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80-468: Jean-Michel Basquiat ( French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ miʃɛl baskja] ; December 22, 1960 – August 12, 1988) was an American artist who rose to success during the 1980s as part of the Neo-expressionism movement. Basquiat first achieved notoriety in the late 1970s as part of the graffiti duo SAMO , alongside Al Diaz , writing enigmatic epigrams all over Manhattan , particularly in

160-499: A cigar wrapper (usually tobacco leaf, which contains nicotine). Blunts are often made with blunt wraps: tobacco-based wraps — often flavored — that are related to the wraps used on a blunt cigar and are often used to roll cannabis Blunts can also now be rolled with Hemp wraps that do not contain Nicotine. There are several types available in varying flavors as an alternative to using a cigar wrapper, for those people who don't desire

240-510: A breathbonnet (breadbag) can achieve this effect. Vaporizers (vape pens and/or stationary platform) are devices used to extract the active ingredients of cannabis, tobacco (E-cigarettes), or any plant material at lower than burning temperature, eliminating carbon monoxide and carcinogenic "tars" found hazardous in smoke. 197 °C / 385 °F is frequently mentioned as a good vaporizing temperature for favored cannabinoids. Utensils usually thought of as smoking pipes can be used to vaporize if

320-696: A friendship and he made regular appearances on the show over the next few years. Eventually, he began spending time writing graffiti around the School of Visual Arts , where he befriended students John Sex , Kenny Scharf , and Keith Haring . In April 1979, Basquiat met Michael Holman at the Canal Zone Party and they founded the noise rock band Test Pattern, which was later renamed Gray . Other members of Gray included Shannon Dawson, Nick Taylor, Wayne Clifford and Vincent Gallo . They performed at nightclubs such as Max's Kansas City , CBGB , Hurrah and

400-509: A hero. He frequently referenced Parker and other jazz musicians in paintings such as Charles the First (1982) and Horn Players (1983), and King Zulu (1986). "Basquiat looked to jazz music for inspiration and for instruction, much in the same way that he looked to the modern masters of painting," said art historian Jordana Moore Saggese. In his exploration of death and marginalization, Basquiat’s portrayal of dismembered black bodies serves as

480-466: A junior member of the Brooklyn Museum of Art . Basquiat was a precocious child who learned to read and write by the age of four. His mother encouraged her son's artistic talent and he often tried to draw his favorite cartoons. In 1967, he started attending Saint Ann's School , a private school. There he met his friend Marc Prozzo and together they created a children's book, written by Basquiat at

560-909: A lot of fun. But then one day Jean-Michel said, 'My girlfriend is coming to stay with me.' ... So I said, 'Well, what's she like?' And he said, 'Her name is Madonna and she's going to be huge .' I'll never forget that he said that." Basquiat took considerable interest in the work that artist Robert Rauschenberg was producing at Gemini G.E.L. in West Hollywood. He visited him on several occasions and found inspiration in his accomplishments. While in Los Angeles, Basquiat painted Hollywood Africans (1983), which portrays him with graffiti artists Toxic and Rammellzee . He often painted portraits of other graffiti artists—and sometimes collaborators—in works such as Portrait of A-One A.K.A. King (1982), Toxic (1984), and ERO (1984). In 1983, he produced

640-750: A multi-artist exhibition sponsored by Collaborative Projects Incorporated (Colab) and Fashion Moda . He was noticed by various critics and curators, including Jeffrey Deitch , who mentioned him in an article titled "Report from Times Square" in the September 1980 issue of Art in America . In February 1981, Basquiat participated in the New York/New Wave exhibition, curated by Diego Cortez at New York's P.S.1 . Italian artist Sandro Chia recommended Basquiat's work to Italian dealer Emilio Mazzoli, who promptly bought 10 paintings for Basquiat to have

720-428: A one-man show at his Zurich gallery in September 1982, and arranged for him to meet Warhol for lunch on October 4, 1982. Warhol recalled, "I took a Polaroid and he went home and within two hours a painting was back, still wet, of him and me together." The painting, Dos Cabezas (1982), ignited a friendship between them. Basquiat was photographed by James Van Der Zee for an interview with Henry Geldzahler published in

800-504: A painter began, Basquiat produced punk-inspired postcards for sale on the street, and became known for his political–poetical graffiti under the name of SAMO. He often drew on random objects and surfaces, including other people's clothing. The conjunction of various media is an integral element of his art. His paintings are typically covered with codes of all kinds: words, letters, numerals, pictograms, logos, map symbols, and diagrams. Basquiat primarily used texts as reference sources. A few of

880-582: A part of his expression as an artist. He drew in many different media, most commonly ink, pencil, felt-tip or marker, and oil-stick. He sometimes used Xerox copies of fragments of his drawings to paste onto the canvases of larger paintings. The first public showing of Basquiat's paintings and drawings was in 1981 at the MoMA PS1 New York/New Wave exhibition. Rene Ricard's article "Radiant Child" in Artforum magazine brought Basquiat to

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960-548: A postcard titled Stupid Games, Bad Ideas . In October 1979, at Arleen Schloss 's open space called A's, Basquiat showed his SAMO montages using color Xerox copies of his works. Schloss allowed Basquiat to use the space to create his "MAN MADE" clothing, which were painted upcycled garments. In November 1979, costume designer Patricia Field carried his clothing line in her upscale boutique on 8th Street in Greenwich Village . Field also displayed his sculptures in

1040-411: A radical commentary on the trauma of displacement and the alienation experienced by African Americans. His depiction of anatomical parts, such as exposed internal organs and skeletal structures, mirrors the violent fragmentation of black identity under systemic racism. Basquiat’s repeated use of skulls and corpses underscores the existential anxiety of blackness in a society that dehumanizes and objectifies

1120-461: A retrospective of his artwork in 1992. Basquiat's art focused on dichotomies such as wealth versus poverty, integration versus segregation, and inner versus outer experience. He appropriated poetry, drawing, and painting, and married text and image, abstraction , figuration , and historical information mixed with contemporary critique. He used social commentary in his paintings as a tool for introspection and for identifying with his experiences in

1200-655: A series of laboratory studies involving different vaporizer designs. An electric vaporizer was shown to release substantial amounts of the THC while producing no measurable amounts of benzene, toluene, and naphthalene, which are generated when marijuana is smoked. Some data on the correlation of an increase in the incidence of lung cancer and cannabis smoking are conflicting. A systematic review evaluating 19 studies from 1966 to 2006 found no significant tobacco-adjusted association between cannabis smoking and lung cancer development despite evidence of precancerous histopathologic changes of

1280-554: A show at his gallery in Modena , Italy in May 1981. In December 1981, art critic Rene Ricard published "The Radiant Child" in Artforum magazine, the first extensive article on Basquiat. During this period, Basquiat painted many pieces on objects he found in the streets, such as discarded doors. Basquiat sold his first painting, Cadillac Moon (1981), to Debbie Harry , lead singer of

1360-581: A show of his work at her friend's New York apartment in April 1983. Shortly after, he began a relationship with Powell, who was instrumental in fostering his friendship with Warhol. In August 1983, Basquiat moved into a loft owned by Warhol at 57 Great Jones Street in NoHo, which also served as a studio. In the summer of 1983, Basquiat invited Lee Jaffe , a former musician in Bob Marley 's band, to join him on

1440-620: A teenager. He ran away from home at 15 when his father caught him smoking cannabis in his room. He slept on park benches at Washington Square Park and took LSD . Eventually, his father spotted him with a shaved head and called the police to bring him home. In the 10th grade , he enrolled at City-As-School , an alternative high school in Manhattan, home to many artistic students who found conventional schooling difficult. He would skip school with his friends, but still received encouragement from his teachers, and began to write and illustrate for

1520-449: A trip throughout Asia and Europe. On his return to New York, he was deeply affected by the death of Michael Stewart , an aspiring black artist in the downtown club scene who was killed by transit police in September 1983. He painted Defacement (The Death of Michael Stewart) (1983) in response to the incident. He also participated in a Christmas benefit with various New York artists for the family of Michael Stewart in 1983. Having joined

1600-537: A word written within the drawing is commonly in parentheses after Untitled . After Basquiat died, his estate was controlled by his father Gérard Basquiat, who also oversaw the committee that authenticated artworks, and operated from 1994 to 2012 to review over 2000 works, the majority of which were drawings. A prominent theme in Basquiat's work is the portrayal of historically prominent black figures, who were identified as heroes and saints. His early works often featured

1680-512: Is a slang term for a cigarette filled with cannabis instead of tobacco. Alternatively, mainly in Europe, joints may contain tobacco (commonly dubbed "a spliff ", but not to be confused with the Jamaican term Spliff, which refers to a large joint) or various non-addictive herbs. Sometimes a joint will contain kief or hashish ; hashish can be heated and made to crumble before placement within

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1760-516: Is absorbed into the bloodstream via the lungs . Archaeological evidence indicates cannabis with high levels of THC was being smoked at least 2,500 years ago. As of 2021, cannabis is the most commonly consumed federally illegal drug in the United States, with 36.4 million people (aged 10 years or older) consuming it monthly. In addition to being smoked and vaporized , cannabis and its active cannabinoids may be ingested , placed under

1840-417: Is having a narrow screened receptacle (" bowl "), a "stem" (which may be a long flexible tube as on hookahs and vaporizers ), and a "mouthpiece". The smoking material is placed in the receptacle and affected with a heat source while air is drawn through the bowl and stem to the user. Blown-glass pipes and bongs are often intricately and colorfully designed. In India and Jamaica, the most commonly used pipe

1920-402: Is removed briefly after the cannabis is burned, allowing clean air to circulate and clear the smoke chamber, ensuring no smoke dissipates without being properly consumed. Types of bongs: Spotting refers to a method of smoking cannabis . In this method, small pieces of cannabis are rolled (or simply torn from a larger bud) to form the "spot". Generally, the tips of two knife blades are heated,

2000-534: Is the chillum .; in the UAE, midwakh ; in Morocco, sebsi . A bubbler is a mix of a bong and a pipe. They tend to look like small bongs and are another way to smoke cannabis. A bubbler contains a chamber for water, commonly with a down stem directly connected to the bowl of the piece. A bubbler normally has a dedicated carburetor, a hole which is usually covered with the finger then opened for mixing clean air with

2080-452: Is the act of using the Sun 's rays with a magnifying lens or burning glass to heat cannabis for consumption . Hotboxing involves multiple persons smoking cannabis in an enclosed space, such as a car, with no way for smoke to escape. In addition to the primary smoke from the chosen smoking devices, second hand smoke is repeatedly inhaled and exhaled. A single user breathing in and out of

2160-573: The Bay Area Figurative School of the 1950s and 1960s, the continuation of Abstract Expressionism , precedents in Pop Painting , and New Image Painting: a vague late 1970s term applied to painters who employed a strident figurative style with cartoon-like imagery and abrasive handling owing something to neo-expressionism. The New Image Painting term was given currency by a 1978 exhibition entitled New Image Painting held at

2240-478: The Bilbao Guggenheim , Art Daily noted that "Basquiat's crown is a changeable symbol: at times a halo and at others a crown of thorns, emphasizing the martyrdom that often goes hand in hand with sainthood. For Basquiat, these heroes and saints are warriors, occasionally rendered triumphant with arms raised in victory." Basquiat was particularly a fan of bebop and cited saxophonist Charlie Parker as

2320-594: The Mary Boone 's SoHo gallery in 1983, Basquiat had his first show there in May 1984. A large number of photographs depict a collaboration between Warhol and Basquiat in 1984 and 1985. When they collaborated, Warhol would start with something very concrete or a recognizable image and then Basquiat defaced it in his animated style. They made an homage to the 1984 Summer Olympics with Olympics (1984). Other collaborations include Taxi, 45th/Broadway (1984–85) and Zenith (1985). Their joint exhibition, Paintings , at

2400-705: The Mudd Club . Around this time, Basquiat lived in the East Village with his friend Alexis Adler, a Barnard biology graduate. He often copied diagrams of chemical compounds borrowed from Adler's science textbooks. She documented Basquiat's creative explorations as he transformed the floors, walls, doors and furniture into his artworks. He also made postcards with his friend Jennifer Stein. While selling postcards in SoHo, Basquiat spotted Andy Warhol at W.P.A. restaurant with art critic Henry Geldzahler . He sold Warhol

2480-690: The Tony Shafrazi Gallery, caused a rift in their friendship after it was panned by critics, and Basquiat was called Warhol's "mascot". Basquiat often painted in expensive Armani suits and would appear in public in the same paint-splattered clothes. He was a regular at the Area nightclub, where he sometimes worked the turntables as a DJ for fun. He also painted murals for the Palladium nightclub in New York City. His swift rise to fame

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2560-629: The Whisky a Go Go and Tail o' the Pup with his friend artist George Condo . There, he commenced a series of paintings for a March 1983 show, his second at the Gagosian Gallery in West Hollywood . He was accompanied by his girlfriend, then-unknown singer Madonna . Gagosian recalled: "Everything was going along fine. Jean-Michel was making paintings, I was selling them, and we were having

2640-526: The Whitney Museum . Neo-expressionism dominated the art market until the mid-1980s. The style emerged internationally and was viewed by many critics, such as Achille Bonito Oliva and Donald Kuspit , as a revival of traditional themes of self-expression in European art after decades of American dominance. The social and economic value of the movement was hotly debated. From the point of view of

2720-926: The Yvon Lambert Gallery and to Düsseldorf for an exhibition at the Hans Mayer Gallery. While in Paris, he befriended Ivorian artist Ouattara Watts . They made plans to travel together to Watts' birthplace, Korhogo , that summer. Following his exhibition at the Vrej Baghoomian Gallery in New York in April 1988, Basquiat traveled to Maui in June to withdraw from drug use. After returning to New York in July, Basquiat ran into Keith Haring on Broadway, who stated that this last encounter

2800-738: The backlash against feminism , anti-intellectualism , and a return to mythic subjects and individualist methods they deemed outmoded. Women were notoriously marginalized in the movement, and painters such as Elizabeth Murray and Maria Lassnig were omitted from many of its key exhibitions, most notoriously the 1981 New Spirit in Painting exhibition in London which included 38 male painters but no female painters. The movement became known as Transavanguardia in Italy and Neue Wilden in Germany, and

2880-520: The classical tradition . Art historian Fred Hoffman hypothesizes that the underlying of Basquiat's self-identification as an artist was his "innate capacity to function as something like an oracle , distilling his perceptions of the outside world down to their essence and, in turn, projecting them outward through his creative act", and that his art focused on recurrent "suggestive dichotomies" such as wealth versus poverty, integration versus segregation, and inner versus outer experience. Before his career as

2960-670: The January 1983 issue of Warhol's Interview magazine. In November 1982, Basquiat's solo exhibition opened at the Fun Gallery in the East Village. Among the works exhibited were A Panel of Experts (1982) and Equals Pi (1982). In early December 1982, Basquiat began working at the Market Street studio space art dealer Larry Gagosian had built below his Venice Beach , California home. In Los Angeles, he frequented

3040-429: The age of seven and illustrated by Prozzo. In 1968, at the age of seven, Basquiat was hit by a car while playing in the street. His arm was broken and he suffered several internal injuries, which required a splenectomy . While he was hospitalized, his mother brought him a copy of Gray's Anatomy to keep him occupied. After his parents separated that year, Basquiat and his sisters were raised by their father. His mother

3120-501: The attention of the art world. Basquiat immortalized Ricard in two drawings, Untitled (Axe/Rene) (1984) and René Ricard (1984). A poet as well as an artist, words featured heavily in his drawings and paintings, with direct references to racism, slavery, the people and street scene of 1980s New York, black historical figures, famous musicians, and athletes, as his notebooks and many important drawings demonstrate. Often Basquiat's drawings were untitled, and as such, to differentiate works,

3200-548: The black body. A major reference source used by Basquiat throughout his career was the book Gray's Anatomy , which his mother had given him while he was in the hospital when he was seven. It remained influential in his depictions of human anatomy , and in its mixture of image and text as seen in Flesh and Spirit (1982–83). Art historian Olivier Berggruen situates in Basquiat's anatomical screen prints Anatomy (1982) an assertion of vulnerability, one which "creates an aesthetic of

3280-522: The black community, as well as attacks on power structures and systems of racism. Since his death at the age of 27 in 1988, Basquiat's work has steadily increased in value. In 2017, Untitled , a 1982 painting depicting a black skull with red and yellow rivulets, sold for a record-breaking $ 110.5 million, becoming one of the most expensive paintings ever purchased. Basquiat was born on December 22, 1960, in Park Slope , Brooklyn , New York City,

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3360-475: The body as damaged, scarred, fragmented, incomplete, or torn apart, once the organic whole has disappeared. Paradoxically, it is the very act of creating these representations that conjures a positive corporeal valence between the artist and his sense of self or identity." Neo-expressionism Neo-expressionism developed as a reaction against conceptual art and minimal art of the 1970s. Neo-expressionists returned to portraying recognizable objects, such as

3440-492: The books he used were Gray's Anatomy , Henry Dreyfuss' Symbol Sourcebook , Leonardo da Vinci published by Reynal & Company, and Burchard Brentjes' African Rock Art , Flash of the Spirit by Robert Farris Thompson . A middle period from late 1982 to 1985 featured multi-panel paintings and individual canvases with exposed stretcher bars, the surface dense with writing, collage and imagery. The years 1984 to 1985 were also

3520-684: The cultural hotbed of the Lower East Side where rap , punk , and street art coalesced into early hip-hop culture. By the early 1980s, his paintings were being exhibited in galleries and museums internationally. At 21, Basquiat became the youngest artist to ever take part in Documenta in Kassel , Germany. At 22, he became one of the youngest to exhibit at the Whitney Biennial in New York. The Whitney Museum of American Art held

3600-402: The effect of cannabis smoke alone due to common mixing of cannabis and tobacco and frequent cigarette smoking by cannabis users; low rate of addiction compared to tobacco; and episodic nature of cannabis use compared to steady frequent smoking of tobacco. A 2013 literature review said that exposure to cannabis had biologically based physical, mental, behavioral and social health consequences and

3680-520: The group Figuration Libre was formed in France in 1981. In Toronto, the group known as ChromaZone/Chromatique Collective was formed in 1981 and existed till 1986. Cannabis smoking Cannabis smoking (known colloquially as smoking weed or smoking pot ) is the inhalation of smoke or vapor released by heating the flowers, leaves, or extracts of cannabis and releasing the main psychoactive chemical , Δ - tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which

3760-473: The hip-hop record " Beat Bop " featuring Rammellzee and rapper K-Rob . It was pressed in limited quantities on his Tartown Inc. imprint. He created the cover art for the single, making it highly desirable among both record and art collectors. In March 1983, at 22 years old, Basquiat became one of the youngest artists to participate in the Whitney Biennial exhibition of contemporary art . Paige Powell , an associate publisher for Interview magazine, organized

3840-456: The history of Modern Art , art critic Robert Hughes dismissed Neo-Expressionist painting as retrograde, as a failure of radical imagination, and as a lamentable capitulation to the art market . Critics such as Benjamin Buchloh , Hal Foster , Craig Owens , and Mira Schor were highly critical of its relation to the marketability of painting on the rapidly expanding art market, celebrity,

3920-478: The human body (although sometimes in an abstract manner), in a rough and violently emotional way, often using vivid colors. It was overtly inspired by German Expressionist painters, such as Emil Nolde , Max Beckmann , George Grosz , Ernst Ludwig Kirchner , James Ensor and Edvard Munch . It is also related to American Lyrical Abstraction painting of the 1960s and 1970s, The Hairy Who movement in Chicago,

4000-407: The iconographic depiction of crowns and halos to distinguish heroes and saints in his specially chosen pantheon. "Jean-Michel's crown has three peaks, for his three royal lineages: the poet, the musician, the great boxing champion. Jean measured his skill against all he deemed strong, without prejudice as to their taste or age," said his friend and artist Francesco Clemente. Reviewing Basquiat's show at

4080-399: The joint. Specially manufactured rolling papers are most often used in industrialized countries; however, recycled brown paper and newspaper are commonly used in the developing world . Modern papers are now made from a wide variety of materials including rice, hemp, soy, and flax. A joint typically contains 0.8 - 1g net weight of cannabis and/or fillers. A blunt is cannabis rolled with

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4160-899: The last 18 months of his life, Basquiat became something of a recluse. His continued drug use is thought to have been a way of coping after the death of his friend Andy Warhol in February 1987. In 1987, Basquiat had exhibitions at Galerie Daniel Templon in Paris, the Akira Ikeda Gallery in Tokyo, and the Tony Shafrazi Gallery in New York. He designed a Ferris wheel for André Heller 's Luna Luna , an ephemeral amusement park in Hamburg from June to August 1987 with rides designed by renowned contemporary artists. In January 1988, Basquiat traveled to Paris for his exhibition at

4240-439: The late artist, Keith Haring created the painting A Pile of Crowns for Jean-Michel Basquiat . In the obituary Haring wrote for Vogue , he stated: "He truly created a lifetime of works in ten years. Greedily, we wonder what else he might have created, what masterpieces we have been cheated out of by his death, but the fact is that he has created enough work to intrigue generations to come. Only now will people begin to understand

4320-419: The magnitude of his contribution." Basquiat's canon revolves around single heroic figures: athletes, prophets, warriors, cops, musicians, kings and the artist himself. In these images the head is often a central focus, topped by crowns, hats, and halos. In this way the intellect is emphasized, lifted up to notice, privileged over the body and the physicality of these figures (i.e. black men) commonly represent in

4400-430: The nicotine. Pipes made for smoking cannabis, sometimes called pieces or bowls , are made of a variety of materials, including metal fittings, ceramic, borosilicate glass , stone, wood, bamboo among other materials. Subtypes include one-hitters , bubblers, chillums , glass blunts, corn cob pipes, and standard hand pipes. Pipes vary greatly in shape and materials, and most are handmade. The common thread between them

4480-476: The period of the Basquiat–Warhol collaborations. In his short but prolific career, Basquiat produced around 1,500 drawings, around 600 paintings, and many sculpture and mixed media works. He drew constantly and often used objects around him as surfaces when paper was not immediately at hand. Since childhood, he produced cartoon-inspired drawings when encouraged by his mother's interest in art, and drawing became

4560-420: The punk rock band Blondie , for $ 200 after they had filmed Downtown 81 together. He also appeared as a disc jockey in the 1981 Blondie music video " Rapture ", a role originally intended for Grandmaster Flash . At the time, Basquiat was living with his girlfriend, Suzanne Mallouk , who financially supported him as a waitress. In September 1981, art dealer Annina Nosei invited Basquiat to join her gallery at

4640-421: The receptacle, or "bowl", is narrow enough to permit controlling the inward flow of heated air from a source such as a lighter which is held far enough below the opening. According to the journal Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vaporizing cannabis is a safe and more effective way (than smoking) of delivering THC to patients for medical uses. The feasibility of vaporization of THC has been demonstrated in

4720-588: The respiratory mucosa. Cannabis smoke was listed as a cancer agent in California in 2009. Cannabis smoke contains many of the same carcinogens as tar from tobacco smoke. A 2012 literature survey by the British Lung Foundation identified cannabis smoke as a carcinogen and also found awareness of the danger was low, with 40% of under 35s thinking that cannabis (when smoked) was not harmful. Other observations include lack of research on

4800-440: The school newspaper. He developed the character SAMO to endorse a faux religion. The saying "SAMO" had started as a private joke between Basquiat and his schoolmate Al Diaz, as an abbreviation for the phrase "Same old shit." They drew a series of cartoons for their school paper before and after using SAMO©. SAMO (for "same old") marked the witty sayings of a precocious and worldly teenage mind that, even at that early juncture, saw

4880-597: The second of four children to Matilde Basquiat (née Andrades, 1934–2008) and Gérard Basquiat (1930–2013). He had an older brother, Max, who died shortly before his birth, and two younger sisters, Lisane (b. 1964) and Jeanine (b. 1967). His father was born in Port-au-Prince , Haiti and his mother was born in Brooklyn to Puerto Rican parents. He was raised Catholic . Matilde instilled a love for art in her young son by taking him to local art museums and enrolling him as

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4960-441: The smoke to make inhaling easier. Because of the carburetor there is no need to pull the stem as you would with a bong. A bong is similar to a pipe, only it has a water-chamber through which cannabis smoke passes prior to inhalation. Users fill the bong with water , sometimes also adding ice in order to cool the smoke. This cooling effect reduces the discomfort caused by the heat of the smoke. The bowl and stem assembly of most bongs

5040-432: The spot is compressed between the two blades, and the subsequent smoke is inhaled through the nose or mouth. This method of smoking is also referred to as "hot knives" because of the heated blades. Another means is specially made glass presses heated with a propane or butane torch. In order to facilitate this process, a "spottle" (also referred to as a "bowser", "hooter" or "toker") is often, but not always, used to funnel

5120-745: The store window. When Basquiat and Diaz had a falling out, he inscribed "SAMO IS DEAD" on the walls of SoHo buildings in 1980. In June 1980, he appeared in High Times magazine, his first national publication, as part of an article titled "Graffiti '80: The State of the Outlaw Art" by Glenn O'Brien. Later that year, he began filming O'Brien's independent film Downtown 81 (2000), originally titled New York Beat, which featured some of Gray's recordings on its soundtrack. In June 1980, Basquiat participated in The Times Square Show ,

5200-654: The suggestion of Sandro Chia. Soon after, he participated in her group show Public Address . She provided him with materials and a space to work in the basement of her gallery. In 1982, Nosei arranged for him to move into a loft, which also served as a studio at 101 Crosby Street in SoHo. He had his first American one-man show at the Annina Nosei Gallery in March 1982. He also painted in Modena for his second Italian exhibition in March 1982. Feeling exploited, that show

5280-767: The summer, he had a solo exhibition at Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac in Salzburg. He was also invited to walk the runway for Rei Kawakubo again, this time at the Comme des Garçons Homme Plus fashion show in Paris. In October 1986, Basquiat flew to Ivory Coast for an exhibition of his work organized by Bruno Bischofberger at the French Cultural Institute in Abidjan . He was accompanied by his girlfriend Jennifer Goode, who worked at his frequent hangout, Area nightclub. In November 1986, at 25 years old, Basquiat became

5360-541: The tongue , or applied to the skin. The bioavailability characteristics and effects of smoking and vaporizing cannabis differ from other cannabis consumption methods in having a more rapid and predictable onset of effect. Cannabis (marijuana) can be smoked in a variety of pipe-like implements made in different shapes and of different materials including hand pipes ( "bowls" ), water pipes ("bongs") , cigarettes ("joints") , or blunts . Solar puffing (also called "solar toking", "taking solar hits”, or “solar bowls” )

5440-677: The world in shades of gray, fearlessly juxtaposing corporate commodity structures with the social milieu he wished to enter: the predominantly white art world. —Franklin Sirmans, In the Cipher: Basquiat and Hip Hop Culture In May 1978, Basquiat and Diaz began spray painting graffiti on buildings in Lower Manhattan . Working under the pseudonym SAMO, they inscribed poetic and satirical advertising slogans such as "SAMO© AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO GOD." In June 1978, Basquiat

5520-591: The world. —Kellie Jones, Lost in Translation: Jean-Michel in the (Re)Mix Art critic Franklin Sirmans analyzed that Basquiat appropriated poetry, drawing, and painting, and married text and image, abstraction , figuration , and historical information mixed with contemporary critique. His social commentary were acutely political and direct in their criticism of colonialism and support for class struggle . He also explored artistic legacies from wide sources, including an interrogation of

5600-553: The youngest artist given an exhibition at Kestner-Gesellschaft in Hanover , Germany. During their relationship, Goode began snorting heroin with Basquiat since drugs were at her disposal. She said: "He didn't push it on me, but it was just there and I was so naïve." In late 1986, she successfully got herself and Basquiat into a methadone program in Manhattan, but he quit after three weeks. According to Goode, he did not start injecting heroin until after she ended their relationship. In

5680-480: Was "associated with diseases of the liver (particularly with co-existing hepatitis C), lungs, heart, and vasculature". The authors cautioned that "evidence is needed, and further research should be considered, to prove causal associations of marijuana with many physical health conditions". Disposable materials are often used in places where cannabis is illegal. A roach is the remains of a joint , blunt or roll up cigarette after most of it has been smoked. Joint

5760-564: Was admitted to a psychiatric hospital when he was ten and thereafter spent her life in and out of institutions. By the age of eleven, Basquiat was fluent in French, Spanish and English, and an avid reader of all three languages. Basquiat's family resided in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Boerum Hill and then in 1974, moved to Miramar, Puerto Rico . When they returned to Brooklyn in 1976, Basquiat attended Edward R. Murrow High School . He struggled to deal with his mother's instability and rebelled as

5840-471: Was canceled because he was expected to make eight paintings in one week. By the summer of 1982, Basquiat had left the Annina Nosei Gallery and gallerist Bruno Bischofberger became his worldwide art dealer. In June 1982, at 21, Basquiat became the youngest artist to ever take part in Documenta in Kassel , Germany. His works were exhibited alongside Joseph Beuys , Anselm Kiefer , Gerhard Richter , Cy Twombly , and Andy Warhol . Bischofberger gave Basquiat

5920-514: Was covered in the media. He appeared on the cover of the February 10, 1985, issue of The New York Times Magazine in a feature titled "New Art, New Money: The Marketing of an American Artist". His work appeared in GQ and Esquire , and he was interviewed for MTV 's "Art Break" segment. In 1985, he walked the runway for the Comme des Garçons Spring fashion show in New York. In the mid-1980s, Basquiat

6000-421: Was earning $ 1.4 million a year and he was receiving lump sums of $ 40,000 from art dealers. Despite his success, his emotional instability continued to haunt him. "The more money Basquiat made, the more paranoid and deeply involved with drugs he became," wrote journalist Michael Shnayerson . Basquiat's cocaine use became so excessive that he blew a hole in his nasal septum. A friend claimed that Basquiat confessed he

6080-656: Was expelled from City-As-School for pieing the principal. At 17, his father kicked him out of the house when he decided to drop out of school. He worked for the Unique Clothing Warehouse in NoHo while continuing to create graffiti at night. On December 11, 1978, The Village Voice published an article about the SAMO graffiti. In 1979, Basquiat appeared on the live public-access television show TV Party hosted by Glenn O'Brien . Basquiat and O'Brien formed

6160-578: Was held at Saint Peter's Church on November 3, 1988. Among the speakers was Ingrid Sischy , who as the editor of Artforum got to know Basquiat well and commissioned a number of articles that introduced his work to the wider world. Basquiat's former girlfriend Suzanne Mallouk recited sections of A. R. Penck 's "Poem for Basquiat" and his friend Fab 5 Freddy read a poem by Langston Hughes . The 300 guests included musicians John Lurie and Arto Lindsay , Keith Haring, poet David Shapiro , Glenn O'Brien, and members of Basquiat's former band Gray. In memory of

6240-773: Was on heroin in late 1980. Many of his peers speculated that his drug use was a means of coping with the demands of his newfound fame, the exploitative nature of the art industry, and the pressures of being a black man in the white-dominated art world. For what would be his last exhibition on the West Coast, Basquiat returned to Los Angeles for his show at the Gagosian Gallery in January 1986. In February 1986, Basquiat traveled to Atlanta , Georgia for an exhibition of his drawings at Fay Gold Gallery. That month, he participated in Limelight 's Art Against Apartheid benefit. In

6320-414: Was pronounced dead on arrival . Basquiat is buried at Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery . A private funeral was held at Frank E. Campbell Funeral Chapel on August 17, 1988. The funeral was attended by immediate family and close friends, including Keith Haring, Francesco Clemente, Glenn O'Brien, and Basquiat's former girlfriend Paige Powell. Art dealer Jeffrey Deitch delivered a eulogy. A public memorial

6400-446: Was the only time Basquiat ever discussed his drug problem with him. Glenn O'Brien also recalled Basquiat calling him and telling him he was "feeling really good." Despite attempts at sobriety, Basquiat died at the age of 27 of a heroin overdose at his home on Great Jones Street in Manhattan on August 12, 1988. He had been found unresponsive in his bedroom by his girlfriend Kelle Inman and was taken to Cabrini Medical Center , where he

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