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26-467: Some of the first bastides were built under Raymond VII of Toulouse to replace villages destroyed in the Albigensian Crusade . He encouraged the construction of others to colonize the wilderness, especially of southwest France. Almost 700 bastides were built between 1222 ( Cordes-sur-Ciel , Tarn) and 1372 (La Bastide d'Anjou, Tarn). Bastides were developed in number under the terms of

52-483: A circular plan. Some bastides were not so geometrically planned: "The block geometry of the bastides was not a rigid framework into which a town was squeezed; it resembles more closely a net, thrown upon the site and adapting to its nuances," Randolph remarks. Most bastides were built in the Lot-et-Garonne , Dordogne , Gers and Haute-Garonne départements of France, because of the altitude and quality of

78-416: Is one example at Tournay with a size of 70 metres (230 ft) by 72 m (236 ft)). Single-axis: The single-axis design of the bastide makes all roads run in one direction and are parallel. Here and there, there are alleys cut between the roads. The square is placed between two roads. These squares are usually 50 m (164 ft) to 55 m (180 ft) on each side. Grid-layout; usually based on

104-712: The Treaty of Paris (1229) , which permitted Raymond VII of Toulouse to build new towns in his shattered domains but not to fortify them. When the Capetian Alphonse of Poitiers inherited, under a marriage stipulated by the treaty, this " bastide founder of unparalleled energy" consolidated his regional control in part through the founding of bastides . Landowners supported development of bastides to generate revenues from taxes on trade rather than tithes (taxes on production). Farmers who elected to move their families to bastides were no longer vassals of

130-416: The Treaty of Paris (1229) . Fortifications were added later and were paid for through a special tax or carried out through a law that required the people of the city to help build the walls. A good example is Libourne. Ten years after the city was founded, the people asked for money to build city walls. Once they had received the money, they spent it on making their city prettier, rather than building walls. At

156-612: The council of Bourges excommunicated him and launched a crusade against him, the king of France , Louis VIII , called the Lion , wanting to renew the conflict in order to enforce his royal rights in Languedoc . Roger-Bernard tried to keep the peace, but the king rejected his embassy and the counts of Foix and Toulouse took up arms again. The war was largely a discontinuous series of skirmishes and, in January 1229, Raymond, defeated,

182-542: The Constable Imbert de Beaujeu and Bishop Hugh of Clermont . He was forced to surrender the castle of Saverdun and Bram . When Raymond died, Alphonse became count of Toulouse, and after Alphonse's death the county was annexed by France . Raymond VII was buried beside his mother Joan in Fontevrault Abbey . Treaty of Paris (1229) The Treaty of Paris , also known as Treaty of Meaux ,

208-531: The French crown. The Papacy gained the Comtat Venaissin . Raymond regained his feudal rights but had to swear allegiance to Louis IX. Fortifications, such as those of Toulouse , were dismantled. The Cathars were left without political and military protection, as Raymond and his subordinates, now vassals of the French crown, were ordered to hunt them down. This article on military history

234-436: The bastide's lands. The bastide hall and the church were often first constructed of wood. After the bastide was established, they were replaced by structures of stone. Scholarly debate has taken place over the definition of a bastide. They are now generally described as any town planned and built as a unit, by one founder. Most bastides were developed with a grid layout of intersecting streets, with wide thoroughfares that divide

260-407: The bastide. Feudal rights were invested in the sovereign, with the local lord retaining some duties as enforcer of local justice and intermediary between the new inhabitants— required to build houses within a specified time, often a year, and the representatives of the sovereign. Residents were granted a houselot, a kitchen garden lot ( casale ), and a cultivable lot ( arpent ) on the periphery of

286-590: The beginning of the Hundred Years' War , many bastides that had no city walls were destroyed. Some of the others quickly built stone walls to protect the city. Ease of tax collection was another reason for the grid layout, as the village was taxable module by module, and the organized central area. The bastides' forms resulted from "the friction engendered by interaction, expedience, pragmatism, legal compromise, and profit," Adrian Randolph observed in 1995. More rarely, such planned cities were developed according to

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312-553: The county of Toulouse from Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester and later Simon's son Amaury VI of Montfort . He succeeded his father in 1222. At the moment of his accession, he and the new count of Foix , Roger Bernard II the Great , besieged Carcassonne . On 14 September 1224, the Albigensian Crusaders surrendered and the war came to an end, each southern lord making peace with the church. However, in 1225,

338-626: The daughter of Hugh X of Lusignan and Isabella of Angoulême . They had no children and the Council of Lyons in 1245 granted Raymond a divorce. He then tried to get support of Blanche , mother of King Louis IX of France , to marry Beatrice of Provence , who had just become Countess of Provence , but Beatrice married Blanche's son Charles instead. During the Albigensian Crusade in May 1216, Raymond set out from Marseille and besieged Beaucaire , which he captured on 24 August. He fought to reconquer

364-603: The eastern provinces of his lands to Louis and the Marquisat de Provence to the Catholic Church . The treaty also gave the Inquisition absolute power regarding searching for, and seizing of, heretics. Raymond ceded more than half his land to the French crown and retained the remainder only during his life, and it would then be inherited by his son-in-law Alphonse, Louis's brother or, if Alphonse had no heir, by

390-409: The façades of the houses. Alleys run between streets, these are usually only 5–6 m (16–20 ft) wide. Sometimes, they are only 2–2.5 m (6 ft 7 in – 8 ft 2 in) wide. In a bastide there were usually between one and eight streets. When bastides were founded, most had no city walls or fortifications because it was a peaceful time in history, and walls were prohibited by

416-504: The façades, had to line up. Also, there had to be a small space between the houses. The different housing lots were all alike, 8 m (26 ft) by 24 m (79 ft) being a common size. There were only a limited number of lots. This varied between ten and several thousand (3,000 in Grenade-sur-Garonne) The streets were usually 6–10 m (20–33 ft) wide, so a chariot could pass through. They ran alongside

442-416: The local lord and became free men and the development of bastides contributed to the waning of feudalism . The new inhabitants were encouraged to cultivate the land around the bastide, which, in turn, attracted trade in the form of merchants and markets. The lord taxed dwellings in the bastides and all trade in the market. The legal footing on which the bastides were set was that of paréage with

468-402: The local ruling power, based on a formal written contractual agreement between the landholder and a count of Toulouse , a king of France , or a king of England . The landholder might be a cartel of local lords or the abbot of a local monastery. Responsibilities and benefits were carefully framed in a charter , which delineated the franchises ('liberties') and coutumes ('customs') of

494-471: The soil. Some were constructed in important defensive positions. The best-known today are probably Andorra la Vella and Carcassonne , but the most populated is Villeneuve-sur-Lot , the 'new town on the River Lot'. Raymond VII of Toulouse Raymond VII (July 1197 – 27 September 1249) was Count of Toulouse , Duke of Narbonne and Marquis of Provence from 1222 until his death. Raymond

520-463: The square in Montauban. Generally the flattest place in the bastide was used for the square. The church was almost never on the central square but usually at an angle, facing the square diagonally. One of the rare exceptions is Villefranche-de-Rouergue but this one was built two centuries after the square. There were clear rules how houses could be built inside the bastide. The front of the houses,

546-409: The town plan into insulae , or blocks, through which a narrow lane often runs. They included a central market square surrounded by arcades ( couverts ) through which the axes of thoroughfares passed, with a covered weighing and measuring area. The market square often provided the module into which the bastide is subdivided. The Roman model, the castrum with its grid plan and central forum ,

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572-543: Was born at the Château de Beaucaire , the son of Raymond VI of Toulouse and Joan of England . Through his mother, he was a grandson of Henry II of England and a nephew of kings Richard I and John of England . In March 1211, at the age of 13, Raymond VII married Sancha of Aragon . They had one daughter, Joan , and were divorced in 1241. He was engaged to Sanchia of Provence , but she married Richard of Cornwall instead. In 1243 Raymond married Margaret of Lusignan,

598-465: Was forced to sign the Treaty of Paris (also known as the "Treaty of Meaux"). By this treaty he ceded the former viscounty of Trencavel to Louis IX and his daughter Joan was forced to marry Alphonse , brother of the king. In 1242, Raymond allied with Count Hugh of La Marche and King Henry III of England against Louis IX during the Saintonge War . Louis sent against him an army under

624-470: Was inescapable in a region since Roman planning precedents survived in medieval cities such as Béziers , Narbonne , Toulouse , Orange and Arles . The region of the bastides had been one of the last outposts of Late Antiquity in the West. The main feature of all bastides is a central, open place, or square. It was used for markets, but also used for political and social gatherings. A typical square, (which

650-478: Was probably a model for other bastides), can be found in Montauban. Generally, there is just one square. Saint-Lys and Albias are different because they have two squares, one for the market and one square for the church. The square is also used to divide the city into quarters. Generally, it lies outside the main street (the axis) which carried the traffic. There are three possible layouts: Completely closed: The square does not touch any street. These are very rare; there

676-484: Was signed on 12 April 1229 between Raymond VII of Toulouse and Louis IX of France in Meaux near Paris. Louis was still a minor, and it was his mother Blanche of Castile , as regent, who was instrumental in forging the treaty. The agreement officially ended the Albigensian Crusade , and according to the terms of the treaty, Raymond's daughter Joan was to be married to Louis' brother Alphonse . Moreover, Raymond ceded

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