Brackish water , sometimes termed brack water , is water occurring in a natural environment that has more salinity than freshwater , but not as much as seawater . It may result from mixing seawater (salt water) and fresh water together, as in estuaries , or it may occur in brackish fossil aquifers . The word comes from the Middle Dutch root brak . Certain human activities can produce brackish water, in particular civil engineering projects such as dikes and the flooding of coastal marshland to produce brackish water pools for freshwater prawn farming . Brackish water is also the primary waste product of the salinity gradient power process. Because brackish water is hostile to the growth of most terrestrial plant species, without appropriate management it can be damaging to the environment (see article on shrimp farms ).
32-677: Barnegat Bay is a small brackish arm of the Atlantic Ocean , approximately 42 miles (68 km) long, along the coast of Ocean County , New Jersey in the United States . It is separated from the Atlantic by the long Island Beach State Park (colloquially called a " barrier island "), as well as by the north end of Long Beach Island , popular segments of the Jersey Shore . The bay is fed by several small rivers, including
64-515: A low risk. Middle Sedge Island in Barnegat Bay is a 25-acre (0.10 km) island, 14 acres (0.057 km) of which are developed with a single house. Other islands include: Little Sedge Island, Northwest Point Island and Marsh Elder Island. Some are privately owned and some are owned by the state of New Jersey. Frankie Valli ’s song " My Eyes Adored You " references the location in the lyrics saying "... over Barnegat Bridge and Bay...". In
96-629: A natural defense against hurricane and tsunami damage in particular. The Sundarbans and Bhitarkanika Mangroves are two of the large mangrove forests in the world, both on the coast of the Bay of Bengal . Some seas and lakes are brackish. The Baltic Sea is a brackish sea adjoining the North Sea . Originally the Eridanos river system prior to the Pleistocene , since then it has been flooded by
128-598: A river meets the sea. The River Thames flowing through London is a classic river estuary. The town of Teddington a few miles west of London marks the boundary between the tidal and non-tidal parts of the Thames, although it is still considered a freshwater river about as far east as Battersea insofar as the average salinity is very low and the fish fauna consists predominantly of freshwater species such as roach , dace , carp , perch , and pike . The Thames Estuary becomes brackish between Battersea and Gravesend , and
160-607: A setting for his short story "The Family That Dwelt Apart", published in 1937 as the third story in his long running Preposterous Parables series in The New Yorker . It was adapted into the animated short The Family That Dwelt Apart , narrated by White, by the National Film Board of Canada . The song " My Eyes Adored You ", by New Jersey native Frankie Valli , contains a reference to "walking home every day over Barnegat Bridge and Bay". On March 22, 1975,
192-535: A species only found in deep water in the Baltic, while pike are confined to the less saline surface waters. The Caspian Sea is the world's largest lake and contains brackish water with a salinity about one-third that of normal seawater. The Caspian is famous for its peculiar animal fauna, including one of the few non-marine seals (the Caspian seal ) and the great sturgeons , a major source of caviar . Hudson Bay
224-555: Is a brackish marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean , it remains brackish due its limited connections to the open ocean, very high levels freshwater surface runoff input from the large Hudson Bay drainage basin , and low rate of evaporation due to being completely covered in ice for over half the year. In the Black Sea the surface water is brackish with an average salinity of about 17–18 parts per thousand compared to 30 to 40 for
256-552: Is cast out of the mouth of it." The bay was originally named in 1614 "Barendegat," or "Inlet of the Breakers," by Dutch explorers of the coastline, referring to the waterway's turbulent channel. During the American Revolutionary War , the bay was used as refuge by American privateers . The bay has been a longtime center for commercial fishing . The village of Toms River was a significant whaling port in
288-525: Is commonly used as cooling water for power generation and in a variety of ways in the mining, oil, and gas industries. Once desalinated it can also be used for agriculture, livestock, and municipal uses. Brackish water can be treated using reverse osmosis , electrodialysis , and other filtration processes. List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1975 These are the Billboard Hot 100 number one hits of 1975. Both 1974 and 1975 hold
320-518: Is not considered a precisely defined condition. It is characteristic of many brackish surface waters that their salinity can vary considerably over space or time. Water with a salt concentration greater than 30‰ is considered saline . See the salinity table from the Misplaced Pages salinity article . Brackish water condition commonly occurs when fresh water meets seawater. In fact, the most extensive brackish water habitats worldwide are estuaries , where
352-672: Is the mangrove swamp or mangal . Many, though not all, mangrove swamps fringe estuaries and lagoons where the salinity changes with each tide. Among the most specialised residents of mangrove forests are mudskippers , fish that forage for food on land, and archer fish , perch-like fish that "spit" at insects and other small animals living in the trees, knocking them into the water where they can be eaten. Like estuaries, mangrove swamps are extremely important breeding grounds for many fish, with species such as snappers , halfbeaks , and tarpon spawning or maturing among them. Besides fish, numerous other animals use mangroves, including such species as
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#1732772029349384-676: The Barnegat Lighthouse . The bay is part of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway , entered on its north end by the Point Pleasant Canal and connecting on the south end with Little Egg Harbor via the small Manahawkin Bay . In a broader sense, Barnegat Bay is sometimes considered to stretch to the south end of Long Beach Island and to include Little Egg Harbor. Three bridges span the bay from
416-504: The saltwater crocodile , American crocodile , proboscis monkey , diamondback terrapin , and the crab-eating frog , Fejervarya cancrivora (formerly Rana cancrivora ). Mangroves represent important nesting sites for numerous birds groups such as herons, storks, spoonbills, ibises, kingfishers, shorebirds and seabirds. Although often plagued with mosquitoes and other insects that make them unpleasant for humans, mangrove swamps are very important buffer zones between land and sea, and are
448-651: The Toms River , the Forked River, the Metedeconk River , Cedar Creek, Oyster Creek, Mill Creek, Westecunk Creek, and Tuckerton Creek, all of which empty into the bay through small estuaries along its inner shore. The communities of Toms River , Silverton , and Forked River sit along the river estuaries on the bay. The bay connects with the ocean through the Barnegat Inlet , along which sits
480-424: The 19th century. While still popular for fishing, Barnegat Bay has also become a popular destination for recreational boating. The water quality of the bay has been degraded by pollution in the rivers and creeks that feed it. The preservation of the bay's water quality has been an ongoing effort of several public and private organizations. The bay was immortalized by the famous writer E. B. White , who used it as
512-494: The Delaware River to Barnegat Bay. In the 2000s and 2010s, scientists and residents have drawn attention to fish kills, algal blooms , low dissolved oxygen levels, loss of habitat, diminishing clam populations, and the rise in stinging Chrysaora quinquecirrha (sea nettle jellyfish) populations in the bay, mainly due to high levels of nitrogen from fertilizer runoff. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency monitors
544-610: The Hot 100 record for the year with the most No. 1 hits with 35 songs reaching the No. 1 spot. Additionally, the period beginning January 11 and ending April 12 constitutes the longest run of a different No. 1 song every week (14 weeks) in Billboard history. Coincidentally, it both begins and ends with songs by Elton John. The longest running number one song of 1975 is " Love Will Keep Us Together " by Captain & Tennille , which spent 4 weeks at
576-484: The North Sea but still receives so much freshwater from the adjacent lands that the water is brackish. As seawater is denser, the water in the Baltic is stratified, with seawater at the bottom and freshwater at the top. Limited mixing occurs because of the lack of tides and storms, with the result that the fish fauna at the surface is freshwater in composition while that lower down is more marine. Cod are an example of
608-527: The Thames Estuary for this purpose. Estuaries are also commonly used as fishing grounds and as places for fish farming or ranching. For example, Atlantic salmon farms are often located in estuaries, although this has caused controversy, because in doing so, fish farmers expose migrating wild fish to large numbers of external parasites such as sea lice that escape from the pens the farmed fish are kept in. Another important brackish water habitat
640-474: The United States. The plant was decommissioned on September 25, 2018. A 2008 baseline sediment pollution study of 15 locations within Barnegat Bay - Little Egg Harbor area including sites at Mill Creek, Cedar Run, Parker Run measured total petroleum hydrocarbons, mercury , polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). The joint US/UK team of scientists reported that TPH content
672-688: The bay are a part of the National Wildlife Refuge or the Sedge Islands State Wildlife Management Area. The northern tip of Long Beach Island includes the Barnegat Lighthouse State Park . The area surrounding Barnegat Bay and Barnegat Inlet was described by Henry Hudson , in 1609, as "... a great lake of water, as we could judge it to be ... The mouth of the lake hath many shoals, and the sea breaketh on them as it
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#1732772029349704-455: The changes in salinity. Salmon are anadromous, meaning they live in the sea but ascend rivers to spawn; eels are catadromous, living in rivers and streams, but returning to the sea to breed. Besides the species that migrate through estuaries, there are many other fish that use them as "nursery grounds" for spawning or as places young fish can feed and grow before moving elsewhere. Herring and plaice are two commercially important species that use
736-406: The diversity of freshwater fish species present is smaller, primarily roach and dace; euryhaline marine species such as flounder , European seabass , mullet , and smelt become much more common. Further east, the salinity increases and the freshwater fish species are completely replaced by euryhaline marine ones, until the river reaches Gravesend, at which point conditions become fully marine and
768-548: The fish fauna resembles that of the adjacent North Sea and includes both euryhaline and stenohaline marine species. A similar pattern of replacement can be observed with the aquatic plants and invertebrates living in the river. This type of ecological succession from freshwater to marine ecosystem is typical of river estuaries. River estuaries form important staging points during the migration of anadromous and catadromous fish species, such as salmon , shad and eels , giving them time to form social groups and to adjust to
800-596: The health of the bay by testing at four locations as frequently as once a week in the summer months, when surface water can reach 82 °F (28 °C). Community members have also expressed concern over the impact of stored radioactive material and thermal pollution at the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station in Lacey Township. The plant which was built in 1969 was formerly the oldest operating nuclear power plant in
832-619: The mainland to the peninsula: the Mantoloking Bridge from Brick Township to Mantoloking , and the Thomas A. Mathis and J. Stanley Tunney Bridges from Toms River to Ortley Beach. The Barnegat Division of Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge comprises wetlands along the inner southern part of the bay. Along the outside of the bay, on the peninsula, is the Island Beach State Park . Various islands within
864-549: The oceans. The deep, anoxic water of the Black Sea originates from warm, salty water of the Mediterranean . Lake Texoma , a reservoir on the border between the U.S. states of Texas and Oklahoma , is a rare example of a brackish lake that is neither part of an endorheic basin nor a direct arm of the ocean, though its salinity is considerably lower than that of the other bodies of water mentioned here. The reservoir
896-411: The song became a Billboard No. 1 hit . The Trust for Public Land , a national land conservation group, has done extensive work in the Barnegat Bay area for over two decades, protecting over 1,100 acres (4.5 km) of land. The Trust recently began the new River to Bay Greenway, the primary goal of which is to create a 70-mile (110 km) multi-use recreational route across southern New Jersey from
928-402: The television show The Sopranos , Tony Soprano owns a boat frequently set and docked along Barnegat Bay. Brackish water Technically, brackish water contains between 0.5 and 30 grams of salt per litre—more often expressed as 0.5 to 30 parts per thousand (‰), which is a specific gravity of between 1.0004 and 1.0226. Thus, brackish covers a range of salinity regimes and
960-598: The top spot. That year, 18 acts earned their first number one song, such as Barry Manilow , Ohio Players , Linda Ronstadt , Average White Band , The Eagles , The Doobie Brothers , Labelle , Minnie Riperton , Earth, Wind & Fire , Freddy Fender , Captain & Tennille , Van McCoy , Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds , KC and the Sunshine Band , Glen Campbell , David Bowie , and Silver Convention . Frankie Valli , having already hit number one with The Four Seasons , also earns his first number one song as
992-519: Was created by the damming of the Red River of the South , which (along with several of its tributaries) receives large amounts of salt from natural seepage from buried deposits in the upstream region. The salinity is high enough that striped bass , a fish normally found only in salt water, has self-sustaining populations in the lake. Brackish water is being used by humans in many different sectors. It
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1024-474: Was low and that mercury content ranged from <0.02 to 2.61 mg/kg dry wt. PAH content ranged from as low as 37 ug/kg to 1696 ug/kg with the highest concentrations at Tuckerton Creek, nevertheless these concentrations are not considered harmful to humans or biota. The distribution pattern of PAHs throughout the study area was consistent with the burning from grass, wood and coal sources. Concentrations of PCB were below reported effects ranges suggesting
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