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152-576: The Bartow–Pell Mansion is a historic house museum at 895 Shore Road in the northern section of Pelham Bay Park , within the New York City borough of the Bronx . The two-story building, designed in the mid-19th century by an unknown architect, has a Greek Revival facade and federal interiors and is the last surviving manor house in the Pelham Bay Park area. The grounds surrounding

304-610: A cutaway model of the carriage house. The stabilization of the carriage house had been completed by 1989. The house was still obscure; the New York Daily News wrote the same year that the Bartow–Pell Mansion was "possibly the least-known of all the historic houses in the Bronx". The Bartow–Pell Mansion was one of the founding members of the Historic House Trust , established in 1989. At the time,

456-467: A newel post with a volute ; it is illuminated by a clerestory window at the attic. The hallway itself has a plasterwork cornice and a rosette on the ceiling. On either wall are window openings and doorways, each of which is flanked by paneled pilasters and topped by a wooden pediment . Decorations such as eagles and depictions of Cupid are placed within the pilasters, while the tops of each pilaster depict honeysuckles and acanthus leaves . When

608-503: A phytochemical analysis based on flavonoids , reduced the genus to just two sections, Entemophyllon and Dahlia , the latter having three subsections, Pseudodendron , Dahlia , and Merckii . Sørensen then issued a further revision in 1980, incorporating subsection Merckii in his original section Dahlia . When he described two new species in the 1980s ( Dahlia tubulata and D. congestifolia ), he placed them within his existing sections. A further species, Dahlia sorensenii

760-795: A "blue" specimen are variations of mauve, purples and lilac hues. By the beginning of the twentieth century, a number of different types were recognised. These terms were based on shape or colour, and the National Dahlia Society included cactus, pompon, single, show and fancy in its 1904 guide. Many national societies developed their own classification systems until 1962 when the International Horticultural Congress agreed to develop an internationally recognised system at its Brussels meeting that year, and subsequently in Maryland in 1966. This culminated in

912-489: A "certificate of proof" for the National Historic Landmark designation the next year. The exterior-landmark designation was extended in 1978 to cover the carriage house, gardens, and Pell family graveyard; the expanded designation covers 60 acres (24 ha) of the park. Historic house museum Historic house museums are sometimes known as a "memory museum", which is a term used to suggest that

1064-669: A collection consistent with the historical structure. Some museums choose to collect pieces original to the period, while not original to the house. Others, fill the home with replicas of the original pieces, reconstructed with the help of historic records. Still other museums adopt a more aesthetic approach and use the homes to display the architecture and artistic objects. Because historic homes have often existed through different generations and have been passed on from one family to another, volunteers and professionals also must decide which historical narrative to tell their visitors. Some museums grapple with this issue by displaying different eras in

1216-529: A complete field of the Dahlia as a foreground to the house. Mr. T. Hogg, William Read, and many other well-known florists have also contributed much in the vicinity of New York, to the introduction of the Dahlia. Indeed so general has become the taste that almost every garden has its show of the Dahlia in the season." In Boston too there were many collections, a collection from the Messrs Hovey of Cambridgeport

1368-704: A decade after Pelham Manor was created. The house was located either east of Shore Road or at the extreme end of Pelham Neck (which is located between Eastchester Bay and the Long Island South). This house was designed in an English style, with a facade of Holland brick. The first residence was occupied by three of Pelham Manor's lords of the manor before it burned in the American Revolutionary War . The second house, occupied by John Bartow and his wife and cousin Ann Pell Bartow,

1520-736: A fragrant variety grown from one of the Humboldt seeds, was probably interbred with the single D. coccinea . A new scented species would not be introduced until the next century when the D. coronata was brought from Mexico to Germany in 1907. The exact date the dahlia was introduced in the United States is uncertain. One of the first dahlias in the USA may have been the D. coccinea speciosissima grown by William Leathe, of Cambridgeport, near Boston, around 1929. According to Edward Sayers, "it attracted much admiration, and at that time

1672-615: A friend in Mexico. The entire shipment was badly rotted and appeared to be ruined, but van der Berg examined it carefully and found a small piece of root that seemed alive. He planted and carefully tended it; it grew into a plant that he identified as a dahlia. He made cuttings from the plant during the winter of 1872–1873. This was an entirely different type of flower, with rich, red color and a high degree of doubling. In 1874 van der Berg catalogued it for sale, calling it Dahlia juarezii to honor Mexican President Benito Pablo Juarez , who had died

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1824-657: A further 1700 by 1986 and in 2003 there were 18,000. Since then about a hundred new cultivars are added annually. The official RHS classification lists fourteen groups, grouped by flower type, together with the abbreviations used by the RHS; Earlier versions of the registry subdivided some groups by flower size. Groups 4, 5, 8 and 9 were divided into five subgroups (A to E) from Giant to Miniature, and Group 6 into two subgroups, Small and Miniature. Dahlias were then described by Group and Subgroup, e.g. 5(d) ‘Ace Summer Sunset’. Some Dahlia Societies have continued this practice, but this

1976-449: A mahogany library table, a Pembroke table , a fire screen with desk, two side chairs, and a rosewood barometer. The three rooms on the carriage house's main floor are outfitted with exhibits, while the carriage house's lower level contains an education gallery and an architecture and transportation gallery. There have also been temporary exhibits over the years, such as a display of gardening tools in 2012 and an exhibit of objects relating to

2128-500: A mansion on the site, the third house to occupy the estate. Construction was complete on the Bartow Mansion and an adjacent carriage building by 1842, though the exact date of the house's construction is unknown. Robert Bolton's Guide to New Rochelle , published in 1842, stated that Robert Bartow "lately" constructed the mansion but did not specify further. The house had cost $ 60,000 (equivalent to $ 1,894,000 in 2023). When it

2280-512: A museum three days a week; although the gardens are free to visit, the mansion has an admission fee. The house is not wheelchair-accessible, as the main entrance can only be accessed by a short flight of steps, and there is no elevator. As of 2023, Alison McKay is the Bartow–Pell Mansion Museum's executive director. In the mid-20th century, many of the mansion's furnishings were displayed on loan from larger museums. A news article from

2432-736: A note containing the following verse: The dahlia you brought to our isle Your praises for ever shall speak; Mid gardens as sweet as your smile, And in colour as bright as your cheek. In 1805, German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt sent more seeds from Mexico to Aiton in England, Thouin in Paris, and Christoph Friedrich Otto , director of the Berlin Botanical Garden . More significantly, he sent seeds to botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow in Germany. Willdenow now reclassified

2584-499: A particular area, social-class or historical period. The " narrative " of the people who lived there guides this approach, and dictates the manner in which it is completed. Another alternative approach, deployed by nonprofit organization House Museum , includes contemporary art integration, where artists are invited to respond to the physical and conceptual history of a site, thus injecting contemporary perspectives and value into historic places. In each kind of museum, visitors learn about

2736-408: A prize of 2,000 pounds to the first person succeeding in producing a blue dahlia. This has to date not been accomplished. While dahlias produce anthocyanin , an element necessary for the production of the blue, to achieve a true blue color in a plant, the anthocyanin delphinidin needs six hydroxyl groups. To date, dahlias have only developed five, so the closest that breeders have come to achieving

2888-486: A professor of history and political science, further adds to social history and its relationship to locations by saying – Following this historical movement, the concept of " open-air museums " became prominent. These particular types of museums had interpreters in costume re-enact the lives of communities in earlier eras, which would then be performed to modern audiences. They often occupied large wooden architecture buildings or outdoor sites and landscapes, that were true to

3040-651: A relative of the Pell family, built the third and current house at some point between 1836 and 1842. Ownership of the house remained in the Bartow and Pell families until 1888, when the government of New York City bought it, and the house remained empty until 1914 when the International Garden Club, co-founded by Zelia Hoffman and Alice Martineau, leased it. The IGC renovated the home into a clubhouse and moved in during 1915. Mayor Fiorello La Guardia used

3192-585: A series of drawings to supplement the four volume report. Three of his drawings showed plants with flowers: two resembled the modern bedding dahlia, and one resembled the species Dahlia merckii ; all displayed a high degree of doubleness. In 1578, a manuscript titled Nova Plantarum, Animalium et Mineralium Mexicanorum Historia , was sent back to the Escorial in Madrid. It was translated into Latin by Francisco Ximenes in 1615. In 1640, Francisco Cesi, President of

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3344-401: A small sitting room. Both doorways have paneled pilasters and wooden pediments akin to those in the central hall, and the sitting room itself has a black marble mantelpiece. To the left of the central hall, a similar set of doorways leads to a smaller dining room, which shares design features with the sitting room. The small dining room hosted luncheons and breakfasts. There is also a kitchen that

3496-501: A social-media campaign that attracted participants from as far as Australia and Sweden, Partners in Preservation gave the Bartow–Pell Mansion Museum $ 155,000 for a restoration of the terraced garden and chestnut-tree walkway. Mark K. Morrison Associates was hired to rebuild the garden, add new plantings, and restore the garden's gates. The gardens were redesigned using photographs of Delano & Aldrich's original garden. In addition,

3648-522: A source of food for the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including angle shades , common swift , ghost moth and large yellow underwing . Dahlias grow naturally in climates that do not experience frost (the tubers are hardy to USDA Zone 8), consequently they are not adapted to withstand sub-zero temperatures. However, their tuberous nature enables them to survive periods of dormancy , and this characteristic means that gardeners in temperate climates with frosts can grow dahlias successfully, provided

3800-425: A tall bed with a covering at its top. The bedrooms included the "Pell room", decorated with a portrait of John Pell and a carpet; the "red" room, with mahogany linen-press ; and the "yellow" room, with a Duncan Phyfe bed. Also on display was a piece of Treaty Oak. The dining and drawing rooms had satin curtains, lamps, gilded-bronze fireplace mantel clocks, chandeliers, landscapes of New York state, and portraits from

3952-595: A wide range of other descriptions, such as 'Incurved' and abbreviations in their catalogues, such as CO for Collarette. Some plant growers include their brand name in the cultivar name. Thus Fides (part of the Dümmen Orange Group ) in the Netherlands developed a series of cultivars which they named the Dahlinova series, for example Dahlinova 'Carolina Burgundy'. These are Group 10 Miscellaneous in

4104-400: A year, more than fifty percent of historic house museums received fewer than 5,000 visitors per year. These museums are also unique in that the actual structure belongs to the museum collection as a historical object. While some historic home museums are fortunate to possess a collection containing many of the original furnishings once present in the home, many face the challenge of displaying

4256-496: Is a genus of bushy, tuberous , herbaceous perennial plants native to Mexico and Central America. As a member of the Asteraceae (synonym name: Compositae) family of dicotyledonous plants, its relatives include the sunflower , daisy , chrysanthemum , and zinnia . There are 49 species of dahlia, with flowers in almost every hue (except blue), with hybrids commonly grown as garden plants. Dahlias were known only to

4408-459: Is a genus of the uplands and mountains, being found at elevations between 1,500 and 3,700 m (4,900 and 12,100 ft), in what has been described as a "pine-oak woodland" vegetative zone . Most species have limited ranges scattered throughout many mountain ranges in Mexico The most common pollinators are bees and small beetles. Slugs and snails are serious pests in some parts of

4560-613: Is a great deal of disagreement today between systematists over classification. In 1829, all species growing in Europe were reclassified under an all-encompassing name of D. variabilis, Desf. , though this is not an accepted name. Through the interspecies cross of the Humboldt seeds and the Cavanilles species, 22 new species were reported by that year, all of which had been classified in different ways by several different taxonomists, creating considerable confusion as to which species

4712-407: Is arranged around a square central hall with an elliptical staircase; it includes two parlors, a sitting room and a small dining room. The second floor contains bedrooms, while the cellar was used for storing wine. The carriage house, which contained a stable hand 's home, vehicular storage, and the hayloft , has served as an exhibition and educational space since 1993. Some of the furnishings include

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4864-480: Is by Francisco Hernández , physician to Philip II , who was ordered to visit Mexico in 1570 to study the "natural products of that country". They were used as a source of food by the indigenous peoples, who both gathered wild specimens and cultivated crops. The indigenous peoples variously identified the plants as "Chichipatl" ( Toltecs ) and "Acocotle" or "Cocoxochitl" ( Aztecs ). From Hernandez's perception of Nahuatl to Spanish (through various other translations)

5016-527: Is largely deserted"), but its proximity to population centers made the estate vulnerable to trespassers. The IGC continued to use the mansion as its headquarters, and it renovated one of the rooms during the mid-1970s. The museum received $ 6,000 in 1977 to renovate the carriage house after it raised matching funds . The next year, the New York state government provided $ 1.3 million for repairs and upgrades to 58 historical buildings across New York state, including

5168-481: Is neither official nor standardised. As of 2013 The RHS uses two size descriptors Sizes can range from tiny micro dahlias with flowers less than 50   mm to giants that are over 250   mm in diameter. The groupings listed here are from the New Zealand Society: In addition to the official classification and the terminology used by various dahlia societies, individual horticulturalists use

5320-551: Is not only associated with the individual but is a shared experience. It also focused on the way individual memory is influenced by social structures, as a way of continuing socialisation by producing memory as collective experience. An example of a site that utilizes collective memory is the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park in Japan. It was restored and is based on the dialectics of memory, however it also has

5472-414: Is presumed extinct. Further species continue to be described, Saar (2003) describing 35 species. However separation of the sections on morphological, cytologal and biocemical criteria has not been entirely satisfactory. To date these sectional divisions have not been fully supported phylogenetically , which demonstrate only section Entemophyllon as a distinct sectional clade . The other major grouping

5624-405: Is shared by the main museum and a separate caretaker's apartment. The second floor contains four bedrooms. Unlike the first-floor rooms, the bedrooms have plain design elements, including white-marble mantelpieces and molded trimmings. Each bedroom had a high ceiling to accommodate the large wardrobes and beds that were used in these rooms. One of the bedrooms, known as "Clarina's Room" after one of

5776-707: Is situated in the Asteroideae subfamily of the Asteraceae , in the Coreopsideae tribe . Within that tribe it is the second largest genus, after Coreopsis , and appears as a well defined clade within the Coreopsideae. Sherff (1955), in the first modern taxonomy described three sections for the 18 species he recognised, Pseudodendron , Epiphytum and Dahlia . By 1969 Sørensen recognised 29 species and four sections by splitting off Entemophyllon from section Dahlia . By contrast Giannasi (1975) using

5928-416: Is surrounded by a 7-foot-tall (2.1 m) wall, which is made of locally sourced stone and was covered with wisteria. There are iron gates in the wall, as well as a wrought-iron fence above the wall on the eastern end of the garden. East of the fence was a lawn that overlooked the water, although Long Island Sound was no longer visible from the mansion by the 20th century. The Mary Ludington Herb Garden adjoins

6080-428: Is the core Dahlia clade (CDC), which includes most of the section Dahlia . The remainder of the species occupy what has been described as the variable root clade (VRC) which includes the small section Pseudodendron but also the monotypic section Epiphytum and a number of species from within section Dahlia . Outside of these three clades lie D. tubulata and D. merckii as a polytomy . Horticulturally

6232-570: The Academia dei Lincei of Rome, bought the Ximenes translation and, after annotating it, published it in 1649–1651 as two volumes, Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesaurus Seu Nova Plantarium, Animalium et Mineralium Mexicanorum Historia . The original manuscripts were destroyed in a fire in the mid-1600s. In 1787, the French botanist Nicolas-Joseph Thiéry de Menonville , sent to Mexico to steal

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6384-571: The Aztecs and other southern North American peoples until the Spanish conquest , after which the plants were brought to Europe. The (high in sugar) tubers of some varieties are of value to humans. There is also a special polysaccharide of Fructan obtained known as Inulin. Dahlias are perennial plants with tuberous roots, though they are grown as annuals in some regions with cold winters. While some have herbaceous stems, others have stems which lignify in

6536-606: The Jardin des Plantes in Paris and Scottish botanist William Aiton at Kew Gardens. That same year, John Fraser, English nurseryman and later botanical collector to the Czar of Russia, brought D. coccinea seeds from Paris to the Apothecaries Gardens in England, where they flowered in his greenhouse a year later, providing Botanical Magazine with an illustration. In 1804, a new species, Dahlia sambucifolia ,

6688-750: The Museum of the City of New York , Brooklyn Museum , and the Metropolitan Museum of Art assisted with the renovation. Initially, the Bartow Mansion Museum consisted of only four rooms: the entrance hall, dining room, parlor, and second-floor master bedroom. The IGC re-furnished the house with the assistance of the three larger museums' staff. A former president of the IGC, Mrs. Eliot Tuckerman, received an award in 1947 for her role in restoring

6840-579: The New York City Subway 's Pelham Bay Park station was established to transport people to the house, and officials even replaced a 135-year-old "10 Miles to City Hall" sign five miles away so that it directed visitors to the mansion, rather than to City Hall. Policemen on motorcycles traveled between the mansion and City Hall several times a day, although the mansion received relatively few visitors during La Guardia's time there. Although staffers and newspaper reporters alike complained because of

6992-592: The cochineal insect valued for its scarlet dye, reported the strangely beautiful flowers he had seen growing in a garden in Oaxaca. In 1789, Vicente Cervantes , director of the Botanical Garden at Mexico City, sent "plant parts" to Abbe Antonio José Cavanilles , director of the Royal Gardens of Madrid . Cavanilles flowered one plant that same year, then the second one a year later. In 1791 he called

7144-462: The 17th and 18th centuries, during the colonial era of the United States , various prominent families built houses within Pelham Manor, including the Bartow, Bayard, Burr, Fish, Leroy, Lorillard, and Pell families. By the 18th century, several members of the Pell family had married members of the Bartow family. Thomas's nephew John built a residence close to Long Island Sound around 1675, about

7296-449: The 1830s. In the 1970s, the museum began acquiring items for its own collection . By the 1980s, the interiors were painted green, blue, and pink to evoke Pompeiian ruins, and they were furnished with Italianate and Greek decorations. The front hall had a marble bust depicting Julius Caesar , the parlors had urns, and the top of the main stairway had a statue of Venus. According to a New York Times article from that decade, about half of

7448-603: The 1960s described the house as having Savonnerie carpets , Aubusson tapestries , and Turkish rugs . In addition, there were furnishings in the Empire , Federal, and Regency styles, as well as an authentic Lannuier bed. By the 1970s, the furniture displayed at the mansion was made of dark fine-grained wood, ornamented with features such as white marble, carvings, or gold paint. The furniture included less ornate sofas with feet shaped like lions' paws; more elaborate neoclassical sofas and chairs with wooden borders and carved legs; and

7600-595: The 1969 publication of The International Register of Dahlia Names by the Royal Horticultural Society which became the central registering authority. This system depended primarily on the visibility of the central disc, whether it was open-centred or whether only ray florets were apparent centrally (double bloom). The double-bloom cultivars were then subdivided according to the way in which they were folded along their longitudinal axis: flat, involute (curled inwards) or revolute (curling backwards). If

7752-551: The 1970s and 1980s, as the Revolutionary War's bicentennial set off a wave of patriotism and alerted Americans to the destruction of their physical heritage. The tradition of restoring homes of the past and designating them as museums draws on the English custom of preserving ancient buildings and monuments. Initially homes were considered worthy of saving because of their associations with important individuals, usually of

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7904-529: The 1970s. By the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the house hosted events such as luncheons, architectural tours, St. Nicholas Day Festivals, Open House New York events, and Halloween tours. The mansion has also hosted recurring events such as the Friends of Pelham Bay Park's autumn galas, Historic House Festivals, and movie nights. In the 1880s, the New-York Tribune wrote that the mansion "has

8056-458: The Bartows' daughters, was used by at least one of the family's three daughters. Another bedroom, the nursery wing, is not publicly accessible. There is also a two-bedroom apartment for the house's live-in caretaker on the second floor. The third floor, also known as the attic, was used as a servants' quarters. The basement contained a wine cellar. After the house was renovated by the IGC in 1915,

8208-530: The Bartow–Pell Mansion Museum's early years, the Garden Club hosted a variety of events to raise money, including tours, autumn festivals, and fashion shows with tea. The mansion also hosted debutante balls, weddings, cotillions, and Christmas sales. In addition, the club had an active planting program, which in the late 1950s included dozens of perennial plantings each year. The house continued to host events such as debutante balls and Christmas boutiques through

8360-535: The Bartow–Pell Mansion's first-floor interior should be designated as a landmark. The LPC designated the interiors of the Bartow–Pell Mansion, Federal Hall 's rotunda, and the Morris–Jumel Mansion as landmarks on May 26, 1975, and the New York City Board of Estimate ratified these designations that July. The mansion became a National Historic Landmark on December 8, 1976, and the IGC received

8512-479: The Bartow–Pell Mansion. Mary Means Huber, the mansion's curator in the late 20th century, refurbished a second-floor sitting room after joining the museum in the late 1970s. Under Huber's tenure, the museum, whose collection largely consisted of items borrowed from other museums, began buying its own furnishings. The museum began hosting educational programs c.  1984 , which attracted 1,500 students annually within three years. The brickwork and wooden floors of

8664-642: The Botanic Garden at Louvain , selected plants for that characteristic, and within a few years secured three fully double forms. By 1826 double varieties were being grown almost exclusively, and there was very little interest in the single forms. Up to this time all the so-called double dahlias had been purple, or tinged with purple, and it was doubted if a variety untinged with that color was obtainable. In 1843, scented single forms of dahlias were first reported in Neu Verbass, Austria. D. crocea ,

8816-485: The Bronx" and a remnant of the borough's rural past, while Mimi Sheraton of the Times said that the house and gardens were both evidence of its occupants' luxurious lifestyle and a reminder that none of the other mansions in the area remained. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated the mansion's exterior as a New York City landmark in 1966. The LPC held hearings in 1975 to determine whether

8968-426: The Bronx. The house is oriented on a north-south axis, with wings on either side. The facade is made of plain cut stone, which was sourced from the surrounding area. The exterior walls are at least 2 feet (0.61 m) thick, allowing the mansion to remain cool even during the summer. There is a painted cornice at the top of the facade, as well as beveled quoins at each corner. The western facade, facing Shore Road,

9120-780: The Earl of Bute , the English Ambassador to Spain, obtained a few seeds from Cavanilles and sent them to Kew Gardens , where they flowered but were lost after two to three years. In the following years Madrid sent seeds to Berlin and Dresden in Germany, and to Turin and Thiene in Italy. In 1802, Cavanilles sent tubers of "these three" ( D. pinnata, D. rosea, D. coccinea ) to Swiss botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle at University of Montpelier in France, Andre Thouin at

9272-423: The Garden Club and Mrs. Eliot Tuckerman should be credited "for vision and persistence in restoring the beautiful old Bartow Mansion in Pelham Bay Park, not only to usefulness, but to be open to the public". A critic for The New York Times said in 1970 that the house's decorative elements, such as the windows, roof, and interiors, contributed to its Greek Revival "grandeur". A writer from the same newspaper described

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9424-405: The IGC's headquarters on May 1, 1915, with a ceremony attended by New York governor Charles Whitman . As part of its lease with the city, the club had to open the mansion's gardens to the public. In its first three years at the mansion, the IGC spent over $ 70,000 on the house and often held public speeches. Initially, the house was open seven days a week; although the house was usually free to enter,

9576-481: The IGC's writing room and library on the northern wing's second floor. The carriage house was built no later than 1842 and is the last remaining outbuilding on the Bartow–Pell Mansion's site. It is also the last remaining masonry carriage house in New York City that retains its original design. The three-story building was built into the slope of a hill, making it appear two stories tall on one side. Although it

9728-406: The New York City government acquired the land for Pelham Bay Park in 1887, and it officially became a park in 1888. The same year, the New York City government obtained the house from descendants of the Bartow family. The city paid $ 63,000 for the ground immediately surrounding the mansion, $ 33,000 for the mansion itself, and $ 94,625 for fourteen adjacent land lots, for a total of $ 190,625. The mansion

9880-506: The RHS classification scheme. In 1805, several new species were reported with red, purple, lilac, and pale yellow coloring, and the first true double flower was produced in Belgium. One of the more popular concepts of dahlia history, and the basis for many different interpretations and confusion, is that all the original discoveries were single-flowered types, which, through hybridization and selective breeding, produced double forms. Many of

10032-423: The absence of secondary tissue and resprout following winter dormancy, allowing further seasons of growth. As a member of the Asteraceae , the dahlia has a flower head that is actually a composite (hence the older name Compositae) with both central disc florets and surrounding ray florets. Each floret is a flower in its own right, but is often incorrectly described as a petal . The modern name Asteraceae refers to

10184-514: The appearance of a star with surrounding rays. The stems are leafy, ranging in height from as low as 30 centimetres (12 inches) to more than 1.8–2.4 metres (6–8 feet). Flower forms are variable, with one head per stem; these can be as small as 5 cm (2 in) in diameter or up to 30 cm (1 ft) ("dinner plate"). The majority of species do not produce scented flowers. Like most plants that do not attract pollinating insects through scent, they are brightly colored, displaying most hues, with

10336-417: The best kind of elegant simplicity". A 1944 book said that the house "in its completeness, its elegance, and its beauty, is the product of a designer of great skill". A reporter wrote in 1975 that the ornate and expansive interiors "provided a fitting setting for the life of" its residents. In 1947, a year after the house was converted into a museum, a writer for The Christian Science Monitor said that both

10488-524: The building. The Manville family hosted a party to raise money for the mansion in 1937, and the club hosted a tour of the house in 1941 to raise money for the British during World War II. Following World War II, the IGC was no longer allowed to export or import plants, so it turned its efforts to renovating the house. The club renovated the mansion into a historic house museum, which opened in May 1946. NYC Parks,

10640-437: The carriage house was the stable hand 's home, vehicular storage, and the hayloft . Originally, the carriage house's main level had a carriage room, stalls, and harness room. The rooms were partitioned so the horses' stalls were separated from the harness and carriage rooms, the latter two of which were intended as "clean areas". Each stall was no more than 5 feet (1.5 m) wide and had a gutter to drain away horses' urine into

10792-457: The cellar. The attic contained the hayloft and could be accessed only via a ladder in the stall area. It is not known how hay was hoisted into the attic, but there may have been an exterior loading platform and a stair to ground level near the carriage house's northwest corner. The attic likely also included a cupola and air gaps on its roof for ventilation. The cellar contained a cistern and two disconnected rooms. The cistern may have used water that

10944-551: The club collected admission fees on two days to pay for maintenance. The IGC was responsible for maintaining the house's interior and garden, while the city government oversaw the facade and the rest of the grounds. The club did not meet there during the summer. All of the other mansions nearby were gradually destroyed, leaving the Bartow Mansion as the only remaining mansion in Pelham Bay Park. The IGC started hosting summertime outdoor flower shows in June 1916. The same year, Hoffman hired

11096-412: The design of the stonework were typical of structures built in the area during the late 1830s and early 1840s. The interior of the first floor is arranged symmetrically around the west-east axis. The entrance leads to a square central hall. Within this hall is a curving elliptical stairway that ascends to the attic and descends to the basement. The stairway has a balustrade with turned wood balusters and

11248-400: The desk of Aaron Burr and a Lannuier bed. The mansion's facade, interior, and surrounding grounds are designated as a New York City designated landmark and a National Historic Landmark . The Bartow–Pell Mansion is located in the northern section of Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx in New York City . Although its official address is 895 Shore Road, the house is within a wooded portion of

11400-522: The development of the dahlia to modern times. At least 85 species have been reported: approximately 25 of these were first reported from the wild; the remainder appeared in gardens in Europe. They were considered hybrids , the results of crossing between previously reported species, or developed from the seeds sent by Humboldt from Mexico in 1805, or perhaps from some other undocumented seeds that had found their way to Europe. Several of these were soon discovered to be identical with earlier reported species, but

11552-399: The dining room was to the right or south. The doorways from the central hall to each room are flanked by pilasters with anthemion motifs and Corinthian -style capitals , as well as a pediment above each doorway. The pediment above the drawing room depicts an eagle, while the pediment above the dining room's doorway depicts a cherub . Both rooms contain fireplaces with marble mantelpieces ;

11704-486: The early 20th century. A path lined with chestnut trees connects the house to the burial plot and Long Island Sound's shoreline. In 1654, Thomas Pell purchased 50,000 acres (20,000 ha) from the Siwanoy, comprising the land of the current Pelham Bay Park as well as the nearby town of Pelham, New York , and made his estate on 9,188 acres (3,718 ha) of that land. Pell's land became known as Pelham Manor in 1666. In

11856-439: The early 20th century. The carriage house on the property was used for various purposes after being sold and was ultimately turned into storage. The New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks) leased the building to the International Garden Club in 1914. The IGC had been co-founded by Zelia Hoffman and Alice Martineau the previous year to promote formal gardens, and they wished to create an educational garden on

12008-403: The elite classes, like former presidents, authors, or businessmen. Increasingly, Americans have fought to preserve structures characteristic of a more typical American past that represents the lives of everyday people. Historic house museums usually operate with small staffs and on limited budgets. Many are run entirely by volunteers and often do not meet the professional standards established by

12160-412: The end of the ray floret was split, they were considered fimbriated. Based on these characteristics, nine groups were defined plus a tenth miscellaneous group for any cultivars not fitting the above characteristics. Fimbriated dahlias were added in 2004, and two further groups (Single and Double orchid) in 2007. The last group to be added, Peony, first appeared in 2012. In many cases the bloom diameter

12312-420: The era, adding to authenticity. Collective memory is sometimes used in the resurrection of historic house museums; however, not all historic house museums use this approach. The notion of collective memory originated from philosopher and sociologist Maurice Halbwachs , in "La Memoire Collective" ("On Collective Memory", 1950). This extended thesis examines the role of people and place, and how collective memory

12464-450: The estate. In addition, the club wished to host exhibits and lectures, and it planned to curate a library in the mansion. The IGC agreed to lease the house and grounds for three years, landscape the grounds with their own funds, and return the property to the city after three years. The firm of Delano & Aldrich was hired to restore the home. The exterior was renovated, and the formal gardens were constructed from 1914 to 1917. The interior

12616-428: The exception of blue. The great variety in species results from garden dahlias being octoploids , having eight sets of homologous chromosomes . In addition, dahlias also contain many transposons —genetic pieces that move from place to place upon an allele —which contributes to their manifesting such great diversity. Spaniards reported finding the plants growing in Mexico in 1525, but the earliest known description

12768-399: The first specimens from Mexico in 1789, but named the first three species that flowered from the cuttings. Regardless of who bestowed it, the name was not so easily established. In 1805, German botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow , asserting that the genus Dahlia Thunb. (published a year after Cavanilles's genus and now considered a synonym of Trichocladus ) was more widely accepted, changed

12920-454: The furniture at the time came from the Garden Club. In the 2000s, the house still displayed artifacts loaned by other museums, but it also displayed Bartow family artifacts. Some of the mansion's modern-day furnishings include the desk of Aaron Burr , who married a distant Bartow relative, Theodosia . The Lannuier bed, which has a white-and-orange canopy, also remains in the collection. Modern objects also include two 19th-century wooden tables,

13072-518: The garden dahlia is usually treated as the cultigen D. variabilis hort. , which while being responsible for thousands of cultivars has an obscure taxonomic status. The inappropriate term D. variabilis is often used to describe the cultivars of Dahlia since the correct parentage remains obscure, but probably involves Dahlia coccinea . In 1846 the Caledonia Horticultural Society of Edinburgh offered

13224-400: The genus Dahlia but new species continue to be described. The naming of the plant itself has long been a subject of some confusion. Many sources state that the name "Dahlia" was bestowed by the pioneering Swedish botanist and taxonomist Carl Linnaeus to honor his late student, Anders Dahl , author of Observationes Botanicae . However, Linnaeus died in 1778, more than eleven years before

13376-452: The greatest number are new varieties. Morphological variation is highly pronounced in the dahlia. William John Cooper Lawrence , who hybridized hundreds of families of dahlias in the 1920s, stated: "I have not yet seen any two plants in the families I have raised which were not to be distinguished one from the other. Constant reclassification of the 85 reported species has resulted in a considerably smaller number of distinct species, as there

13528-441: The habitat of the nearby woodlands, Lenape history, and the lives of the Bartow family and servants. The programming is largely targeted toward elementary school students. The museum also operates after-school programs and a summer camp for children. Visitors can see the museum without needing to book in advance, though museum staff also provide guided tours of the mansion. The museum has also provided local-history programs. In

13680-576: The home's history within different rooms or sections of the structure. Others choose one particular narrative, usually the one deemed most historically significant, and restore the home to that particular period. There are a number of organizations around the world that dedicate themselves to the preservation, restoration, or promotion of historic house museums. They include: Dahlia Dahlia ( UK : / ˈ d eɪ l i ə / DAY -lee-ə , US : / ˈ d æ l j ə , ˈ d ɑː l j ə , ˈ d eɪ l j ə / DA(H)L -yə, DAYL -yə )

13832-474: The house from the city government in the 1960s, paying $ 1 a year and taking responsibility for maintenance. In 1963, the club upgraded the kitchen and pantry at a cost of $ 14,000. During the late 20th century, the mansion comprised either 10, 11, or 12 rooms. The Bartow–Pell Mansion Museum was still open to the public three days a week in the 1970s. The museum saw few visitors because of its remoteness (a Los Angeles Times article from 1975 wrote that "the building

13984-423: The house is a burial plot belonging to the Pell family, who had once occupied the site. This plot contains headstones dating from between 1748 and 1790. Surrounding the plot are four granite posts with pelican motifs, symbolizing the Pell family's coat of arms. There formerly may have been additional gravestones, but they were scattered throughout the grounds by the time the International Garden Club (IGC) took over in

14136-404: The house was renovated in 1915, the halls had white woodwork and mahogany doors. At the eastern end of the central hall is a niche flanked by doorways, which in turn lead to two elaborate, symmetrical parlors (a dining room and a drawing room) on the eastern side of the first floor. Each of these rooms measures about 30 by 20 feet (9.1 by 6.1 m). The drawing room is to the left or north, while

14288-400: The house's history in 2014. Starting in 1984, the museum has hosted educational programs. When the carriage house reopened in 1993, the museum allowed students to participate in live reenactments of coachmen's lives, and videos were displayed in the carriage room's education gallery. As of 2023, the museum operates several educational programs for school classes, including courses on gardening,

14440-446: The inclusion of joyous festivals to mask the turmoil. The Hiroshima Traces (1999) text takes a look at the importance of collective memory and how it is embedded in culture and place. Thus, collective memory does not only reside in a house or building, but it also resonates in outdoor space – particularly when a monumental event has occurred, such as war. Problematic creation of collective memory occurs within historic house museums when

14592-411: The introduction and advancement of the culture of the Dahlia than George C. Thorburn, of New York, who yearly flowers many thousand plants at his place at Hallet's Cove, near Harlaem. The show there in the flowering season is a rich treat for the lovers of floriculture : for almost every variety can be seen growing in two large blocks or masses which lead from the road to the dwelling-house, and form

14744-603: The lagoon. A hiking path called the Siwanoy Trail loops around the estate. The nearest New York City Subway station is the Pelham Bay Park station , located across the Hutchinson River . Bee-Line Bus 's 45 route also stops outside the estate. The mansion and its garden take up 9 acres (36,000 m) of Pelham Bay Park. Northeast of the mansion itself is the estate's carriage house . To the east of

14896-443: The landscape design firm Olmsted Brothers to discuss the possibility of adding a wide variety of gardens and a greenhouse. None of these ideas were ever implemented. The club renewed its contract with the city government in 1917 for five years. The following year, Bronx parks commissioner Joseph T. Hennessy unsuccessfully tried to evict the IGC from the mansion because of how they were using the grounds. The IGC had additional plans for

15048-406: The main house's roof needed to be replaced. Students from Brooklyn College conducted excavations around the house's site between 1990 and 1992, and several hundred trees were planted just north of the mansion in 1992. The carriage house was officially rededicated in 1993 after its renovation was complete. The IGC, which no longer operated as a garden club nor operated internationally, still supported

15200-478: The mansion as "almost buried treasure" in 1987, while a reporter for the Philadelphia Inquirer said in 1984 that it was a "Greek Revival masterpiece". The Washington Post called the house "an exquisite enclave of peace and history, little-known to New Yorkers". In the 2000s, a Christian Science Monitor writer described the house and grounds as a "further challenge to the hard-boiled reputation of

15352-399: The mansion as his summer residence during 1936. The IGC opened part of the house to the public as a museum in May 1946 while continuing to use it as a clubhouse. The mansion's carriage house was restored between 1987 and 1993. The house is oriented on a north-south axis with wings on either side, and has a stone facade with balconies and large windows. The interior of the mansion's first floor

15504-466: The mansion is a formal terraced garden , which slopes down gently toward the lagoon and Long Island Sound . As built, the garden is composed of several levels, with a sunken square fountain in the center and a set of steps on either side. During the spring through fall, the fountain was surrounded by rose and tulip beds. The other terraces were planted with petunias and yew trees , as well as dahlias , zinnias , asters , and chrysanthemums . The garden

15656-415: The mansion take up 9 acres (3.6 ha) and include a three-story carriage house ; terraced gardens overlooking Long Island Sound to the east; and a small burial plot for the Pell family, which once occupied the land. The house sits on an estate that Thomas Pell purchased from the native Siwanoy in 1654; the Pell family built two previous residences on the grounds in both 1675 and 1790. Robert Bartow,

15808-466: The mansion until at least 1883. In June 1884, Governor Grover Cleveland signed the New Parks Act into law, authorizing the creation of a system of parks in the Bronx, including Pelham Bay Park. The Bartows wanted the city to give them $ 467,953 for their property, although the city government had concluded that the estate was worth only $ 131,000. Despite Pelham residents' opposition to the park,

15960-402: The mansion's carriage house had become degraded, and work on the project began in 1986. Jan Hird Pokorny was hired to carry out the carriage house's renovation. The New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation provided $ 110,000 in late 1987 for the restoration of the carriage house. As a precondition of the state grant, museum officials had to raise an equivalent amount;

16112-404: The mansion's remoteness, La Guardia liked the house so much that he decided to stay for a week longer than he originally anticipated. La Guardia and his staff left on September 4. La Guardia used the Bartow Mansion as a summer City Hall only in 1936; during the next several years, he moved his summertime offices to Queens . His successors did not use summertime City Halls. The IGC continued to use

16264-564: The mansion. New York City mayor Fiorello La Guardia announced in June 1936 that the mansion would be used as the city's first-ever "Summer City Hall"; this allowed him to be close to his family in Westport, Connecticut . La Guardia and several aides officially moved into the house on July 2, 1936. A temporary telephone line and a teleprinter were added to ease communication with people at City Hall in Manhattan. A temporary bus service to

16416-422: The mansion. Initially, the house was open as a museum only on Tuesdays and Saturdays. Club members, who could visit at any time, had to cover their shoes with rubber covers to avoid damaging the rugs. The house was renamed the Bartow–Pell Mansion in 1959, in honor of the original landowners. By the 1960s, the house invited visitors three days a week, although the garden was open every day. The IGC continued to lease

16568-411: The museum contains a collection of the traces of memory of the people who once lived there. It is often made up of the inhabitants' belongings and objects – this approach is mostly concerned with authenticity . Some museums are organised around the person who lived there or the social role the house had. Other historic house museums may be partially or completely reconstructed in order to tell the story of

16720-522: The museum created a master plan for the garden, which included restoring a sightline from the house to Long Island Sound. NYC Parks began receiving bids in 2009 for a restoration of the mansion's exterior, but they did not select any of these bids. The Bartow–Pell Mansion Museum participated in a 2012 competition administered by Partners in Preservation (a partnership between the National Trust for Historic Preservation and American Express ). After

16872-454: The museum had raised $ 110,000 from NYC Parks and $ 150,000 from several donors and foundations. The following August, the city agreed to give $ 150,000 if donors raised three times that amount. The entirety of the carriage house's renovation was expected to cost $ 875,000, much of which had been raised by late 1988. The project also included new educational programs within the carriage house. The Bartow-Pell Landmark Fund also received $ 6,000 to create

17024-553: The museum industry. An independent survey conducted by Peggy Coats in 1990 revealed that sixty-five percent of historic house museums did not have a full-time staff, and 19 to 27 percent of historic homes employed only one full-time employee. Furthermore, the majority of these museums operated on less than $ 50,000 annually. The survey also revealed a significant disparity in the number of visitors between local house museums and national sites. While museums like Mount Vernon and Colonial Williamsburg were visited by over one million tourists

17176-565: The museum's operation, but the Bartow Pell Landmark Fund operated the museum. The IGC repainted the rooms in the late 1990s and early 2000s and expanded its collection during that time. By 2002, the museum's new director Robert Engel planned to renovate the entrance, demolish the parking lot, and clear a site between the carriage house and garden. As part of a promotional agreement with the New York City government, The History Channel agreed in 2004 to donate money to finance

17328-520: The name Georgina still persisted in Germany for the next few decades. In Russian, it is still named Georgina ( Russian : георгинa ). Dahlia is found predominantly in Mexico , but some species are found ranging as far south as northern South America . D. australis occurs at least as far south as southwestern Guatemala , while D. coccinea and D. imperialis also occur in parts of Central America and northern South America. Dahlia

17480-403: The narrative of all people who lived there is dangerous. While some plantation museum narratives have changed following an outcry from the public and the academy, "plantation museums reflect, create, and contribute to racialized ways of understanding and organizing the world" by limiting or eliminating the narrative of the enslaved inhabitants. A degree of authenticity is also to be considered in

17632-491: The narrative of non-family members is dismissed, ignored, or completely rejected. Within the Southern United States, plantation museums (the former homes of enslavers) constitute a significant portion of the museum community and contribute to the racialized collective memory of the United States. Because museums are responsible for "the building of identity, cultural memory and community", neglecting to include

17784-481: The new growths "Dahlia" for Anders Dahl . The first plant was called Dahlia pinnata after its pinnate foliage; the second, Dahlia rosea for its rose-purple color. In 1796, from the parts sent by Cervantes, Cavanilles flowered a third plant, which he named Dahlia coccinea for its scarlet color. In 1798, Cavanilles sent D. pinnata seeds to Parma , Italy. That year, the Marchioness of Bute, wife of

17936-474: The park and is accessible only via a driveway extending 200 yards (180 m) off Shore Road. There is a parking lot in front of the mansion, at the end of the driveway. Rhododendrons and lilacs were planted along the driveway during the mid-20th century. The Bartow-Pell Woods and Pelham Bay Park's lagoon are to the east, while the Pelham Golf Course is to the northwest. Orchard Beach is across

18088-464: The plant was introduced into Europe in 1789, so while it is generally agreed that the plant was named in 1791 in honor of Dahl, who had died two years before, Linnaeus could not have been the one who did so. It was probably Abbe Antonio Jose Cavanilles , Director of the Royal Gardens of Madrid, who should be credited with the attempt to scientifically define the genus, since he not only received

18240-537: The plants' genus from Dahlia to Georgina (after the German -born naturalist Johann Gottlieb Georgi , a professor at the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg , Russia ). He also reclassified and renamed the first three species grown, and identified, by Cavanilles. It was not until 1810, in a published article, that he officially adopted the Cavanilles's original designation of Dahlia . However,

18392-483: The preservation of the mansion and other historical sites in the city. Adventures in Preservation started funding the preservation of the Bartow–Pell Mansion in 2008; the same year, the IGC became the Bartow-Pell Conservancy. Between 2008 and 2011, the Bartow-Pell Conservancy re-landscaped the garden and planted new flower beds, while NYC Parks planted native plants north of the mansion. Concurrently,

18544-472: The previous inhabitants through an explanation and exploration of social history . The idea of a historic house museum derives from a branch of history called social history that is solely based on people and their way of living. It became very popular in the mid-twentieth century among scholars who were interested in the history of people, as opposed to political and economical issues. Social history remains an influential branch of history. Philip J. Ethington,

18696-463: The property, including a rock and rose garden and a painting collection, though these were delayed by World War I. In the 1920s and 1930s, the IGC continued to host its annual "garden parties" at the mansion, and it also hosted "distinguished foreigners" such as a member of the French Academy of Sciences . The mansion's driveway was modified in the 1930s, when a parking lot was added in front of

18848-412: The public good and the preservation of American history, especially centered on the first U.S. president, General George Washington. Since the establishment of the country's first historic site in 1850, Washington's Revolutionary headquarters in New York, Americans have found a penchant for preserving similar historical structures. The establishment of historic house museums increased in popularity through

19000-497: The rapidly growing number of species, changing the genus from Dahlia to Georgina ; after naturalist Johann Gottlieb Georgi . He combined the Cavanilles species D. pinnata and D. rosea under the name of Georgina variabilis ; D. coccinea was still held to be a separate species, which he renamed Georgina coccinea . Since 1789 when Cavanilles first flowered the dahlia in Europe, there has been an ongoing effort by many growers, botanists and taxonomists, to determine

19152-405: The restoration and creation of a historic house museum. The space must be authentic in terms of truly replicating and representing the way it once stood in its original form and appear to be untouched and left in time. There are three steps when declaring if a space is authentic: The earliest projects for preserving historic homes began in the 1850s under the direction of individuals concerned with

19304-465: The right or south wing of the house contained an " orangery " for serving tea. The orangery, also described as a conservatory, was described by Harper's Bazaar as having French windows, white walls, cement floors, and a domed ceiling. One of the smaller rooms in the northern wing was turned into a secondary reception room with a green, black, and coral color scheme, while another room became a boardroom with gray walls and black marble mantel. A stair led to

19456-540: The roof was repaired in 2012 following Hurricane Sandy , and the Historic House Trust hired Fifty-Three Renovations in 2013 to restore the mansion's interior. A $ 1.7 million renovation of the mansion's exterior commenced in April 2015, and that work was finished the next year. The attic was opened to the public in June 2018. The Bartow–Pell Mansion Museum received 20,000 visitors annually by 2019. The mansion

19608-508: The sections retain some usage, section Pseudodendron being referred to as 'Tree Dahlias', Epiphytum as the 'Vine Dahlia'. The remaining two herbaceous sections being distinguished by their pinnules , opposing ( Dahlia ) or alternating ( Entemophyllon ). Sections (including chromosome numbers ), with geographical distribution; Only Pseudodendron ( D. imperialis ) and Dahlia ( D. australis , D. coccinea ) occur outside Mexico. There are currently 42 accepted species in

19760-451: The shelves of each mantelpiece are supported by brackets with palmettes. The center of each room's ceiling contains a rosette that is more ornate than that in the central hallway. Two medallions were also placed on one wall of the drawing room. There are sliding doors between the parlors, as well as French doors leading from either parlor to the terraced garden. To the right of the central hall, one door leads to another door that connects with

19912-493: The solid and substantial appearance of an English country-house", declaring it to be one of the best country estates in Pelham Bay Park. After the mansion was converted to a clubhouse in 1915, a writer for Harper's Bazaar said that the mansion "will no longer be a reproach to the City of New York". Another critic wrote for The Sun that the house "is full of interest and charm to all who delight in perfectly proportioned rooms, genuine wood carving over doors, beautiful mantels, and

20064-416: The species of dahlias then, and now, have single-flowered blooms. D. coccinea , the third dahlia to bloom in Europe, was a single. But two of the three drawings of dahlias by Dominguez, made in Mexico between 1570 and 1577, showed definite characteristics of doubling. In the early days of the dahlia in Europe, the word "double" simply designated flowers with more than one row of petals. The greatest effort

20216-515: The terraced garden. Just south of the Bartow–Pell Mansion was a tree named Treaty Oak . The Siwanoy Native American chief Wampage and English colonist Thomas Pell signed a treaty under the tree in 1654, in which Pell purchased all land east of the Bronx River in what was then Westchester County, New York . The oak tree, which was surrounded by a fence, was destroyed in 1906 and replanted in 1915. Approximately 100 yards (91 m) south of

20368-516: The tubers are lifted from the ground and stored in cool yet frost-free conditions during the winter. Planting the tubers quite deep (10–15 cm or 4–6 in) also provides some protection. When in active growth, modern dahlia hybrids perform most successfully in well-watered yet free-draining soils, in situations receiving plenty of sunlight. Taller cultivars usually require some form of staking as they grow, and all garden dahlias need deadheading regularly, once flowering commences. Horticulturally

20520-415: The word is "water cane", "water pipe", "water pipe flower", "hollow stem flower", or "cane flower", all referring to the hollow plant stems. Hernandez described two varieties of dahlias (the pinwheel-like Dahlia pinnata and the huge Dahlia imperialis ) as well as other medicinal plants of New Spain. Francisco Dominguez, an Hidalgo gentleman who accompanied Hernandez on part of his seven-year study, made

20672-549: The work of architect Minard Lafever . There are unproven claims that Lafever designed the mansion, in part because he designed a church that Robert Bartow's brother attended. A. J. Davis and Martin E. Thompson were also cited as the possible architects of the structure. The interiors are designed in the Federal style . Along with the Van Cortlandt House , the Bartow–Pell Mansion is one of two remaining manor houses in

20824-627: The world, particularly in spring when new growth is emerging through the soil. Earwigs can also disfigure the blooms and foliage. The other main pests likely to be encountered are aphids (usually on young stems and immature flower buds), red spider mite (causing foliage mottling and discolouration, worse in hot and dry conditions) and capsid bugs (resulting in contortion and holes at growing tips). Diseases affecting dahlias include powdery mildew , grey mould ( Botrytis cinerea ), verticillium wilt, dahlia smut ( Entyloma calendulae f. dahliae ), phytophthora and some plant viruses . Dahlias are

20976-404: Was added by Hansen and Hjerting in (1996). At the same time they demonstrated that Dahlia pinnata should more properly be designated D. x pinnata . D. x pinnata was shown to actually be a variant of D. sorensenii that had acquired hybrid qualities before it was introduced to Europe in the sixteenth century and formally named by Cavanilles. The original wild D. pinnata

21128-469: Was also mentioned. In 1835 Thomas Bridgeman, published a list of 160 double dahlias in his "Florist's Guide". 60 of the choicest were supplied by Mr. G. C. Thornburn of Astoria, New York, who got most of them from contacts in the UK. Not a few of them had taken prizes "at the English and American exhibitions". In 1872 J. T. van der Berg of Utrecht in the Netherlands received a shipment of seeds and plants from

21280-451: Was also renovated to accommodate the clubhouse's functions, although the house's architectural details were preserved as much as possible. A designer identified only as Miss Swift redesigned the first floor, while Hoffman selected furnishings and decorations for the second floor. Sources disagree on whether the renovations cost $ 25,000 (equivalent to $ 753,000 in 2023) or $ 100,000 (equivalent to $ 3,012,000 in 2023). The mansion opened as

21432-553: Was closed temporarily in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City , although the mansion had live-in caretakers who continued to maintain the property. It is not known who designed the Bartow–Pell Mansion, although the engineer and historian Reginald Pelham Bolton claimed in 1930 that John Bolton, one of his uncles, built the mansion. The exterior is designed in the Greek Revival style, with decorations inspired by

21584-481: Was collected in gutters on the roof. The New York City Department of Parks and Recreation owns the house. The mansion and garden are operated by the Bartow-Pell Conservancy, formerly the International Garden Club. The museum itself is operated by the Bartow Pell Landmark Fund , which has been listed as a tax-exempt nonprofit organization since October 1975. As of 2023, the mansion operates as

21736-468: Was common for mid-19th-century carriage houses to be built on hillsides, the hill surrounding the Bartow-Pell carriage house is artificial, with downward slopes to the north, east, and south. The stable was constructed of the same locally sourced stone as the main mansion. On the front or west facade is an elliptical brick arch flanked by a rectangular window with a brick frame and stone lintel. Inside

21888-463: Was completed, the house was part of Westchester County , specifically in the town of Pelham, New York . The new mansion was sited to the southwest of the first manor house built in 1675. The Bartow and Pell families alternately owned the building for the next four decades. Initially, Robert, Maria, and their seven children lived in the house. Robert Bartow died in 1868, and the mansion first went to his widow, then to his sons. The Bartow family occupied

22040-574: Was considered a very elegant flower, it was however soon eclipsed by that splendid scarlet, the Countess of Liverpool". However, nine cultivars were already listed in the catalog from Thornburn, 1825. And even earlier reference can be found in a catalogue from the Linnaean Botanical Garden, New York, 1820, that includes one scarlet, one purple, and two double orange Dahlias for sale. Sayers stated that "No person has done more for

22192-476: Was decorated with iron balconies, shutters, and window trimmings. The main entrance, on the western facade, is through a set of double doors flanked by a protruding iron balustrade. There is an empty niche above the double doors. The eastern facade, facing Long Island Sound, has iron balconies on the first and second stories, with windows that open onto the balconies. All of the balconies are made of elaborately decorated iron and are painted black. The large windows and

22344-606: Was erected circa 1790. The second house may have reused the foundation of John Pell's first house; at the time, it was common for buildings to reuse the foundations of demolished structures on the same site. The Bartows sold the estate in 1813 to the merchant Herman Leroy. The second house was likely demolished when the Leroys owned the estate. Robert Bartow, a relative of the Pell family and one of John Bartow's grandsons, bought 30 acres (12 ha) of his ancestor's old estate in 1836. Robert Bartow and his wife Maria Lorillard Bartow built

22496-456: Was now directed to developing improved types of double dahlias. During the years 1805 to 1810 several people claimed to have produced a double dahlia. In 1805 Henry C. Andrews made a drawing of such a plant in the collection of Lady Holland, grown from seedlings sent that year from Madrid. Like other doubles of the time it did not resemble the doubles of today. The first modern double, or full double, appeared in Belgium; M. Donckelaar, Director of

22648-435: Was successfully grown at Holland House , Kensington. Whilst in Madrid in 1804, Lady Holland was given either dahlia seeds or tubers by Cavanilles. She sent them back to England, to Lord Holland's librarian at Holland House, who successfully raised the plants and produced two double flowers a year later. The plants raised in 1804 did not survive; new stock was brought from France in 1815. In 1824, Lord Holland sent his wife

22800-526: Was then used to further label certain groups from miniature to giant. This practice was abandoned in 2012. There are now more than 57,000 registered cultivars , which are officially registered through the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). The official register is The International Register of Dahlia Names 1969 (1995 reprint) which is updated by annual supplements. The original 1969 registry published about 14,000 cultivars adding

22952-400: Was vacant for over two decades; during this time, the house fell into a severe state of neglect, and the grounds became overgrown. Although the house was owned by the New York City government, it was still part of Westchester County until 1894 or 1895, when the boundary between Westchester and the Bronx was moved northward. The Home for Crippled Children occupied the mansion for a short period in

23104-490: Was which. As of now Dahlias are classified into 15 different species by botanist Liberty Hyde Bailey . In 1830 William Smith suggested that all dahlia species could be divided into two groups for color, red-tinged and purple-tinged. In investigating this idea Lawrence determined that with the exception of D. variabilis , all dahlia species may be assigned to one of two groups for flower-colour: Group I (ivory-magenta) or Group II (yellow-orange-scarlet). The genus Dahlia

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