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88-710: Originally a forest people, Basmyls eventually grew in importance and played a prominent role in the Turkic politics from the 6th century. At one point Basmyls even overthrew the Second Turkic Khaganate 's dynastic clan and briefly held the Khaganate with the help of Karluks and Uyghurs , who later turned against Basmyls. Basmyl supreme leaders were the first to use the term Ydyk-kut , which replaced khagan ; Qocho Uyghur rulers of Turpan likewise titled themselves Ydyk-kuts. The title contains two components:

176-543: A 'tribute' of 30 horses. He refused to ally with the Tibet Empire against the Tang dynasty. His wisdom was praised by Zhang Yue (Tang dynasty) . The deaths of Tonyukuk (726) and Kul Tigin (731) removed Bilge's best advisors. It is reported that Bilge was killed by poison, but the poison was slow-acting and he managed to kill his murderers before he died. Bilge was followed by his elder son Yollig Khagan , and later Yollig

264-613: A crossing over the Syr Darya in pursuit of the retreating Türgesh, leading his troops to the border of Tokharistan . However, in battles with the Arabs near Samarkand the Türk forces were cut off from their rear services and suffered considerable losses; they had difficulty in returning to the Altai in 713–714. There they reinforced the army that was preparing to besiege Beshbalik . The siege

352-429: A group including Qutluğ Säbäg Qatun , Bilge Khagan 's widow, and Tonyukuk 's daughter, took refuge in the Tang dynasty. The Tang emperor legitimised her as a princess and she was appointed as the ruler of her people. (Chinese reading) (Chinese reading) (Chinese reading) (Chinese reading) Under Ilterish, the traditional structure of the Turkic state was restored. The empire created by Ilterish and his successors

440-514: A hollow tree, their original human ancestress gave birth to her son. Németh points to the Siberian qıpčaq "angry, quick-tempered" attested only in the Siberian Sağay dialect (a dialect of Khakas language ). Klyashtorny links Kipchak to qovı , qovuq "unfortunate, unlucky"; yet Golden sees a better match in qıv "good fortune" and adjectival suffix -čāq . Regardless, Golden notes that

528-490: A lowly tarkhan , causing discontentment within the upper nobility. The Eastern Shad Pan-kül attacked the court, killed Tengri-khan, and enthroned a son of the deceased. But Kut Yabgu (Chinese Gudu ), a rival of Pan-kül, killed the new kagan after replacing him with his brother, then in 741 Kut killed his protégé and usurped the throne. In 742 the Uyghurs, Basmyls and Karluks rebelled simultaneously, attacking and killing

616-679: A part of the ruling strata and elite. Golden identifies the Ölberli with the Qay whom are recorded as the Xi in Chinese sources and Tatabı in Turkic inscriptions, and were of Mongolic or para-Mongolic background - likely stemming from the Xianbei . Chinese histories only mentioned the Kipchaks a few times: for example, Yuan general Tutuha 's origin from Kipchak tribe Ölberli, or some information about

704-522: A time when the empire founded by his father was on the verge of collapse. The western lands seceded for good, and immediately after the death of Qapagan, the Türgesh leader Suluk proclaimed himself kaghan. The Kitan and Tatabi tribes refused to pay tribute, the Toquz Oghuz revolt continued, and the Türk tribes themselves began to rebel. Feeling unable to control the situation, Bilge kaghan offered

792-737: A village named Kipchak in Crimea . Qypshaq, which is a development of "Kipchak" in the Kazakh language , is one of the constituent tribes of the Middle Horde confederation of the Kazakh people. The name Kipchak also occurs as a surname in Kazakhstan . Some of the descendants of the Kipchaks are the Bashkirian clan Qipsaq. Radlov believed that among the current languages Cuman is closest to

880-767: Is explainable by assuming that the historical Kipchaks' modern descendants are Kazakhs , whose men possess a high frequency of haplogroup C2's subclade C2b1b1 (59.7 to 78%). Lee and Kuang also suggest that the high frequency (63.9%) of the Y-DNA haplogroup R-M73 among Karakypshaks (a tribe within the Kipchaks) allows inferrence about the genetics of Karakypshaks' medieval ancestors, thus explaining why some medieval Kipchaks were described as possessing "blue [or green] eyes and red hair. A genetic study published in Nature in May 2018 examined

968-510: Is likely "early and medieval Turkic peoples themselves did not form a homogeneous entity and that some of them, non-Turkic by origin, had become Turkicised at some point in history." The Yenisei Kirghiz are among those suggested to be of turkicised or part non-Turkic origin. According to Lee & Kuang, who cite Chinese historical descriptions as well as genetic data, the turcophone "Qirghiz" may have been of non-Turkic origin, and were later Turkified through inter-tribal marriage. Gardizi believed

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1056-549: Is mentioned as a country ( nāḥiyat ) of the Kīmāk , 'of which inhabitants resemble the Ghūz in some customs'. In the 9th century Ibn Khordadbeh indicated that they held autonomy within the Kimek confederation. They entered the Kimek in the 8th- or beginning of 9th century, and were one of the seven original tribes. In the 10th-century's Hudud al-'Alam it is said that the Kimek appointed

1144-758: Is now Turkey ), to protect Byzantine from foreign invasions. When the Ottomans conquered the lands they lived in, these Kipchaks intermixed with the Turkmen and were assimilated among Turks. The Kipchaks who settled in Western Anatolia during the reign of Nicea Emperor III. John Doukas Vatatzes  are the ancestors of a community called Manav living in Northwest Anatolia today. Another Kipchak migration in Anatolia dates back to

1232-509: Is often referred to as the Kipchak branch. The languages in this branch are mostly considered to be descendants of the Kipchak language, and the people who speak them may likewise be referred to as Kipchak peoples. Some of the groups traditionally included are the Manavs , Karachays , Siberian Tatars , Nogays , Bashkirs , Kazakhs , Kyrgyz , Volga Tatars , and Crimean Tatars . There is also

1320-596: The Alans after convincing the Kipchaks to desert them through pointing at their likeness in language and culture. Nonetheless, the Kipchaks were defeated next. Under khan Köten , Kipchaks fled to the Principality of Kiev (the Ruthenians), where the Kipchaks had several marriage relations, one of which was Köten's son-in-law Mstislav Mstislavich of Galicia. The Ruthenians and Kipchaks forged an alliance against

1408-582: The Argyn of the Middle Juz of modern Kazakhstan . Marco Polo apparently mentioned them as "Argons" in a country called " Tenduc " (around Kuku-Khotan, or modern-day Hohhot ), during the 13th century. Polo reported that this tribe who had "sprung from two different races: to wit, of the race of the Idolaters of Tenduc and ... the worshippers of Mahommet . They are handsomer men than the other natives of

1496-647: The Crimea and Kipchak regions in the Isfendiyarids Beylik. The Kipchak–Cuman confederation spoke a Turkic language ( Kipchak languages , Cuman language ) whose most important surviving record is the Codex Cumanicus , a late 13th-century dictionary of words in Kipchak, Cuman, and Latin . The presence in Egypt of Turkic-speaking Mamluks also stimulated the compilation of Kipchak/Cuman-Arabic dictionaries and grammars that are important in

1584-512: The Golden Horde . The confederation or tribal union which Kipchaks entered in the 8th- or beginning of 9th century as one of seven original tribes is known in historiography as that of the Kimek (or Kimäk). Turkic inscriptions do not mention the state with that name. 10th-century Hudud al-'Alam mentions the "country of Kīmāk", ruled by a khagan (king) who has eleven lieutenants that hold hereditary fiefs. Furthermore, Andar Az Khifchāq

1672-629: The Juéyuèshī (厥越失) in Chinese sources; however, Zuev (2002) identified 厥越失 Juéyuèshī (< MC * kiwat-jiwat-siet ) with toponym Kürüshi in the Ezhim river valley (Ch. Ayan < MCh. 阿豔 * a-iam < OTrk. Ayam ) in Tuva Depression . Linguist Bernard Karlgren and some Soviet scholars (e.g. Lev Gumilyov ) attempted to connect the Kipchaks to the Qūshé ~ Qūshí (屈射), a people once conquered by

1760-593: The Kara-Khanid Khanate in 1017–18. It is unknown whether the Cumans conquered the Kipchaks or were simply the leaders of the confederacy of the Kipchak–Turkic tribes. What is certain is that the two peoples gradually mingled politically and that, from the second half of the 12th century onwards, the names Cumans and Kipchaks became interchangeable to refer to the whole confederacy. The Mongols defeated

1848-557: The Kimek confederation , with which they expanded to the Irtysh , Ishim and Tobol rivers. They then appeared in Islamic sources. In the 9th century Ibn Khordadbeh indicated that they held autonomy within the Kimek confederation. They entered the Kimek in the 8th- or beginning of 9th century, and were one of seven original tribes. In the 10th-century Hudud al-'Alam it is said that

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1936-920: The Lviv and Kamianets-Podilskyi areas of what is now Ukraine. The literary form of the Cuman language became extinct in the 18th century in the region of Cumania in Hungary . Cuman in Crimea, however, became the ancestor of the central dialect of Crimean Tatar . Mongolian linguistic elements in the Kipchak–Kimek confederation remain "unproven"; though that confederation's constituent Tatar tribe possibly had been Mongolic speakers who later underwent Turkification. The Kipchaks practiced Tengrism . Muslim conversion occurred near Islamic centres. Some Kipchaks and Cumans were known to have converted to Christianity around

2024-776: The Mamluks were in part drawn from Kipchaks and Cumans. In 1239–1240, a large group of Kipchaks fleeing from the Mongols crossed the Danube . This group, which has an estimated population of over 10 thousand, wandered for a long time to find a suitable place to settle in Thrace . John III Doukas Vatatzes , who wanted to prevent Kipchaks invasion of Byzantine lands and to benefit from their military capabilities, invited Kipchaks in Byzantine service. He settled some of them in Anatolia (what

2112-797: The Ruthenian camp was massacred. The nomadic Kipchaks were the main targets of the Mongols when they crossed the Volga in 1236. The defeated Kipchaks mainly entered the Mongol ranks, while others fled westward. Köten led 40,000 families into Hungary, where King Bela IV granted them refuge in return for their Christianization. The refugee Kipchaks fled Hungary after Köten was murdered. After their fall, Kipchaks and Cumans were known to have become mercenaries in Europe and taken as slave warriors. In Egypt ,

2200-656: The Tokuz-Oguzes or Nine Tribes. Unlike the Ashina Türks, the Tokuz-Oguz Uyghurs were a leading but not a dominating tribe. After quelling the Basmyls and Karluks, the Uyghurs accepted them as equals. Inscriptions on the " Selenga stone " are a main source for the record of events around 750. In 753, the Uyghurs continued their violent struggle against the Basmyls and Karluks. The war ended in 755 with

2288-678: The Uyghur Kaganate , so called after the Uyghurs captured the leadership of the Türkic Kaganate in 752, until its demise at the hands of Yenisei Kyrgyz in 840. There is controversy regarding the spread and decline of Nestorian Christianity in Central Asia. Bishops were reported in Merv and Herat from the 5th century onwards. Christian and Jewish merchants were active in trade at the time between China and Provence . While

2376-701: The Western Turkic Kaganate , dominated by the Eastern Turks . Following state administrative reforms in favor of the eastern part of the Kaganate, the Basmyls lost their position of primacy along with the tribes of Karluks , Yagma , Kipchaks , Chumi , Chuyue (from whom emerged Shatuo ). In 641 disgruntled tribes, including the Dzunaria Basmyls, joined a revolt by pretender to the throne Yugu-Ukuk. The Chinese Tang empire used

2464-595: The Xiongnu ; however, Golden deems this connection unlikely, considering 屈射's Old Chinese pronunciation * khut m-lak and Eastern Han Chinese * kʰut źa ~ kʰut jak/jɑk (as reconstructed by Schuessler, 2009:314,70). The relationship between the Kipchaks and Cumans is unclear. While part of the Turkic Khaganate, they most likely inhabited the Altai region. When the Khaganate collapsed, they became part of

2552-548: The "courageous and powerful" Basmyls numbered 2,000 families, and had leaders but no princes Since 552, the Turkicizing Basmyls were a part of the First Turkic Khaganate , who might have recognized Basmyls' economic or political importance enough to appoint an Ashina yabghu over the Basmyls. When this khaganate split into Eastern and Western Kaganates in 604, the Basmyls found themselves in

2640-510: The 11th century, at the suggestion of the Georgians , as they allied in their conflicts against the Muslims. A great number were baptized at the request of Georgian King David IV , who also married a daughter of Kipchak Khan Otrok . From 1120, there was a Kipchak national Christian church and an important clergy. Following the Mongol conquest, Islam rose in popularity among the Kipchaks of

2728-654: The 8th century. Under an unrealistic plan concocted in 720 in Chang'an , China against the Türkic Kaganate, the Kidans and Tatabi, and the south-western Dzungaria Basmyls were to simultaneously converge on the Bilge-kagan court from different directions. The Yenisei Kirghiz were also pressing from the north, and the Türgeshes from the west. Bilge-kagan's chancellor Tonyukuk developed a counter-plan, which involved facing

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2816-542: The 8th-century Moyun Chur inscription as Türk-Qïbchaq , mentioned as having been part of the Turkic Khaganate for fifty years; even so, this attestation is uncertain as damages on the inscription leave only -čq (𐰲𐰴) (* -čaq or čiq ) readable. It is unclear if the Kipchaks could be identified with, according to Klyashtorny, the [ Al ] tï Sir in the Orkhon inscriptions (薛延陀; pinyin: Xuè-Yántuó ), or with

2904-908: The Az and the Chik, crossed the Sayan mountains (Kögmen yïš in Turkic texts), and inflicted a crushing defeat on the Yenisei Kyrgyz . The Kyrgyz ruler, Bars beg, fell in battle, and his descendants were to remain vassals of the Göktürks for several generations. In 711 the Türk forces, led by Tonyukuk , crossed the Altai Mountains , clashed with the Türgesh army in Dzungaria on the River Boluchu, and won an outright victory. Tonyukuk forced

2992-511: The Basmyls as one of ten prominent Turkic tribes and enumerates the locations of the Turkic polities from the borders of the Eastern Roman Empire to the borders of China in the following sequence: Kashgari also noted that "Among the nomadic peoples are the Čömül - they have a gibberish ( raṭāna [رَطَانَة]) of their own, but also know Turkic; also Qāy , Yabāqu , Tatār and Basmil - each of these groups has its own language, but they also know Turkic well"." The Basmyls may be ancestral to

3080-438: The Basmyls killed Ozmysh-khan and sent his head to Chang'an. His brother Baimei-khan Kulun-beg was enthroned in his place, but most of the Türkic nobles joined in the election of the Basmyl leader Elterish (Ch. Sede Ishi) as supreme Khagan. The allies soon split apart; Uyghur leader Peilo attacked and defeated the Basmyls whose leader Elterish-kagan was beheaded and his head was sent to Changan with an offer to recognize Peilo with

3168-512: The Bishbalyk operation. Likely written by a Basmyl resting behind the walls of the Bishbalyk fortress who was later probably ambushed and captured, this inscription is of dual interest as a historical document and a cultural monument. It is the first Turkic poem to be written with rhythm and rhyme, with syllabic rhythm of 4, 5, and 8 syllables in three lines making a stanza , where the eight syllable lines have central rhyme sounds as two tetrameter lines. The defeated Basmyl carved his composition on

3256-613: The Bogdoshan ridge in the Guchen area. Anvarbek Mokeev put forward a hypothesis «about the origin of the Kyrgyz tribe Basyz from the circle of the forest tribes of Altai , who migrated there after the collapse of the once powerful union of the Basmyl tribes.» According to A. Mokeev, the Basmyls were incorporated into the Altai Kyrgyz . He identifies the ethnonym «Basmyl» with the Kyrgyz «Basyz». Second Turkic Khaganate ( Tokhara Yabghus , Turk Shahis ) The Second Turkic Khaganate ( Old Turkic : 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰:𐰃𐰠 , romanized:  Türük el , lit.   'State of

3344-431: The Chinese for some other ancient Turkic tribes, such as the Yenisei Kirghiz , while the Tiele (to whom the Qun belonged) were not described as foreign looking, i.e. they were likely East Asian in appearance. It is noted that "Chinese histories also depict the Turkic-speaking peoples as typically possessing East/Inner Asian physiognomy , as well as occasionally having West Eurasian physiognomy." Lee and Kuang believe it

3432-415: The Kaganate. Some Karluks and Uyghurs apparently also adopted Christianity. When a new war between the Uyghurs and Türgeshes flared up in 752, the anti-Uyghur coalition united Basmyls, Türgeshes, and defenders of the " trinity ". By the 13th century, however, Marco Polo alluded only to the presence of " idolatry " and Islam in the territory of the "Argons". In modern times, the Argyn tribe has been one of

3520-450: The Kimek appointed the Kipchak king. The Kimek confederation, probably spearheaded by the Kipchaks, moved into Oghuz lands, and Sighnaq in Syr Darya became the Kipchak urban centre. Kipchak remnants remained in Siberia , while others pushed westwards in the Qun migration. As a result, three Kipchak groups emerged: The early 11th century saw a massive Turkic nomadic migration towards the Islamic world. The first waves were recorded in

3608-445: The Kipchak king. The looks of a typical Kipchak are a matter of debate. This is because in spite of their Eastern origins, several sources point at them being white, blue-eyed, and blond. It is important to elaborate, however, that the full range of available data sketches a more complex picture. While the written sources often emphasize a fair complexion the craniometric and genetic data, as well as some historical descriptions, support

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3696-456: The Kipchaks' homeland, horses, and the Kipchaks' physiognomy and psychology. The Kipchaks were first unambiguously mentioned in Persian geographer ibn Khordadbeh 's Book of Roads and Kingdoms as a northernly Turkic tribe, after Toquz Oghuz , Karluks , Kimeks , Oghuz , J.f.r (either corrupted from Jikil or representing Majfar for Majğar ), Pechenegs , Türgesh , Aðkiš, and before Yenisei Kirghiz . Kipchaks possibly appeared in

3784-413: The Mongols, and met at the Dnieper to locate them. After an eight-day pursuit, they met at the Kalka River (1223). The Kipchaks, who were horse archers like the Mongols, served as the vanguard and scouts. The Mongols, who appeared to retreat, tricked the Ruthenian–Kipchak force into a trap after suddenly emerging behind the hills and surrounding them. The fleeing Kipchaks were closely pursued, and

3872-406: The Second Turkic Khaganate shifted to the Otuken mountains, and the rivers Orkhon , Selenga and Tola . In 691 Ilterish Qaghan died and was succeeded by his younger brother, who assumed the title Qapaghan Qaghan . In 696–697 Qapaghan subjugated the Khitans and sealed an alliance with the Kumo Xi (Tatabï in Turkic texts), which stemmed the advance of the Tang armies to the northeast, into

3960-406: The Tang emperors felt confident enough to introduce their own bureaucracy to supplant the rule of the traditional Türkic nobility. According to ancient Türkic succession law, a brother succeeded a brother, and a nephew succeeded his uncle in a process of lateral succession . The Chinese thought such an idea absurd, and ignored it in their acts, causing further problems on top of existing resentment of

4048-409: The Tokuz-Oguz Khagan Yaglakar family. The Tokuz-Oguz tribes were in a privileged position not only in respect to the tribal union, but also vis-a-vis the Basmyls and Karluks, who in battles were always "sent in front", because they were less valued and protected. In Dzungaria, the Basmyls lived next to the Karluks and Bayïrku, who were apparently one of the numerous tribes which in 747 battled against

4136-424: The Turks', Chinese : 後突厥 ; pinyin : Hòu Tūjué , known as Turk Bilge Qaghan country ( Old Turkic : 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰝:𐰋𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰀:𐰴𐰍𐰣:𐰃𐰠𐰭𐰀 , romanized:  Türük Bilgä Qaγan eli ) in Bain Tsokto inscriptions ) was a khaganate in Central and Eastern Asia founded by Ashina clan of the Göktürks that lasted between 682–744. It was preceded by the Eastern Turkic Khaganate (552–630) and

4224-409: The Uyghurs on the side of the Basmyls. Another neighbor east of the Türgeshes were the Ograk , one of the aborigional tribes of Dzungaria, still known in the 1st century BCE as Uge . A community of Yduk-kas ("Holy People"), a reference to a Christian community, are mentioned as the Uch-Yduk ("Three Yduks") in the Orkhon inscriptions also resided within Basmyl territory. The Basmyls remained within

4312-424: The Uyghurs subduing the Karluk's eastern pasturing routes extending to the Saur and Tarbagatai . The Uyghur tribal confederation (Tokuz-Oguz) consisted of a leading Uygur tribe (which incorporated Basmyls and eastern Karluks), six established Tele tribes of Pugu, Hun, Bayïrku, Tongra, Sijie, & Qibi, and two new A-Busi and Gulunwugusi, legally considered equal, and several subjugated tribes who paid tribute to

4400-491: The attempt to revolt against the Tang and set a qaghan on the throne was legitimate action. It was the people's fault that they deposed and killed Nishufu, and subduing themselves again to the Tang dynasty. Qutlugh, a distant relative of Illig Qaghan , rebelled in 681, leading to his withdrawal into the Gobi Desert in 682. Once they had established themselves in the Yin Mountains , Qutlugh, his brother Bögü-chor , and his closest comrade-in-arms, Tonyukuk succeeded in winning

4488-501: The country, and having more ability, they come to have authority; and they are also capital merchants ." The Basmyl ethnonym is etymologisable as Turkic : the first component * bas- means "to crush, press, oppress make a surprise attack" in Proto-Turkic ; the other, * -mïl , is the Oghuric cognate of Common Turkic nominalizing suffix * -miš /- *mïs . Thus " Basmıl may be viewed as Oğuric Turkic bas- + -mıl = 'the tribe that crushed (its opponents),' Basmıš in Common Turkic. This

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4576-403: The early Tang dynasty period (630–682). The Second Khaganate was centered on Ötüken in the upper reaches of the Orkhon River . It was succeeded by its subject Toquz Oghuz confederation, which became the Uyghur Khaganate . A few decades after the fall of Eastern Turkic Khaganate (630), Ashina Nishufu was declared qaghan in 679 but soon revolted against the Tang dynasty . In 680, he

4664-406: The enemies one at a time, and the use of audacity and speed to compensate for their lack of forces. At the beginning of the subsequent war, the Basmyls were the first allies to join the Türkic horde but failing to find any other coalition forces turned back. Tonyukuk's Türks left them alone and following a forced march came to Beshbalyk (Ch. Beiting ), which they took by surprise attack. By the time

4752-455: The ethnonym Kipchak . Groups and tribes of possible Mongolic or para-Mongolic extraction were also incorporated into the eastern Kipchak conglomerate. Peter Golden argues that the Ölberli were pushed westwards due to socio-political changes among the para-Mongolic Khitans , such as the collapse of the Liao dynasty and formation of the Qara Khitai, and attached themselves to the eastern Kipchak confederation where they eventually came to form

4840-446: The ethnonym's original form and etymology "remain a matter of contention and speculation". On the Kipchak steppe , a complex ethnic assimilation and consolidation process took place between the 11th and 13th centuries. The western Kipchak tribes absorbed people of Oghuz , Pecheneg , ancient Bashkir , Bulgar and other origin; the eastern Kipchak merged with the Kimek , Karluk , Kara-Khitai and others. They were all identified by

4928-405: The exhausted men and horses of the Basmyls reached Bishbalyk, instead of rest and provisions they found an enemy waiting. Surrounded under the walls of the fortress, the Basmyls surrendered, and the whole campaign fell apart. The war was immortalized in the Orkhon inscriptions on the Bilge-kagan and Tonyukuk monuments. Another inscription on the same monument takes a completely different view of

5016-690: The far-dwelling peoples nearer to themselves. But after settling down near them these we have come to see their cunning. Camels, women, girls, silver, and gold were seized from Sogdia during a raid by Qapaghan Qaghan . The whole Sogdian people leading by Asuk came and obeyed. Those days the Turkish people reached the Iron Gates . Old Turkic : 𐰦𐰀:𐰘𐰼𐰝𐰃:𐰽𐰀:𐰉𐰽𐰞𐰍𐰺𐰆:𐰺𐰑𐰴:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐰸𐰆𐰯:𐰚𐰠𐱅𐰃:𐰆𐰞:𐰚𐰇𐰤𐱅𐰀:𐱅𐰏𐱅𐰃:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰝:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣:𐱅𐰢𐰼:𐰴𐰯𐰍𐰴𐰀:𐱅𐰃𐰤𐰾𐰃:𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰃 , romanized:  Anta berüki As-oq baslïγaru Soγdaq budun qop kelti jükünti ..tegti Türük budun Temir Qapïγqa Tensi oγulï. Numerous artifacts of gold and silver are known from

5104-445: The fighting. Kutlug I Bilge Kagan of Uyghurs allied himself with the Karluks and Basmyls , and defeated the Göktürks. In 744 Kutlug seized Ötüken and beheaded the last Göktürk qaghan, Ozmish Qaghan . His head was sent to the Tang court. In the span of a few years, the Uyghurs gained mastery of Inner Asia and established the Uyghur Khaganate . Kulun Beg succeeded his father Ozmish. The Tang emperor Xuanzong decided to destroy

5192-475: The first component Ïdïq/Ydyk means "[heaven]-sent, sacred"; the second component kut/qut in the title is often found in Old Turkic onomastics and titulature and has the lexical meaning "grace" or "blessing". In 720 CE, the dynastic Basmyl clan were reported to be concentrated at Beiting Protectorate , near Gucheng (Qitai), in the Bogda Shan range, and to be Ashina Turks (Ch. 突厥 pinyin Tu-jue ). Mahmut Kashgari , an 11th-century historian, lists

5280-428: The following centuries, first as part of the Kimek–Kipchak confederation and later as part of a confederation with the Cumans . There were groups of Kipchaks in the Pontic–Caspian steppe , China, Syr Darya and Siberia . Cumania was conquered by the Mongol Empire in the early 13th century. The Kipchaks interpreted their name as meaning "hollow tree" (cf. Middle Turkic : kuv ağaç ); according to them, inside

5368-399: The foothills of the Khingan, and secured the empire's eastern frontier. Between 698 and 701 the northern and western frontiers of Qapaghan's state were defined by the Tannu Ola , Altai and Tarbagatai mountain ranges. After defeating the Bayirku tribe in 706–707, the Türks occupied lands extending from the upper reaches of the Kerulen to Lake Baikal . In 709–710 the Türk forces subjugated

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5456-438: The graves of the rulers of the Second Turkic Khaganate. Kipchaks The Kipchaks or Qipchaqs , also known as Kipchak Turks or Polovtsians , were Turkic nomads and then a confederation that existed in the Middle Ages inhabiting parts of the Eurasian Steppe . First mentioned in the eighth century as part of the Second Turkic Khaganate , they most likely inhabited the Altai region from where they expanded over

5544-455: The greedy bureaucracy. This 52-year period of relative quiet ended with the rise of the restored Eastern Turkic Kaganate , and its recapture of Dzungaria and the Dzungarian Basmyls by Kutlug and Kul Tegin . Because Chinese Tang forces in the "Western Territories" were negligible, to resist the restoration of the Türkic Kaganate, the Tang government had to accede to the rise of Turgesh , a nation descendent from Xianbei Abars and Mukri, under

5632-412: The ideological and political doctrines of the Turkic Kaganate did not tolerate foreign religions and the spread of Christianity in the Kaganate was limited, some Dzungaria Türks, closely connected with caravan roads and trading cities, absorbed these ideas. The fall of the Kaganate stimulated successes for Christian proselytizing. The Basmals reportedly adopted Christianity after absorbing the fragments of

5720-514: The image of a people highly heterogenous in appearance. Skulls with East Asian features are often found in burials associated with the Kipchaks in Central Asia and Europe. An early description of the physical appearance of Kipchaks comes from the Great Ming Code (大明律) Article 122, in which they were described as overall 'vile' and having blonde/red hair and blue/green eyes. Han Chinese were not required to marry with Kipchaks. Fair complexion, e.g. red hair and blue or green eyes, were already noted by

5808-413: The last traces of the Turkic khaganate and sent general Wang Zhongsi Kulun's forces. Meanwhile, Ashina Shi was deposed by Kutlug Bilge Qaghan . Wang Zhongsi, defeated the eastern flank of Turkic army headed by Apa Tarkhan. Although Kulun Beg tried to escape, he was arrested by the Uyghurs and was beheaded just like his father in 745. Most of the Turks fled to other Turkic tribes like Basmyl . However,

5896-401: The leadership of an Wuzhile . In effect, the territory captured by Tang by 659 was divided between the Chinese, the Türkic Kaganate, and Türgeshes, a people who did not belong to the Tiele , Chuy , or Eastern Türküt (東突厥) group, but are first known as one of the five Duolu tribes of the Western Türküt . The Türgeshes numbered 5–700,000, and although this represented a large state for

5984-473: The main constituents of the Middle Juz sub-confederation in Kazakhstan , and are regarded as an integral part of the Kazakh people . The link between the Basmyls and Argyns is reinforced by Marco Polo 's description of the country he called Tanduc. Polo reported that the prevailing tribe of the country were a Christian people called "Argon". A similar location is given for the Basmyls in the early Middle Ages text Zizhi Tongjian : in Beiting Protectorate , on

6072-456: The period of the Chobanids Beylik , which ruled around Kastamonu (a city in Anatolia). Hüsameddin Emir Çoban, one of the Seljuk emirs, crossed the Black Sea and made an expedition to the Kipchak steppes and returned with countless booty and slaves. As a result of the expedition, a few Kipchak families in Crimea were brought to Sinop by sea via Sudak and settled in the Western Black Sea region . In addition, maritime trade intensified with

6160-529: The red hair and white skin of the Kipchaks was explained by mixing with the "Saqlabs" (Slavs), while Lee & Kuang note the non-Turkic components to be better explained by historical Iranian-speaking nomads. Russian anthropologist Oshanin (1964: 24, 32) notes that the ‘Mongoloid’ phenotype, characteristic of modern Kipchak-speaking Kazakhs and Qirghiz, prevails among the skulls of the historical Qipchaq and Pecheneg nomads found across Central Asia and Ukraine; Lee & Kuang (2017) propose that Oshanin's discovery

6248-405: The remains of two Kipchak males buried between c. 1000 AD and 1200 AD. One male was found to be a carrier of the paternal haplogroup C2 and the maternal haplogroup F1b1b , and displayed "increased East Asian ancestry". The other male was found to be a carrier of the maternal haplogroup D4 and displayed "pronounced European ancestry". The modern Northwestern branch of the Turkic languages

6336-535: The rock: "In the Year of Monkey, in the ninth month, we secretly went to Bishbalyk. A felicitous hero is in hardship, his army in ambush. Let this man be happy there!" A turbulent period in the history of the Second Turkic Kaganate began in 740. During Tengri-khan 's rule, Tonyukuk 's daughter Katun-mother Po-beg had managed to consolidate power into her hands. She then entrusted rule to a favorite,

6424-575: The study of several old Turkic languages. When members of the Armenian diaspora moved from the Crimean peninsula to the Polish -Ukrainian borderland, at the end of the 13th century, they brought Kipchak, their adopted Turkic language, with them. During the 16th and the 17th centuries, the Turkic language among the Armenian communities of the Kipchak people was Armeno-Kipchak . They were settled in

6512-709: The support of most of the Turks and conducted successful military operations against the imperial forces in Shanxi between 682 and 687. In 687 Ilterish Qaghan left the Yin Shan mountains and turned his united and battle-hardened army to the conquest of the Türk heartlands in modern-day central and northern Mongolia. Between 687 and 691 Toquz Oghuz and the Uyghurs , who had occupied these territories, were routed and subjugated. Their chief, Abuz kaghan, fell in battle. The centre of

6600-497: The throne to his brother, Kul Tigin. The latter, however, would not go against the legal order of succession. Then, at last, Bilge decided to act. Kul Tigin was put at the head of the army, and Tonyukuk , who had great authority among the tribes, became the kaghan's closest adviser. In 720 Emperor Xuanzong of Tang attacked but Tonyukuk defeated his Basmyl cavalry and the Turks pushed into Gansu. Next year Xuanzong bought him off. In 727 he received 100,000 pieces of silk in return for

6688-477: The time, they were under pressure from Arabs from the south. Given the complexity of the situation, Tang diplomacy succeeded in drawing the Basmyls into an anti-Türkic alliance that already included the Kidans , Tatabi , and a 300,000 strong Tang expeditionary army. This involved the Basmyls into one of the most exciting events of the century, and bestowed on them a place in the most celebrated Türkic compositions of

6776-519: The title Kutlug-Bilge Kül-khan. The Basmyls, under pressure from the Karluks, then joined with the Uyghurs. Al Marwazi mentioned that a chief named Basmyl was the namesake of one group among the Šārī , who were possibly Yellow Uyghurs . Kypchak Türkic domination over the Uyghur lasted from 688 to 741. The Uyghur leader received the title Shad from his father and in 742 consolidated his people into

6864-580: The turmoil in the Western Turkic Kaganate to become the dominant regional power, and by 649, as a result of the military defeats, Bukhara and the Basmyls submitted to the Tang rulers. The period from 649 to 703 is the best documented in Basmyl history due to the existence of Chinese annalistic records. This was also a prosperous period; vassalage did not impose any obligations and was instead afforded Chinese luxuries provided as gifts, until

6952-592: The usurper then quickly created their own state. The Basmyl leader became supreme Khan, the leader of Uyghurs an eastern Yabgu , and the elteber of Karluks became a western Yabgu. The warring Türkic nobles came to terms and chose Pan-kül's son as Khagan with the title of Özmiş Khagan . These events were recorded in the " Selenga stone " inscription, which immortalized the feats of the Uyghur khan Moyanchur ( Bayanchur ). The Tang court offered Ozmysh-khan asylum whereupon he sent his son to China with five thousand covered wagons containing families, and fled his horde. In 744

7040-471: The words of the Türk inscriptions, the khan controlled the state and was head of the tribal group (el tutup bodunïm bašladïm). The principal group in the empire was composed of twelve Turkic tribes headed by the dynastic tribe of the Ashina. Next in political importance were the Toquz Oghuz . The basis of the economy of the Türk tribes was nomadic cattle-raising. Organized hunting in the steppes and mountains

7128-441: Was a territorial union of ethnically related and hierarchically co-ordinated tribes and tribal groups. They were ideologically linked by common beliefs and accepted genealogies, and politically united by a single military and administrative organization (el) and by general legal norms (törü). The tribal organization (bodun) and the political structure (el) complemented one another, defining the strength and durability of social ties. In

7216-464: Was defeated by Pei Xingjian . Shortly afterwards, Nishufu was killed by his men. Following Nishufu's death, Ashina Funian, another scion of the royal clan, was made qaghan and the Eastern Turks once again rebelled against Tang rule. The early stages of the rebellion brought about some victories for Funian, however later, they were once again defeated by Pei Xiangjin. According to Tonyukuk ,

7304-794: Was not stored. The advantage of the horse was that it could be at grass all the year round, feeding even under a light cover of snow. Sheep and goats followed the horses, eating the grass that they themselves would have been unable to clear of snow. Bulls , yaks and camels are also frequently mentioned in Türk texts as valuable items of livestock. Tengrism was the official religion of the Second Turkic Khaganate. Khagans believed that ruling Ashina family gained legitimacy "through its support from Tengri ". Chinese sources state that Bilge wanted to convert to Buddhism and establish cities and temples. However, Tonyukuk discouraged him from this by pointing out that their nomadic lifestyle

7392-461: Was of military as well as economic significance: during these hunts the warriors were trained and the various detachments were coordinated. A Chinese chronicler describes the economy and way of life of the Türks thus: "They live in felt tents and wander following the water and the grass". Horses were of vital importance to the Türks. Although the economy rested on cattle-raising, winter feed for livestock

7480-458: Was succeeded by his brother Tengri Qaghan . After the death of Tengri Qaghan, the empire began to disintegrate. The Ashina tribe was less and less able to cope with central power. The young Tengri kaghan was killed by his uncle, Kutlug Yabghu, who seized power. War broke out with the tribal groups of the Uyghurs, the Basmils and the Karluks, and Kutluk Yabgu Khagan and his followers perished in

7568-483: Was typical of Turkic tribal names that denoted aggressiveness." This prompted Golden to further posit that Basmyls were Oghuric speakers who remained east after their cousins had migrated west According to Tongdian , the Basmyls originally lived dispersed on the snowy mountains, hunted on skis , and dwelt south of Beiting Protectorate and the Northern Sea (i.e. Lake Baikal ) and southeast of Yenisei Kyrgyzes ;

7656-409: Was unsuccessful and, after losing in six skirmishes, the Türks lifted it. In violation of custom, the throne was taken by Qapaghan's son Inel Qaghan (716). Inel, who had no right to the throne, and his supporters, were killed by Kul Tigin , who had support of many Turkic families, and set on the throne his elder brother Bilge Qaghan , who ruled from 716 to 734. Bilge Qaghan mounted the throne at

7744-569: Was what made them a greater military power when compared to Tang dynasty . While Turks' power rested on their mobility, conversion to Buddhism would bring pacifism among population. Therefore, sticking to Tengriism was necessary to survive. While I have ruled here, I have become reconciled with the Chinese people. The Chinese people, who give in abundance gold, silver, millet, and silk, have always used ingratiating words and have at their disposal enervating riches. While ensnaring them with their ingratiating talk and enervating riches, they have drawn

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