ruairc was treacherously slain. From the account given by Gerald of Wales , it would appear that there was a plot to destroy Ó Ruairc. Gerald of Wales also related the following legend of Féchín and Hugh de Lacy: " Chapter LII ( Of

3953-461: Was not the main administrative language of England: Latin was the major language of record in legal and other official documents for most of the medieval period. However, from the late 12th century to the early 15th century, Anglo-French was much used in law reports, charters, ordinances, official correspondence, and trade at all levels; it was the language of the King, his court and the upper class. There

4020-480: Was nothing Norman about it. Among important writers of the Anglo-Norman cultural commonwealth is Marie de France . The languages and literature of the Channel Islands are sometimes referred to as Anglo-Norman, but that usage is derived from the French name for the islands: les îles anglo-normandes . The variety of French spoken in the islands is related to the modern Norman language , and distinct from

4087-506: Was now confirmed, with the additions of Offaly , Kildare , and Wicklow . As governor of Ireland Lacy secured Leinster and Meath, building numerous castles, while leaving the Irish in possession of their lands. There were accusations that he intended to seize the sovereignty of the island for himself. The author of the Gesta Henrici , however, says that Lacy lost his favour with Henry in consequence of complaints of his injustice by

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4154-492: Was one of medieval Latin, Anglo-Norman and Middle English. From the time of the Norman Conquest (1066) until the end of the 14th century, French was the language of the king and his court. During this period, marriages with French princesses reinforced the royal family's ties to French culture. Nevertheless, during the 13th century, intermarriages with English nobility became more frequent. French became progressively

4221-437: Was sent to receive the submission of Rory , High King of Ireland . Before Henry's return to England about the end of March 1172, Lacy was granted Meath by the service of fifty knights and with almost royal authority; he was also put in charge of Dublin Castle . As such, it is generally accepted that Lacy was de facto the first Viceroy of Ireland , a position he was to hold three times (in 1172, 1179, and c.  1180 ),

4288-513: Was spoken in the law courts, schools, and universities and, in due course, in at least some sections of the gentry and the growing bourgeoisie. Private and commercial correspondence was carried out in Anglo-Norman or Anglo-French from the 13th to the 15th century though its spelling forms were often displaced by continental French spellings. Social classes other than the nobility became keen to learn French: manuscripts containing materials for instructing non-native speakers still exist, dating mostly from

4355-411: Was the first to write in English. By the end of the 15th century, French became the second language of a cultivated elite. Until the end of the 13th century, Latin was the language of all official written documents. Nevertheless, some important documents had their official Norman translation, such as Magna Carta of 1215. The first official document written in Anglo-Norman was a statute promulgated by

4422-485: Was the son of Gilbert de Lacy (died after 1163) of Ewyas Lacy , Weobley , and Ludlow . He is said to have had a dispute with Josce de Dinan as to certain lands in Herefordshire in 1154. He was in possession of his father's lands before 1163, and in 1165–66 held fifty-eight and three-quarters knight's fees , and had nine tenants without knight service. In October 1171 Lacy went over with Henry II as part of an Anglo-Norman force to invade Ireland, and early in 1172 he

4489-491: Was very asymmetrical: very little influence from English was carried over into the continental possessions of the Anglo-Norman kings. Some administrative terms survived in some parts of mainland Normandy: forlenc (from furrow , compare furlong ) in the Cotentin Peninsula and Bessin , and a general use of the word acre (instead of French arpent ) for land measurement in Normandy until metrication in

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