12-580: Burkholderiales Ferritrophicales Ferrovales Neisseriales Nitrosomonadales Procabacteriales Rhodocyclales Betaproteobacteria are a class of Gram-negative bacteria , and one of the eight classes of the phylum Pseudomonadota (synonym Proteobacteria). The Betaproteobacteria comprise over 75 genera and 400 species. Together, they represent a broad variety of metabolic strategies and occupy diverse environments, ranging from obligate pathogens living within host organisms to oligotrophic groundwater ecosystems. Whilst most members of
24-508: Is divided into six families: Members of the genus Nitrosomonas oxidize ammonium ions into nitrite , a process called nitrification , and are important in the nitrogen cycle . Other autotrophic genera such as Thiobacillus and Annwoodia oxidize reduced inorganic sulfur ions such as thiosulfate and sulfide into sulfate and have key roles in the sulfur cycle . Methylotrophs such as Methylophilus oxidize compounds such as methanol into carbon dioxide and are key to
36-699: Is potentially dangerous because high ammonium content can lead to eutrophication . Biological wastewater treatment systems, as well as other biological ammonium-removing methods, depend on the metabolism of various Bacteria including members of the Nitrosomonadales of the Betaproteobacteria that perform nitrification to remove excessive ammonia from wastewater. The ammonia is first oxidized into nitrite , further oxidized to nitrate . A variety of other organisms then reduces nitrate into molecular nitrogen gas ( denitrification ), which leaves
48-646: The Burkholderiales , the Neisseriales , the Nitrosomonadales and the Rhodocyclales . The name " Procabacteriales " was also proposed for an order of endosymbionts of Acanthamoeba , but since they cannot be grown in culture and studies have been limited, the name has never been validly or effectively published, and thus is no more than a nickname without any standing in nomenclature. An extensive reclassification of families and orders of
60-947: The Nitrosomonadales . The four orders of the Betaproteobacteria are: Some members of the Betaproteobacteria can cause disease in various eukaryotic organisms, including humans. For example, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis cause gonorrhea and meningitis respectively, while Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough . Other members of the class infect plants, such as Ralstonia solanacearum which causes bacterial wilt disease of over 250 plant species, Burkholderia cepacia which causes bulb rot in onions, and Xylophilus ampelinus which causes necrosis of grapevines. Betaproteobacteria play an important role in denitrification, removal of phosphorus, and xenobiotic degradation from waste. Various human activities, such as fertilizer production and chemical plant usage, release significant amounts of ammonium ions into rivers and oceans. Ammonium buildup in aquatic environments
72-606: The Betaproteobacteria are heterotrophic , deriving both their carbon and electrons from organocarbon sources, some are photoheterotrophic , deriving energy from light and carbon from organocarbon sources. Other genera are autotrophic , deriving their carbon from bicarbonate or carbon dioxide and their electrons from reduced inorganic ions such as nitrite , ammonium , thiosulfate or sulfide — many of these chemolithoautotrophic . Betaproteobacteria are economically important, with roles in maintaining soil pH and in elementary cycling. Some economically important members of
84-427: The Betaproteobacteria use nitrate as their terminal electron acceptor and can be used industrially to remove nitrate from wastewater by denitrification . A number of Betaproteobacteria are diazotrophs , meaning that they can fix molecular nitrogen from the air as their nitrogen source for growth – this is important to the farming industry as it is a primary means of ammonium levels in soils rising without
96-497: The carbon cycle . Gallionella and Ferriphaselus oxidise ferrous iron (Fe ) ions into ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH) 3 ) during autotrophic growth, and thus have roles in the carbon cycle and the iron cycle . As such, the Nitrosomonadales are critical to biogeochemical cycling of the elements and many species have key roles in principal biochemical processes. This Betaproteobacteria -related article
108-421: The photosynthetic purple nonsulfur bacteria ), and Herbaspirillum (capable of nitrogen-fixation ). This Betaproteobacteria -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Nitrosomonadales The Nitrosomonadales are an order of the class Betaproteobacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota . Like all members of their class, they are Gram-negative . The order
120-477: The class based on a polyphasic analysis (including 16S rRNA gene analyses and 53-protein ribosomal protein concatamer analyses using the rMLST Multilocus sequence typing system) was published in 2017, that removed the order Hydrogenophilales from the class and into a novel class of the " Pseudomonadota ", the Hydrogenophilalia . The same study also merged the former order Methylophilales into
132-924: The ecosystem and is carried into the atmosphere. Burkholderiales The Burkholderiales are an order of Betaproteobacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota . Like all Pseudomonadota , they are Gram-negative . They include several pathogenic bacteria, including species of Burkholderia , Bordetella , and Ralstonia . They also include Oxalobacter and related genera, which are unusual in using oxalic acid as their source of carbon. Other well-studied genera include Alcaligenes , Cupriavidus , Achromobacter , Comamonas , Delftia , Massilia , Duganella , Janthinobacterium , Polynucleobacter (important freshwater bacterioplankton ), non-pathogenic Paraburkholderia , Caballeronia , Polaromonas , Thiomonas , Collimonas , Hydrogenophaga , Sphaerotilus , Variovorax , Acidovorax , Rubrivivax and Rhodoferax (both members of
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#1732772642987144-564: The presence of leguminous plants . The Betaproteobacteria are one of the eight classes that make up the Pseudomonadota ("Proteobacteria"). The Betaproteobacteria are most closely related to the Gammaproteobacteria , Acidithiobacillia and Hydrogenophilalia , which together make up a taxon which has previously been called " Chromatibacteria ". Four orders of Betaproteobacteria are currently recognised —
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