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57-904: For the container, see Barrel . For other uses, see Barrel (disambiguation) . Barrell is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Bernard Barrell (1919–2005), English musician, music educator and composer Charles Barrell (1887–1959), New Zealand politician of the Labour Party Charles Wisner Barrell (born 1885), writer and Shakespearean scholar Donald Barrell (born 1986), rugby union player George Barrell Emerson (1797–1881), American educator and pioneer of women's education Francis Barrell (died 1679) , MP for Rochester Francis Barrell (1663–1724) , MP for Rochester Jim Barrell (born 1959), American professional wrestler John Barrell (born 1943), British academic and currently Professor of English at

114-536: A standard size of measure , referring to a set capacity or weight of a given commodity. For example, in the UK and Ireland, a barrel of beer refers to a quantity of 36 imperial gallons (160 L; 43 US gal), and is distinguished from other unit measurements, such as firkins , hogsheads , and kilderkins . Wine was shipped in barrels of 119 litres (31 US gal; 26 imp gal). A barrel of oil, defined as 42 US gallons (35 imp gal; 160 L),

171-464: A barrel when water or alcohol is lost due to evaporation , a portion known as the "angels' share". In an environment with 100% relative humidity , very little water evaporates and so most of the loss is alcohol, a useful trick if one has a wine with very high proof. Most beverages are topped up from other barrels to prevent significant oxidation, although others such as vin jaune and sherry are not. Beverages aged in wooden barrels take on some of

228-522: A cask. The modern US beer barrel is 31 US gallons (117.34777 L), half a gallon less than the traditional wine barrel (26 U.S.C. §5051 ). Barrels are also used as a unit of measurement for dry goods (dry groceries), such as flour or produce. Traditionally, a barrel is 196 pounds (89 kg) of flour (wheat or rye), with other substances such as pork subject to more local variation. In modern times, produce barrels for all dry goods, excepting cranberries, contain 7,056 cubic inches, about 115.627 L. In

285-549: A convex shape and bulge at their center, called bilge. This facilitates rolling a well-built wooden barrel on its side and allows the roller to change directions with little friction, compared to a cylinder . It also helps to distribute stress evenly in the material by making the container more curved. Barrels have reinforced edges to enable safe displacement by rolling them at an angle (in addition to rolling on their sides as described). Casks used for ale or beer have shives and keystones in their openings. Before serving

342-435: A cooper and tubs made of staves in use at the grape harvest. Herodotus ( c.  484 – c.  425 BC) allegedly reports the use of "palm-wood casks" in ancient Babylon , but some modern scholarship disputes this interpretation. In Europe, buckets and casks dating to 200 BC have been found preserved in the mud of lake villages . A lake village near Glastonbury dating to the late Iron Age has yielded one complete tub and

399-632: A grape distillate named pisco is either aged in oak or in earthenware . Some wines are fermented "on barrel", as opposed to in a neutral container like steel or wine-grade HDPE (high-density polyethylene) tanks. Wine can also be fermented in large wooden tanks, which—when open to the atmosphere—are called "open-tops". Other wooden cooperage for storing wine or spirits range from smaller barriques to huge casks, with either elliptical or round heads. The tastes yielded by French and American species of oak are slightly different, with French oak being subtler, while American oak gives stronger aromas. To retain

456-901: A number of wooden staves. The Roman historian Pliny the Elder (died 79 AD) reported that cooperage in Europe originated with the Gauls in Alpine villages who stored their beverages in wooden casks bound with hoops. Pliny identified three different types of coopers: ordinary coopers, wine coopers and coopers who made large casks. Large casks contain more and bigger staves and are correspondingly more difficult to assemble. Roman coopers tended to be independent tradesmen, passing their skills on to their sons. The Greek geographer Strabo ( c. 64 BC to c. 24 AD) recorded that wooden pithoi (barrels or wine-jars) were lined with pitch to stop leakage and preserve

513-477: A process that is known as solera . Laws in several jurisdictions require that whiskey be aged in wooden barrels. The law in the United States requires that " straight whiskey " (with the exception of corn whiskey ) must be stored for at least two years in new, charred oak containers. Other forms of whiskey aged in used barrels cannot be called "straight". International laws require any whisky bearing

570-772: A shrub understory. Wetter oak woodlands historically had a substantial shrub understory, primarily snowberry . Oregon white oak woodlands in British Columbia and Washington are critical habitats for a number of species that are rare or extirpated in these areas, plant, animal, and bryophyte: Quercus garryana woodlands create a landscape mosaic of grassland, savanna, woodland, and closed-canopy forest. This mosaic of varied habitats, in turn, allows many more species to live in this area than would be possible in coniferous forest alone. Parks Canada states that Garry oak woodlands support more species of plants than any other terrestrial ecosystem in British Columbia. It grows in

627-827: A variety of soil types, for instance, rocky outcrops, glacial gravelly outwash, deep grassland soils, and seasonally flooded riparian areas. The Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 encouraged settlement of Washington and Oregon by the United States and marked the beginning of the end of regular burning by native peoples of the area. The arrival of Europeans also reduced the number of natural fires that took place in Oregon white oak habitat. With fire suppression and conversion to agriculture, oak woodlands and bunch grass prairies were invaded by Douglas-fir, Oregon ash ( Fraxinus latifolia ), and imported pasture grasses. Oaks were logged to clear land for pasture, and for firewood and fence posts. Livestock grazing trampled and consumed oak seedlings. By

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684-416: A whisky branded as "Jameson Caskmates". Cask ale is aged in the barrel (usually steel) for a short time before serving. Extensive barrel aging is required of many sour beers . Traditional balsamic vinegar is aged in a series of wooden barrels. The pepper mash used to make Tabasco sauce is aged for three years in previously used oak whiskey barrels since its invention in 1868. Vernors ginger ale

741-428: Is 42 US gallons (35.0  imp gal ; 159.0  L ). This measurement originated in the early Pennsylvania oil fields , and permitted both British and American merchants to refer to the same unit, based on the old English wine measure, the tierce . Earlier, another size of whiskey barrel was the most common size; this was the 40 US gallons (33.3 imp gal; 151.4 L) barrel for proof spirits, which

798-814: Is actively pursuing conservation of the city's namesake tree with the formation of the Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society. In Southwest Washington , significant acreages of Oregon white oaks are preserved in the Scatter Creek Wildlife Area, in sites such as the Scatter Creek Unit , which contain some of the few remaining areas of south Puget Sound prairie. In Oak Bay, British Columbia, a fine of up to $ 10,000 may be issued for each Garry oak tree cut or damaged. The mildly sweet (but perhaps unpalatable) acorns are edible, ideally after leaching . The bitterness of

855-451: Is aged for at least three years. Like with other spirits, longer aging results in a more pronounced flavor. Beers are sometimes aged in barrels which were previously used for maturing wines or spirits. This is most common in darker beers such as stout, which is sometimes aged in oak barrels identical to those used for whiskey. Whisky distiller Jameson notably purchases barrels used by Franciscan Well brewery for their Shandon Stout to produce

912-410: Is also known to grow in groves close enough together that crowns may form a canopy. The leaves are deciduous , 2–6 inches (5.1–15 cm) long and 1–3 inches broad, with 3–7 deep lobes on each side, darker green on top and finely haired below. The flowers are catkins , the fruit a small acorn 3⁄4–1 inch (rarely 1 1⁄2 inches) long and 1⁄2–3⁄4 inch broad, with shallow, scaly cups. Its fall color

969-615: Is an oak tree species of the Pacific Northwest , with a range stretching from southern California to southwestern British Columbia . It is commonly known as the Garry oak, Oregon white oak or Oregon oak . It grows from sea level to an altitude of 690 feet (210 metres) in the northern part of its range, and from 980 to 5,900 ft (300 to 1,800 m) in the south of the range in California. The eponymous Nicholas Garry

1026-612: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Barrel Barrels have a variety of uses, including storage of liquids such as water, oil, and alcohol. They are also employed to hold maturing beverages such as wine , cognac , armagnac , sherry , port , whiskey , beer , arrack , and sake . Other commodities once stored in wooden casks include gunpowder , meat , fish, paint, honey, nails, and tallow . Modern wooden barrels for wine-making are made of French common oak ( Quercus robur ), white oak ( Quercus petraea ), American white oak ( Quercus alba ), more exotic

1083-457: Is in the white oak group. Oregon white oak is the only native oak species in British Columbia, Washington, and northern Oregon. In these areas, oak woodlands are seral, or early- successional ; they depend on disturbance to avoid being overtaken by Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ). The disturbance allowing oak to persist in an area that would otherwise succeed to coniferous forest was primarily fire. Natural wildfires are relatively common in

1140-424: Is marketed as having a "barrel-aged" flavor, and the syrup used to produce the beverage was originally aged in oak barrels when first manufactured in the 19th century. Whether the syrup continues to be aged in oak is unclear. "Angels' share" is a term for the portion (share) of a wine or distilled spirit 's volume that is lost to evaporation during aging in oak barrels. The ambient humidity tends to affect

1197-498: Is mizunara oak ( Quercus crispula ), and recently Oregon oak ( Quercus garryana ) has been used. Someone who makes traditional wooden barrels is called a cooper . Today, barrels and casks can also be made of aluminum , stainless steel , and different types of plastic , such as HDPE . Early casks were bound with wooden hoops and in the 19th century these were gradually replaced by metal hoops that were stronger, more durable and took up less space. Barrel has also been used as

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1254-428: Is not typically considered necessary elsewhere, whiskey made elsewhere is usually aged in used barrels that previously contained American whiskey (usually bourbon whiskey ). The typical bourbon barrel is 53 US gallons (200 L; 44 imp gal) in size, which is thus the de facto standard whiskey barrel size worldwide. Some distillers transfer their whiskey into different barrels to "finish" or add qualities to

1311-518: Is selected because of its ability to transfer certain aromas to the spirit. Cognac is aged only in oak casks made from wood from the Forest of Tronçais and more often from the Limousin forests. Some types of tequila are aged in oak barrels to mellow its flavor. "Reposado" tequila is aged for a period of two months to one year, "Añejo" tequila is aged for up to three years, and "Extra Añejo" tequila

1368-408: Is still used as a measure of volume for oil, although oil is no longer shipped in barrels. The barrel has also come into use as a generic term for a wooden cask of any size. An Egyptian wall-painting in the tomb of Hesy-Ra , dating to 2600 BC, shows a wooden tub used to measure wheat and constructed of staves bound together with wooden hoops. Another Egyptian tomb painting dating to 1900 BC shows

1425-531: Is unspectacular, with many trees turning plain brown. Other individuals may have subtle mixtures of brown, green and yellow, or in less common cases a fairly bright 'peas and corn' effect. The Oregon white oak is commonly found in the Willamette Valley hosting the mistletoe Phoradendron flavescens . It is also commonly found hosting galls created by wasps in the family Cynipidae. ' Oak apples ', green or yellow ball of up to 5 cm in size, are

1482-659: The Fraser River on the British Columbia mainland. The northernmost population of Garry oak can be found just below 50°N on Savary Island , in the northern stretches of the Strait of Georgia . The Garry oak is the only oak native to British Columbia, and one of only two oaks (along with the bur oak ) native to western Canada. It is a drought-tolerant tree. Older specimens are often affected by heart rot . The acorns are consumed by wildlife and livestock. David Douglas recorded that bears consumed them. In British Columbia,

1539-456: The age of sail . Its viscous nature made sperm whale oil a particularly difficult substance to contain in staved containers. Oil coopers were probably the most skilled coopers in pre-industrial cooperage. Olive oil , seed oils and other organic oils were also placed in wooden casks for storage or transport. Wooden casks were also used to store mineral oil. The standard size barrel of crude oil or other petroleum product (abbreviated bbl)

1596-411: The surname Barrell . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barrell&oldid=1107746431 " Category : Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

1653-1126: The 1990s, more than half the Oregon white oak woodland habitat in the South Puget Sound area of Washington was gone. On Vancouver Island, more than 90% was gone, and on Whidbey Island up to 99% of native understory Oregon white oak habitat is gone. Remaining Oregon white oak woodlands are threatened by urbanization, conversion to Douglas-fir woodland, and invasion by shrubs, both native and nonnative (Scotch broom Cytisus scoparius , sweetbriar rose Rosa eglanteria , snowberry Symphoricarpos albus , Indian plum Oemleria cerasiformis , poison-oak Toxicodendron diversilobum , English holly Ilex aquifolium , bird cherry Prunus avens ). Conversely, oak groves in wetter areas that historically had closed canopies of large trees are becoming crowded with young oaks that grow thin and spindly, due to lack of fires that would clear out seedlings. Chionodes petalumensis caterpillars feed on oak leaves, including those of Quercus garryana and valley oak ( Q. lobata ). Oregon white oaks and their ecosystems are

1710-453: The Garry oak can be infested by three nonnative insects: the jumping gall wasp Neuroterus saltatorius , the oak leaf phylloxeran, and the spongy moth . While the invasive plant disease commonly called sudden oak death attacks other Pacific Coast native oaks, it has not yet been found on the Oregon white oak. Most oak hosts of this disease are in the red oak group, while Oregon white oak

1767-455: The UK this is strictly correct only if the container holds 36 imperial gallons. The terms " keg " and "cask" refer to containers of any size, the distinction being that kegs are used for beers intended to be served using external gas cylinders. Cask ales undergo part of their fermentation process in their containers, called casks. Casks are available in several sizes, and it is common to refer to "a firkin " or "a kil" ( kilderkin ) instead of

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1824-506: The US, the wine gallon of 231 cubic inches being the standard gallon for liquids (the corn gallon of 268.8 cubic inches for solids). In Britain, the wine gallon was replaced by the imperial gallon . The tierce later became the petrol barrel. The tun was originally 256 gallons , which explains from where the quarter, 8 bushels or 64 (wine) gallons, comes. Although it is common to refer to draught beer containers of any size as barrels, in

1881-720: The University of York Joseph Barrell (1869–1919), American geologist Joseph Barrell (merchant) (1739–1804), merchant in Boston, Massachusetts in the 18th century Joyce Howard Barrell , née Gedye (born 1917), English composer Rachel Barrell , British stage performer Sue Barrell , British-born Australian meteorologist Tony Barrell (broadcaster) (1940–2011), British-born Australian writer and broadcaster Tony Barrell (journalist) , British journalist Tosh Barrell (1888–1960), English professional footballer [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with

1938-488: The beer, a spile is hammered into the shive and a tap into the keystone. The wooden parts that make up a barrel are called staves , the top and bottom are both called heads or headers , and the rings that hold the staves together are called hoops . These are usually made of galvanized iron, though historically they were made of flexible bits of wood called withies . While wooden hoops could require barrels to be "fully hooped", with hoops stacked tightly together along

1995-481: The center of a barrel is called a bung hole and the stopper used to seal it is a bung . The latter is generally made of white silicone . A barrel is one of several units of volume , with dry barrels, fluid barrels (UK beer barrel, US beer barrel), oil barrel, etc. The volume of some barrel units is double others, with various volumes in the range of about 100–200 litres (22–44 imp gal; 26–53 US gal). Pre-1824 definitions continued to be used in

2052-404: The composition of this share. Drier conditions tend to make the barrels evaporate more water, strengthening the spirit. However, in higher humidities, more alcohol than water will evaporate, therefore reducing the alcoholic strength of the product. This alcoholic evaporate encourages the growth of a darkly colored fungus, the angels' share fungus, Baudoinia compniacensis , which tends to appear on

2109-491: The compounds in the barrel, such as vanillin and wood tannins . The presence of these compounds depends on many factors, including the place of origin, how the staves were cut and dried, and the degree of "toast" applied during manufacture. Barrels used for aging are typically made of French or American oak , but chestnut and redwood are also used. Some Asian beverages (e.g., Japanese sake ) use Japanese cedar , which imparts an unusual, minty-piney flavor. In Peru and Chile,

2166-403: The dead as grave goods . An "ageing barrel" is used to age wine ; distilled spirits such as whiskey , brandy , or rum ; beer ; tabasco sauce ; or (in smaller sizes) traditional balsamic vinegar . When a wine or spirit ages in a barrel, small amounts of oxygen are introduced as the barrel lets some air in (compare to microoxygenation where oxygen is deliberately added). Oxygen enters

2223-413: The desired measure of oak influence, a winery will replace a certain percentage of its barrels every year, although this can vary from 5 to 100%. Some winemakers use "200% new oak", where the wine is put into new oak barrels twice during the aging process. Bulk wines are sometimes more cheaply flavored by soaking in oak chips or added commercial oak flavoring instead of being aged in a barrel because of

2280-871: The drier portions of the Pacific Northwest where Oregon white oak is found, but fire suppression has made such events much less common. In addition, early settlers' records, soil surveys, and tribal histories indicate that deliberate burning was widely practiced by the indigenous people of these areas. Fire perpetuated the grasslands that produced food sources such as camas , chocolate lily , bracken fern , and oak; and that provided grazing and easy hunting for deer and elk. Mature Oregon white oaks are fire-resistant, and so would not be severely harmed by grass fires of low intensity. Such fires prevented Douglas-fir and most other conifer seedlings from becoming established, allowing bunch grass prairie and oak woodland to persist. Fire also kept oak woodlands on drier soils free of

2337-470: The entire top and bottom third of a barrel, iron-hooped barrels only require a few hoops on each end. Wine barrels typically come in two hoop configurations. An American barrel features six hoops, from top to center: head- or chime hoop , quarter hoop and bilge hoop (times two), while a French barrel features eight, including a so-called French hoop , located between the quarter- and bilge hoops (see "wine barrel parts" illustration). The opening at

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2394-438: The exterior surfaces of most things in the immediate area. Water barrels are often used to collect the rainwater from dwellings (so that it may be used for irrigation or other purposes). This usage, known as rainwater harvesting , requires (besides a large rainwater barrel or water butt ) adequate (waterproof) roof-covering and an adequate rain pipe . Wooden casks of various sizes were used to store whale oil on ships in

2451-454: The final product. These finishing barrels frequently aged a different spirit (such as rum) or wine. Other distillers, particularly those producing Scotch, often disassemble five used bourbon barrels and reassemble them into four casks with different barrel ends for aging Scotch, creating a type of cask referred to as a hogshead . Maturing is very important for a good brandy , which is typically aged in oak casks. The wood used for those barrels

2508-679: The first non-native person who recorded the species (1820s) and named it after Nicholas Garry , who was deputy governor of the Hudson's Bay Company from 1822 to 1835 and a supporter of Douglas. There are three varieties : In Oregon , the tree grows on the west side of the Cascade Range, primarily in the Willamette, Umpqua and Rogue River valleys, and along the Columbia River Gorge, as well as in canyons adjacent to

2565-409: The focus of conservation efforts, including communities such as Tacoma, Washington , where an Oak Tree Park has been established; Oak Bay, British Columbia , which is named after the tree; and Corvallis, Oregon , which has protected the oak savannah remnants around Bald Hill . Oak Harbor, Washington , named after the tree and home to Smith Park that contains a dense grove of mature Garry Oak trees,

2622-779: The gorge. In California, the garryana variety grows in the foothills of the Siskiyou and Klamath Mountains , the Coast Ranges of Northern California, and of the west slope of the Cascades. The semota variety grows in the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges as far south as Los Angeles County . In Washington , the tree grows on the west side of the Cascade Range , particularly in the Puget Sound lowlands,

2679-496: The label " Scotch " to be distilled and matured in Scotland for a minimum of three years and one day in oak casks. By Canadian law, Canadian whiskies must "be aged in small wood for not less than three years", and "small wood" is defined as a wood barrel not exceeding 700 litres (150 imp gal; 180 US gal) capacity. Since the U.S. law requires the use of new barrels for several popular types of whiskey, which

2736-399: The most spectacular. They are attached to the undersides of leaves. One common species responsible for these galls is Cynips maculipennis . Other species create galls on stems and leaves. Shapes vary from spheres to mushroom-shaped to pencil-shaped. Individual specimens can grow to around 500 years in age, such as those on Sauvie Island near Portland, Oregon . David Douglas was

2793-406: The much lower cost. Sherry is stored in 600-litre (130 imp gal; 160 US gal) casks made of North American oak, which is slightly more porous than French or Spanish oak. The casks, or butts, are filled five-sixths full, leaving "the space of two fists" empty at the top to allow flor to develop on top of the wine. Sherry is also commonly swapped between barrels of different ages,

2850-759: The northeastern Olympic Peninsula , Whidbey Island, the Chehalis river valley, and the San Juan Islands . It also grows in the foothills of the southeastern Cascades and along the Columbia River Gorge . In British Columbia , the Garry oak grows on the Gulf Islands and southeastern Vancouver Island , from west of Victoria along the east side of the island up to the Campbell River area. There are also small populations along

2907-460: The northeastern United States, nails, bolts, and plumbing fittings were commonly shipped in small rough barrels. These were small, 18 inches high by about 10–12 inches in diameter. The wood was the quality of pallet lumber. The binding was sometimes by wire or metal hoops or both. This practice seems to have been prevalent up till the 1980s. Older hardware stores probably still have some of these barrels. Quercus garryana Quercus garryana

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2964-534: The staves were 38 mm (1.5 in) thick and featured grooves where the heads fitted. They had Roman numerals scratched on the surface of each stave to help with re-assembly. In Anglo-Saxon Britain, wooden barrels were used to store ale, butter, honey and mead . Drinking-containers were also made from small staves of oak , yew or pine . These items required considerable craftsmanship to hold liquids and might be bound with finely-worked precious metals. They were highly valued items and were sometimes buried with

3021-542: The toxic tannic acid would likely prevent anyone from eating enough to become ill. Native Americans ate the acorns raw and roasted, also using them to make a kind of flour. The hardwood is hard and heavily ring-porous. It has distinctive growth rings and prominent rays. Heartwood can be a deep chocolate brown color and sapwood will vary from golden brown to nearly white. This makes it particularly attractive to woodworkers, however it can be difficult to use in woodworking without experiencing warping and cracking. Although it

3078-540: The wine. Barrels were sometimes used for military purposes. Julius Caesar (100 to 44 BC) used catapults to hurl burning barrels of tar into besieged towns to start fires. The Romans also used empty barrels to make pontoon bridges to cross rivers. Empty casks were used to line the walls of shallow wells from at least Roman times. Such casks were found in 1897 during archaeological excavations of Roman Silchester in Britain. They were made of Pyrenean silver fir and

3135-456: Was deputy governor of the Hudson's Bay Company . Quercus garryana is typically of medium height, growing slowly to around 80 feet (24 metres) and occasionally as high as 100 ft (30 m), or in shrub form to 10 to 15 ft (3.0 to 4.6 m) tall. The trunks grow to 3 feet (0.91 m) thick, exceptionally 5 ft (2 m). The bark is gray and fissured. It has the characteristic oval profile of other oaks when solitary, but

3192-511: Was of the same volume as five US bushels. However, by 1866, the oil barrel was standardized at 42 US gallons. Oil has not been shipped in barrels since the introduction of oil tankers , but the 42 US gallon size is still used as a unit of measurement for pricing and tax and regulatory codes. Each barrel is refined into about 20 US gallons (17 imp gal; 76 L) of gasoline , the rest becoming other products such as jet fuel and heating oil, using fractional distillation . Barrels have

3249-468: Was popularly used around the turn of the 20th century, historically, the tree has not been regarded as having significant commercial value and is frequently destroyed as land is cleared for development. The wood is suitable for making fence posts. With similar qualities to those of other white oaks , the wood has been used experimentally in Oregon for creating casks in which to age wine. In Washington, it has been used for aging single malt whiskey since

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