Misplaced Pages

#240759

48-414: Bartolomé Mitre Martínez (26 June 1821 – 19 January 1906) was an Argentine statesman, soldier and author. He was President of Argentina from 1862 to 1868 and the first president of unified Argentina . Mitre is known as a versatile statesman, military man, politician, journalist, historian, writer and poet. He was a major figure in the history of Argentina during the second half of the 19th century. He

96-514: A gunboat ; he was defeated, however, and only President Avellaneda's commutation spared his life. Following the 1890 Revolution of the Park , he broke with the conservative National Autonomist Party (PAN) and co-founded the Civic Union with reformist Leandro Alem . Mitre's desire to maintain an understanding with the ruling PAN led to the Civic Union's schism in 1891, upon which Mitre founded

144-479: A liberal program. The program of the Freedom Party is the faithful synthesis of the democratic progressivism that Esteban Echeverría longed for to overcome the sterile antagonism of unitarians and federalists. As an intellectual, he wrote poetry, theater, countless newspaper articles, cemented historical science with his exemplary biographies, translated classic works, and authored fiery harangues. Mitre

192-622: A military junta , where power was shared by the chiefs of the armed forces. In 1962, the president of the Senate ruled, but in the other cases, a military chief assumed the title of president. It is debatable whether these military presidents can properly be called presidents, as there are issues with the legitimacy of their governments. The position of the current Argentine government is that military presidents Jorge Rafael Videla and Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri were explicitly not legitimate presidents. They and their immediate successors were denied

240-829: A journalist, his writings supported Fructuoso Rivera , who, in 1846, made him a lieutenant colonel in the Uruguayan Army . Later he joined the Colorado Party in the civil wars against the Blancos , in the Banda Oriental (Uruguay). This closeness with the Colorados led him to support the unitario faction of Argentina, which simultaneously fought against the Rosista regime in Buenos Aires, ally of

288-530: Is also used by the Air Force chief of staff. As helicopters , a Sikorsky S-70 (H-01 ) and two Sikorsky S-76 (H-02 and H-03 ) also make-up the fleet, with an additional Air Force Bell 212 , as needed. During Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández administration AAP used different aircraft for their global flights, most notably Boeing 747 loaned from Aerolíneas Argentinas and a private Bombardier Global 5000 . Following military coups that overthrew

336-565: Is an abridged translation of the Historia de San Martín , entitled The Emancipation of South America (London, 1893) by W. Pilling. Mitre's speeches were collected as Arengas (third edition, three volumes, 1902). President of Argentina The president of Argentina ( Spanish : Presidente de Argentina ; officially known as the president of the Argentine Nation Spanish : Presidente de la Nación Argentina )

384-566: Is both head of state and head of government of Argentina . Under the national constitution , the president is also the chief executive of the federal government and commander-in-chief of the armed forces . Throughout Argentine history, the office of head of state has undergone many changes , both in its title as in its features and powers. The current president Javier Milei was sworn into office on 10 December 2023. He succeeded Alberto Fernández . The constitution of Argentina, along with several constitutional amendments , establishes

432-585: Is responsible for the security of the entire presidential family. To move the president uses aircraft that are part of the Presidential Air Group : The main aircraft was a Boeing 757 known as Tango 01 after its military registry: "T-01" (the "T" stands for "Transport", although it is fortuitously pronounced "Tango", as in the Argentine national dance , in the NATO alphabet ). The 757 entered

480-591: The Battle of Cepeda , in 1860. Issues of customs revenue sharing were settled, and Buenos Aires reentered the Argentine Confederation. Victorious at the 1861 Battle of Pavón , however, Mitre obtained important concessions from the national army, notably the amendment of the Constitution to provide for indirect elections through an electoral college. In October 1862, Mitre was elected president of

528-663: The National Civic Union , and Alem, the Radical Civic Union (the oldest existing party in Argentina). He dedicated much of his time in later years to writing. According to some of his critics, as a historian Mitre made questionable judgments, often ignoring key documents and events on purpose in his writings. This caused his student Adolfo Saldías to distance himself from him, and for future revisionist historians such as José María Rosa to question

SECTION 10

#1732800753241

576-471: The king of Spain was still regarded as head of state. Executive power was still not in the hands of a single person until the position of supreme director was created by the 1813 National Assembly . In 1817, Congress declared independence and composed a constitution. This established the Supreme Director as head of state and vested the position with presidential powers. This constitution gave

624-660: The provisional president of the Senate ; in his or her absence, by the president of the Chamber of Deputies ; and in the absence of both, by the president of the Supreme Court . In case of the permanent absence of both the president and the vice president, due to resignation, death, or removal, the Constitution (art. 88) entitles the National Congress Assembled to select a new president from among

672-610: The viceroy . These viceroys were seldom natives of the country. By the 18-25 May Revolution in 1810, the first Argentine autonomous government , known as the Primera Junta , was formed in Buenos Aires . It was later known as the Junta Grande when representatives from the provinces joined. These early attempts at self-government were succeeded by two Triumvirates and, although the first juntas had presidents,

720-422: The 1994 constitutional amendment, the president serves for four years, with a possibility of immediate reelection for one more term. A president who has served two consecutive terms may be elected again after an interval of one term. There is no limit on how many times a candidate may seek the presidency if they are unsuccessful. The same rules apply, mutatis mutandis , to the vice presidency of Argentina. Under

768-635: The National Party of Nicolás Avellaneda . Its principal figure was Julio Argentino Roca , twice president of Argentina . In economic matters it promoted the agricultural exports model, which favored the cattle and cereal producers of the Pampas and was a key in the development of the Argentine Railroad. After the 1890 Revolución del Parque , a movement started inside the PAN opposed to

816-715: The Uruguayan Blancos. His first poems and journalistic publications in the Uruguayan media date from that time. He then moved to Bolivia, and later to Chile, where he met fellow Argentine exile Juan Bautista Alberdi . Both wrote for the Valparaíso newspaper El Comercio . Later, he wrote in El Progreso , in Santiago , under the direction of Domingo Faustino Sarmiento . Mitre returned to Argentina after

864-487: The administration of Sáenz Peña, a law was written to allow for secret universal suffrage , which permitted the free elections of 1916 . Its principal opposition was the Radical Civic Union ( Spanish : Unión Cívica Radical , UCR), created after the 1890 revolution. After the electoral reform of 1912, and the presidential elections of 1916, which was won by the UCR, the PAN fractured and disappeared from politics. Following

912-526: The constitution of 1853 had an article that considered the usurpation of public power as 'treason', but was referred to the de jure rulers. For this reason the constitutional reform of 1994 included Article 36 which says: In summary, the article states: The office of vice president was established by the 1853 constitution for the purpose of providing a succession in case the president is unable to complete their term via death, resignation, or removal from office. The Argentine constitution (art. 88) entitles

960-424: The constitution of 1853, the president served for six years, with no possibility of consecutive reelection. In 1949, the constitution was amended to allow the president to run for an unlimited number of six-year terms. This provision was repealed in 1957. After the 1966 military coup d'état, the regime shortened the presidential term to four years. However, political instability led to frequent turnovers in office. With

1008-469: The constitutional government were de facto military presidents in 1930–1932, 1943–1946, 1955–1958, 1966–1973 and 1976–1983 that brought in addition to the powers of the president also corresponding to Congress. The subsequent analysis of the validity of their actions led to the subsequent formulation of the doctrine of de facto governments. That doctrine was nullified by the constitutional reform of 1994, which added Article 36 (see below). Article 29 of

SECTION 20

#1732800753241

1056-504: The current senators, deputies and governors , within the following two days of the death or resignation of the former president, and to provide him or her with a mandate to call for elections . National Autonomist Party In 1880, Julio Argentino Roca assumed the presidency under the motto " peace and administration ". The PAN was created on March 15, 1874 by the union of the Autonomist Party of Adolfo Alsina and

1104-729: The defeat of longtime caudillo Juan Manuel de Rosas at the 1852 Battle of Caseros . He was a leader of the revolt of Buenos Aires Province against Justo José de Urquiza 's federal system in the Revolution of 11 September 1852 , and was appointed to important posts in the provincial government after the Province seceded from the Confederation . The civil war of 1859, after the revolt of Buenos Aires against Justo José de Urquiza's federal system, resulted in Mitre's defeat by Urquiza at

1152-494: The election of the first president, Bernardino Rivadavia . Because of the Cisplatine War , Rivadavia resigned after a short time, and the office was dissolved shortly thereafter. A civil war between unitarios (unitarians, i.e. Buenos Aires centralists) and federalists ensued in the following decades. At this time, there was no central authority, and the closest to that was the chairman of foreign relations, typically

1200-600: The electoral requirements. A modified two-round system , or ballotage , is used (Section 94). Unlike in most countries using a two-round system, presidential candidates in Argentina do not need to win a majority of the vote to win the presidency in a single round. To win the election in the first round, the winning candidate's party must receive either more than 45 percent of so-called "positive votes", or votos positivos (Section 97) or at least 40 percent of positive votes and be more than 10 percentage points ahead of

1248-413: The explorer Sir Richard Burton wrote: He has been Provisional Governor, Provisional President, and since 1862 actual President and Commander-in-chief, yet his friends lately subscribed to buy for him a house – surely this is high praise, here and elsewhere. Wrote Robert Avrett: [Mitre] included in his career enough action to fill the lives of a dozen ordinary men, despite the fact that his health

1296-415: The first presidents of Argentina by different historians: Rivadavia for being the first one to use the title, Urquiza for being the first one to rule under the 1853 constitution, and Mitre for being the first president of Argentina under its current national limits. In 1930, 1943, 1955, 1962, 1966, and 1976, military coups deposed elected presidents. In 1966 and 1976, the federal government was undertaken by

1344-466: The governor of the province of Buenos Aires. The last to bear this title was Juan Manuel de Rosas , who in the last years of his governorship was elected Supreme Chief of the Confederation , gaining effective rule of the rest of the country. In 1852, Rosas was deposed, and a constitutional convention was summoned. This constitution, still in force, established a national federal government, with

1392-835: The introduction of the Sáenz Peña Law in 1912, much of PAN would reorganise as the Conservative Party. Another faction would be the descendant of the Democratic Progressive Party which still exists today. In 1931, following the previous year's military coup, the conservatives returned to power under the banner of the National Democratic Party , leading the Concordancia coalition. The traditional conservative forces were politically marginalized following World War II and

1440-659: The nation or from any province. The president's salary is $ 131,421 Argentine pesos per month. The Casa Rosada in Buenos Aires is the official workplace of the president and the Quinta de Olivos their official residence. The president is entitled to use its staff and facilities. It has a summer residence in the town of Chapadmalal , in Buenos Aires Province , which is called the Presidential Unit Chapadmalal. The Presidential Guard

1488-409: The next most-voted candidate (Section 98). Positive votes are valid votes cast for any of the candidates, leaving out of the count blank and spoiled ballots. If no candidate obtains the necessary votes to win in the first round, then the two candidates with the most votes compete in the second round, held two weeks later, when the candidate with the most votes in that round is elected president. Under

Bartolomé Mitre - Misplaced Pages Continue

1536-553: The office of president. The term was fixed as six years, with no possibility of reelection. The first elected president under the constitution was Justo José de Urquiza , but Buenos Aires seceded from the Argentine Confederation as the State of Buenos Aires . Bartolomé Mitre was the first president of the unified country, when Buenos Aires rejoined the confederation. Thus, Rivadavia, Urquiza, and Mitre are considered

1584-510: The policies of Roca, which became known as the National Autonomist Party (modern faction) ( PAN - línea modernista ), which proposed institutional modernization of the country, with goals towards opening up a true democratic system without electoral fraud as a means of perpetuating the party's power. Most preeminent in this political current were Roque Sáenz Peña , Carlos Pellegrini , Ramón J. Cárcano , among others. Under

1632-416: The presidency again, though the seasoned Alsina outmaneuvered him by fielding Nicolás Avellaneda , a moderate lawyer from remote Tucuman Province where the independence of Argentina had been declared in 1816. The electoral college met on 12 April 1874, and awarded Mitre only three provinces, including Buenos Aires. Mitre took up arms again. Hoping to prevent Avellaneda's 12 October inauguration, he hijacked

1680-565: The provincial authorities had to be established, the question of the residence of the national authorities in the city of Buenos Aires had to be solved, the army and updated salaries had to be established, the minimum structures of the national public administration were created, and the basic program of their generation was promoted: education, immigration, foreign investment, railways, and land occupation. An appreciation of Mitre's government work that ignores his point of origin will not do him enough justice. Referring to Mitre's financial rectitude,

1728-504: The republic, and national political unity was finally achieved; a period of internal progress and reform then commenced. During the Paraguayan War , Mitre was initially named the head of the allied forces. Mitre was also the founder of La Nación , one of South America's leading newspapers, in 1870. His opposition to Autonomist Party nominee Adolfo Alsina , whom he viewed as a veiled Buenos Aires separatist, led Mitre to run for

1776-449: The requirements, powers, and responsibilities of the president, the term of office and the method of election. The origins of Argentina as a nation can be traced to 1776, when it was separated by King Charles III of Spain from the existing Viceroyalty of Peru , creating the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata . The head of state continued to be the king, but he was represented locally by

1824-480: The restoration of democracy in 1983, the term was restored to six years. Prior to the 1994 constitutional reform, the president and vice president were required to be Roman Catholics. This stipulation was abolished in 1994. As of 2015, the president and vice president enjoy a salary paid by the national treasury, which can not be altered during the period of their appointment. During the same period, they may not hold any other office nor receive any other emolument from

1872-484: The right to a presidential pension after the conclusion of their terms. The status of earlier military presidents, however, remains more uncertain. The president of the nation has the following powers granted by Constitution (Article 99): Article 89 of the Constitution detail the requirements: Article 89. To be elected president or vice president of the Nation, it is necessary to have born in Argentine territory, or be

1920-453: The service in 1995 replacing the former T-01, a Boeing 707 . The aircraft was nicknamed Virgen de Luján after Argentina's patron saint . The Tango 01 was defunct in 2016 and eventually replaced in 2023 by a Boeing 757-200 in VIP design, designated ARG-01 . The current presidential fleet also includes two Fokker F28 (T-02 and T-03) (one always in service) and Learjet 60 (T-10). The Learjet

1968-455: The son of a native citizen, having been born in a country foreign; and the other qualities required to be elected senator . Article 55. The requirements to be elected senator are: to be thirty years old, to have been a citizen of the Nation for six years, enjoy an annual income of two thousand pesos or an equivalent income, and be a native of the province that chooses it, or with two years of residence immediate in it. Sections 94 to 98 detail

Bartolomé Mitre - Misplaced Pages Continue

2016-460: The supreme director the power of appointing governors of the provinces. Owing to political circumstances, this constitution never came into force, and the central power was dissolved, leaving the country as a federation of provinces. A new constitution was drafted in 1826. This constitution was the first to create a president, although this office retained the powers described in the 1816 constitution. This constitution did come into force, resulting in

2064-437: The validity of his work altogether. He also wrote poetry and fiction ( Soledad: novela original ), and translated Dante 's La divina commedia ( The Divine Comedy ) into Spanish. He was the grandfather of the poet Margarita Abella Caprile . Like many other nineteenth century Argentines prominent in public life, he was a freemason . Bartolomé Mitre died in 1906, affected by a gastrointestinal illness. The charismatic leader

2112-449: The vice president to exercise the duties of the president, both in the case of a temporary absence and in the case of a permanent absence for health reasons. In the absence of both the president and the vice president, the succession is regulated by the Law 20,972 ("Acephaly Law") . It provides that the executive power must be temporarily exercised (without assuming the title of president) by

2160-470: Was a leading figure in politics and culture until his death in 1906. Mitre supported the establishment of universal direct suffrage , which was ultimately established in 1912, during the presidency of Roque Sáenz Peña . When he assumed the presidency in 1862, the conditions in which the republic was found were precarious. The treasury was exhausted, the debts were large, the three national powers needed to be organized, buildings to house them separately from

2208-405: Was mourned by a crowd rarely seen until then, who accompanied the funeral procession from his home to La Recoleta Cemetery . Bartolomé Mitre was the paradigm of the Argentine statesman of the 19th century. Mitre thematically returns to the ideals of May Revolution and lists the principles of the Freedom Party, the first Argentine party that consciously launches itself into political struggle with

2256-538: Was never robust... He was soldier, statesman, political propagandist, first president of the Argentine Republic, orator, historian, journalist, newspaper editor and publisher, as well as poet, translator, and critic; and at each of these roles he worked with a seemingly tireless energy. Mitre ranks as an important South-American historiographer. He wrote the best accounts of South America's wars of independence and published many works, amongst which are: There

2304-558: Was the figure that best characterized liberalism in Argentina, but he was a moderate and flexible liberal, not dogmatic. Mitre was born on 26 June 1821 in Buenos Aires . His father was of Greek descent and the family name was originally Mitropoulos. In 1831, his family settled in Uruguay. He became a soldier, and graduated in 1839 from the Military School of Montevideo , with the rank of second lieutenant of artillery. Also

#240759