The Basilica Julia ( Italian : Basilica Giulia ) was a structure that once stood in the Roman Forum . It was a large, ornate, public building used for meetings and other official business during the Roman Empire. Its ruins have been excavated. What is left from its classical period are mostly foundations, floors, a small back corner wall with a few arches that are part of both the original building and later imperial reconstructions and a single column from its first building phase.
41-574: The Basilica Julia was built on the site of the earlier Basilica Sempronia (170 BC) along the south side of the Forum, opposite the Basilica Aemilia . It was initially dedicated in 46 BC by Julius Caesar , with building costs paid from the spoils of the Gallic War , and was completed by Augustus , who named the building after his adoptive father. The ruins which have been excavated date to
82-487: A lime kiln above 900 °C (1,650 °F) converts it into the highly caustic material burnt lime , unslaked lime or quicklime ( calcium oxide ) and, through subsequent addition of water, into the less caustic (but still strongly alkaline ) slaked lime or hydrated lime ( calcium hydroxide , Ca(OH) 2 ), the process of which is called slaking of lime . When the term is encountered in an agricultural context, it usually refers to agricultural lime , which today
123-480: A lime made from kankar which is a form of calcium carbonate. Selenitic lime, also known as Scotts' cement after Henry Young Darracott Scott , is a cement of grey chalk or similar lime, such as in the Lias Group , with about 5% added gypsum plaster (calcined gypsum ). Selenite is a type of gypsum, but selenitic cement may be made using any form of sulfate or sulfuric acid . Sulfate arrests slaking, causes
164-468: A limitation on its unhydrated oxide content." The term Type S originated in 1946 in ASTM C 207 Hydrated Lime for Masonry Purposes. Type S lime is almost always dolomitic lime, hydrated under heat and pressure in an autoclave, and used in mortar, render , stucco , and plaster . Type S lime is not considered reliable as a pure binder in mortar due to high burning temperatures during production. Kankar lime,
205-589: A reconstruction of the Basilica by the Emperor Diocletian , after a fire in 283 AD destroyed the earlier structure. The first iteration of the Basilica Julia was begun around 54 BC by Julius Caesar , though it was left to his heir Augustus to complete the construction and name it in honor of his adoptive father. The basilica was built over the remains of two important Republican structures:
246-574: A stone-cutter. The Chevalier Frédenheim also undertook excavations between November, 1788 and March, 1789; Frédenheim dismantled much of the remaining colored marble pavement and removed many architectural fragments. The site was excavated by Pietro Rosa in 1850 who reconstructed a single marble column and travertine supports. In 1852 segments of concrete vaulting with stuccowork coffering was unearthed but later destroyed in 1872. [REDACTED] Media related to Basilica Julia (Rome) at Wikimedia Commons Basilica Sempronia The Basilica Sempronia
287-495: A variety of shops, leading the belief that the land once owned by Scipio was inherited by Tiberius in 184 BC upon Scipio's death, as Tiberius was married to his daughter, Cornelia Africana . In 54 BC, the Basilica Sempronia was demolished by Julius Caesar in order to build his Basilica Julia . Lime (material) Lime is an inorganic material composed primarily of calcium oxides and hydroxides . It
328-471: Is also known as rich, common, air, slaked, slack, pickling, hydrated, and high calcium lime. It consists primarily of calcium hydroxide which is derived by slaking quicklime (calcium oxide), and may contain up to 5% of other ingredients. Pure lime sets very slowly through contact with carbon dioxide in the air and moisture; it is not a hydraulic lime so it will not set under water. Pure lime is pure white and can be used for whitewash, plaster, and mortar. Pure lime
369-606: Is also the name for calcium oxide which occurs as a product of coal-seam fires and in altered limestone xenoliths in volcanic ejecta. The International Mineralogical Association recognizes lime as a mineral with the chemical formula of CaO. The word lime originates with its earliest use as building mortar and has the sense of sticking or adhering . These materials are still used in large quantities as building and engineering materials (including limestone products, cement , concrete , and mortar ), as chemical feedstocks, for sugar refining , and other uses. Lime industries and
410-400: Is called the lime cycle . The conditions and compounds present during each step of the lime cycle have a strong influence of the end product, thus the complex and varied physical nature of lime products. An example is when slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) is mixed into a thick slurry with sand and water to form mortar for building purposes. When the masonry has been laid, the slaked lime in
451-479: Is done by composition as high calcium, argillaceous (clayey), silicious , conglomerate , magnesian , dolomite , and other limestones . Uncommon sources of lime include coral, sea shells, calcite and ankerite . Limestone is extracted from quarries or mines . Part of the extracted stone, selected according to its chemical composition and optical granulometry , is calcinated at about 900 °C (1,650 °F) in lime kilns to produce quicklime according to
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#1732765827641492-501: Is made by adding forms of silica or alumina such as clay to the limestone during firing, or by adding a pozzolana to pure lime. Hydraulic limes are classified by their strength: feebly , moderately and eminently hydraulic lime. Feebly hydraulic lime contains 5-10% clay, slakes in minutes, and sets in about three weeks. It is used for less expensive work and in mild climates. Moderately hydraulic lime contains 11-20% clay, slakes in one to two hours, and sets in approximately one week. It
533-409: Is mentioned in catalogues from the 12th through the 15th centuries. Other parts of the basilica were sectioned off in the medieval period for the use of different trades. The marble workers, or marmorarii , took up most of the remaining space not occupied by the church in the 11th century for re-fashioning and selling marble architectural ornaments; the eastern aisle was occupied by the rope-makers and
574-690: Is named for the Dolomite Mountains in the Italian and Austrian Alps. In the United States the most commonly used masonry lime is Type S hydrated lime which is intended to be added to Portland cement to improve plasticity , water retention and other qualities. The S in type S stands for special which distinguishes it from Type N hydrated lime where the N stands for normal. The special attributes of Type S are its "...ability to develop high, early plasticity and higher water retentivity and by
615-425: Is similar to hydraulic lime but has less soluble silica (usually minimum 6%) and aluminates , and will set under water but will never harden. Hydraulic lime is also called water lime . Hydraulic lime contains lime with silica or alumina and sets with exposure to water and can set under water. Natural hydraulic lime (NHL) is made from a limestone which naturally contains some clay . Artificial hydraulic lime
656-492: Is soluble in water containing carbonic acid , a natural, weak acid which is a solution of carbon dioxide in water and acid rain so it will slowly wash away, but this characteristic also produces autogenous or self-healing process where the dissolved lime can flow into cracks in the material and be redeposited, automatically repairing the crack. Semi-hydraulic lime, also called partially hydraulic and grey lime, sets initially with water and then continues to set with air. This lime
697-632: Is used for better quality work and exterior walls in freezing climates. Eminently hydraulic lime contains 21-30% clay, slakes very slowly, and sets in approximately a day. It is used in harsh environments such as damp locations and near saltwater. Hydraulic lime is off-white in color. "The degree of hydraulicity of mortars will affect many characteristics. By selecting an appropriate ratio of clay to limestone mortars that carbonate or set hydraulically to varying extents can be designed for particular application requirements such as setting time, strength, colour, durability, frost resistance, workability, speed of set in
738-407: Is usually crushed limestone, not a product of a lime kiln. Otherwise it most commonly means slaked lime , as the more dangerous form is usually described more specifically as quicklime or burnt lime . In the lime industry, limestone is a general term for rocks that contain 80% or more of calcium or magnesium carbonate , including marble , chalk , oolite , and marl . Further classification
779-481: The Basilica Sempronia , which was demolished by Caesar to make way for the new basilica, and pre-dating both, the house of Scipio Africanus , Rome's legendary general. The Basilica Sempronia was built in 169 BC by Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and required the demolition of the house of Africanus and a number of shops to make room. The first Basilica Julia burned in 9 AD, shortly after completion, but it
820-475: The Vicus Tuscus to the east. The ground floor was divided into five east–west aisles inside, with the central aisle forming a large hall that measured 82x18 meters, sheltered by a three-story high roof. The adjoining aisles to the north and south of the central hall were divided by marble-faced brick columns which supported concrete arcades; the columns in turn supported the upper level of the basilica, which
861-596: The 1st century, it also was used for sessions of the Centumviri ( Court of the Hundred ), who presided over matters of inheritance. In his Epistles , Pliny the Younger describes the scene as he pleaded for a senatorial lady whose 80-year-old father had disinherited her ten days after taking a new wife. Suetonius states that Caligula greatly enjoyed showering the crowd in the forum below with money while standing on
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#1732765827641902-584: The Basilica Julia was undertaken by the Urban Prefect Gabinius Vettius Probianus in 416 AD, who also relocated several Greek statues by the sculptors Polykleitos and Timarchus for display near the center of the façade. The inscribed bases of these statues recording the restoration still survive. The Basilica Julia was partially destroyed in 410 AD when the Visigoths sacked Rome and the site slowly fell into ruin over
943-423: The basilica revealed that it was most likely constructed using tufa blocks, as was common in buildings of the time. Weak areas in the building may have been reinforced with travertine blocks, and the entire facade would most likely have been covered in stucco to hide the masonry as well as decorate it. The roof would have resembled those of temples and would have been made of wooden trusses and beams. The exterior of
984-428: The centuries. The marble was especially valuable in the medieval and early modern eras for burning into lime , a material used to make mortar. The remnants of kilns on the site, which were found in early excavations, confirmed that most of the building's components were destroyed in this way. Part of the remains of the basilica were converted into a church, generally identified as that of Santa Maria de Cannapara which
1025-633: The formation of magnesium sulfate salts." Magnesium sulfate salts may damage the mortar when they dry and recrystallize due to expansion of the crystals as they form, which is known as sulfate attack . Lime used in building materials is broadly classified as "pure", "hydraulic", and "poor" lime; can be natural or artificial ; and may be further identified by its magnesium content such as dolomitic or magnesium lime. Uses include lime mortar , lime plaster , lime render , lime-ash floors , tabby concrete , whitewash , silicate mineral paint , and limestone blocks which may be of many types . The qualities of
1066-437: The magnesium compounds also slake to periclase which slake more slowly than calcium oxide and when hydrated produce several other compounds. Thus, these limes contain inclusions of portlandite , brucite , magnesite , and other magnesium hydroxycarbonate compounds. These magnesium compounds have very limited, contradictory research which questions whether they "...may be significantly reactive with acid rain, which could lead to
1107-752: The many types of processed lime affect how they are used. The Romans used two types of lime mortar to make Roman concrete , which allowed them to revolutionize architecture, sometimes called the Concrete revolution . Lime has many complex qualities as a building product including workability which includes cohesion, adhesion, air content, water content, crystal shape, board-life, spreadability, and flowability; bond strength; comprehensive strength; setting time; sand-carrying capacity; hydraulicity; free lime content; vapor permeability; flexibility; and resistance to sulfates. These qualities are affected by many factors during each step of manufacturing and installation, including
1148-420: The mortar slowly begins to react with carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate (limestone) according to the reaction: The carbon dioxide that takes part in this reaction is principally available in the air or dissolved in rainwater so pure lime mortar will not recarbonate under water or inside a thick masonry wall. The lime cycle for dolomitic and magnesium lime is not well understood but more complex because
1189-476: The original ingredients of the source of lime; added ingredients before and during firing including inclusion of compounds from the fuel exhaust; firing temperature and duration; method of slaking including a hot mix (quicklime added to sand and water to make mortar), dry slaking and wet slaking; ratio of the mixture with aggregates and water; the sizes and types of aggregate; contaminants in the mixing water; workmanship; and rate of drying during curing. Pure lime
1230-405: The presence of water, vapour permeability etc." Poor lime is also known as lean or meager lime. Poor lime sets and cures very slowly and has weak bonding. Poor lime is grey in color. Magnesium lime contains more than 5% magnesium oxide (BS 6100) or 5-35% magnesium carbonate (ASTM C 59-91). Dolomitic lime has a high magnesium content of 35-46% magnesium carbonate (ASTM C 59-91). Dolomitic lime
1271-444: The quicklime to a form referred to as lime putty. Because lime has an adhesive property with bricks and stones, it is often used as a binding mortar in masonry works. It is also used in whitewashing as a wall-coat to allow the whitewash to adhere the wall. The process by which limestone (calcium carbonate) is converted to quicklime by heating, then to slaked lime by hydration, and naturally reverts to calcium carbonate by carbonation
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1312-409: The reaction: Before use, quicklime is hydrated , that is combined with water, called slaking, so hydrated lime is also known as slaked lime, and is produced according to the reaction: Dry slaking is slaking quicklime with just enough water to hydrate the quicklime, but to keep it as a powder; it is referred to as hydrated lime. In wet slaking , a slight excess of water is added to hydrate
1353-589: The roof of the Basilica Julia. It was the favorite meeting place of the Roman people. This basilica housed public meeting places and shops, but it was mainly used as a law court. On the pavement of the portico, there are diagrams of games scratched into the white marble. One stone, on the upper tier of the side facing the Curia , is marked with an eight by eight square grid on which games similar to chess or checkers could have been played. The last recorded restoration of
1394-412: The roof would have been covered in tiles to protect the roof from the elements, and the interior would have been coffered to lessen the weight and finished in stucco. The Basilica Sempronia was built in 169 BC by Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus , a Roman political figure who was chosen censor at the time of the basilica's creation. It was built over an area that once held the house of Scipio Africanus and
1435-512: The side of the basilica facing the Via Sacra , and there is also access from a taller flight of steps (the ground being lower here) at the end of the basilica facing the Temple of Castor and Pollux . The earliest excavations of the Basilica Julia in the late 15th and 16th centuries were destructive, their main purpose being to recover valuable travertine and marble for re-use. In 1496, travertine
1476-559: The use of many of the resulting products date from prehistoric times in both the Old World and the New World. Lime is used extensively for wastewater treatment with ferrous sulfate . The rocks and minerals from which these materials are derived, typically limestone or chalk , are composed primarily of calcium carbonate . They may be cut, crushed, or pulverized and chemically altered. Burning ( calcination ) of calcium carbonate in
1517-662: Was a structure in the Roman Forum during the Republican period. It was one of four basilicas to make up the original Roman Forum alongside the Basilica Porcia , Basilica Aemilia , and Basilica Opimia , and was the third built. Although excavations have revealed remains of the basilica as well as the structures that originally stood in its place, none of them are visible from the Roman Forum. Excavation of
1558-457: Was called the Cannaparia as a result. In the 16th century, the long-buried site of the Basilica was used as a burial ground for patients of the adjacent Ospedale della Consolazione . The building consists now only of a rectangular area, levelled off and raised about one metre above ground level, with jumbled blocks of stone lying within its area. A row of marble steps runs full length along
1599-587: Was mined from the ruins to build the façade of the Palazzo Torlonia , the Roman palace of Cardinal Adriano Castellesi . There were also excavations in 1500, 1511–12, and 1514, as well as a destructive excavation in 1742 which uncovered the portion of the Cloaca Maxima which runs underneath the basilica. In the process the Giallo antico yellow marble which covered the floor was stripped and sold to
1640-578: Was reconstructed, enlarged, and rededicated to Augustus' adoptive sons Gaius and Lucius in 12 AD. The Basilica was restored after a fire in 199 AD by Septimius Severus , and later reconstructed by the Emperor Diocletian after another fire in 283 AD. The Basilica is bordered on its short sides by two important ancient roads which led from the Tiber to the Forum: the Vicus Jugarius to the west, and
1681-546: Was used as a public gallery. The floor of the central hall was paved in colorful polychrome marble slabs, contrasting with the plain white marble of the adjoining aisles. The Basilica's façade as it appeared after the Augustan restoration was two stories high and arcaded, with engaged Carrara marble columns decorating the piers between the arches on both levels. The Basilica housed the civil law courts and tabernae (shops), and provided space for government offices and banking. In