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45-662: The territory of the regional council is bounded by the Jezreel Valley in the west, in the north by the Lower Galilee , to the east by the Jordan River , and the south by the Jordan Valley and Samarian hills. About 12,000 people live in the sixteen kibbutzim , six moshavim , and 2 community villages located in its municipal territory. The city of Beit She'an lies in the centre of the territory, but

90-659: A growth of population in pre-existing villages. However, most of these settlements were established on the outskirts of the valley rather than within it. Between 1912 and 1925 the Sursock family (then under the French Mandate of Syria ) sold their 80,000 acres (320 km²) of land in the Vale of Jezreel to the American Zion Commonwealth for about nearly three-quarters of a million pounds. The land

135-477: A molecular level, there is no strict boundary between the liquid state and the vapor state. Instead, there is a Knudsen layer , where the phase is undetermined. Because this layer is only a few molecules thick, at a macroscopic scale a clear phase transition interface cannot be seen. Liquids that do not evaporate visibly at a given temperature in a given gas (e.g., cooking oil at room temperature ) have molecules that do not tend to transfer energy to each other in

180-430: A pattern sufficient to frequently give a molecule the heat energy necessary to turn into vapor. However, these liquids are evaporating. It is just that the process is much slower and thus significantly less visible. If evaporation takes place in an enclosed area, the escaping molecules accumulate as a vapor above the liquid. Many of the molecules return to the liquid, with returning molecules becoming more frequent as

225-713: A reflection of the Valley's decline during the late Mamluk period. The Turabays were entrusted with securing the region and restoring its prosperity. After the fall of the Turabay Emirate, the Valley became contested space between the rulers of Acre and Nablus until taken over by Zahir al-Umar during the 1760s. In the late Ottoman era, the outskirts of the Jezreel Valley, within both the Nazareth and Shefa-'Amr nahiyas , had sparse populations. Malaria

270-423: A small proportion of the molecules meet these criteria, the rate of evaporation is low. Since the kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to its temperature, evaporation proceeds more quickly at higher temperatures. As the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid decreases. This phenomenon is also called evaporative cooling . This

315-632: Is a green fertile plain covered with fields of wheat, watermelon, melon, oranges, white beans, cowpeas, chickpeas, green beans, cotton, sunflowers and corn , as well as grazing tracts for multitudes of sheep and cattle. The area is governed by the Jezreel Valley Regional Council . The Max Stern College of Emek Yizreel and the Emek Medical Center are located in the valley. According to the Hebrew Bible ,

360-406: Is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gas phase. A high concentration of the evaporating substance in the surrounding gas significantly slows down evaporation, such as when humidity affects rate of evaporation of water. When the molecules of the liquid collide, they transfer energy to each other based on how they collide. When a molecule near

405-444: Is an extremely rare event', the mechanism for the evaporation of water is not completely understood. Theoretical calculations require prohibitively long and large computer simulations. 'The rate of evaporation of liquid water is one of the principal uncertainties in modern climate modeling.' Evaporation is an endothermic process , since heat is absorbed during evaporation. Fuel droplets vaporize as they receive heat by mixing with

450-549: Is an independent municipality. 32°29′39.25″N 35°31′11.77″E  /  32.4942361°N 35.5199361°E  / 32.4942361; 35.5199361 This geography of Israel article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Jezreel Valley The Jezreel Valley (from the Hebrew : עמק יזרעאל , romanized :  ʿĒmeq Yīzrəʿēl ), or Marj Ibn Amir ( Arabic : مرج ابن عامر , romanized :  Marj Ibn ʿĀmir ), also known as

495-590: Is possible to conceive." In the early 1900, the Ottomans constructed the Jezreel Valley railway which ran along the entire length of the valley. In the 1870s, the Sursock family of Beirut (present-day Lebanon ) purchased the land from the Ottoman government for approximately £20,000. This purchase, along with others, dispossessed local Bedouins and resulted in the creation of new tenant communities, as well as

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540-528: Is reached when the evaporation of the liquid is equal to its condensation. In an enclosed environment, a liquid will evaporate until the surrounding air is saturated. Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle . The sun (solar energy) drives evaporation of water from oceans , lakes, moisture in the soil, and other sources of water. In hydrology , evaporation and transpiration (which involves evaporation within plant stomata ) are collectively termed evapotranspiration . Evaporation of water occurs when

585-436: Is why evaporating sweat cools the human body. Evaporation also tends to proceed more quickly with higher flow rates between the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids with higher vapor pressure . For example, laundry on a clothes line will dry (by evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day than on a still day. Three key parts to evaporation are heat, atmospheric pressure (determines the percent humidity), and air movement. On

630-462: The Clausius–Clapeyron relation : where P 1 , P 2 are the vapor pressures at temperatures T 1 , T 2 respectively, Δ H vap is the enthalpy of vaporization , and R is the universal gas constant . The rate of evaporation in an open system is related to the vapor pressure found in a closed system. If a liquid is heated, when the vapor pressure reaches the ambient pressure

675-587: The Ghassulian culture of the Chalcolithic Age (c. 4500–3300 BCE) to the Ayyubid periods of the 11–13th centuries CE. Biblical cities in the Jezreel Valley include Jezreel, Megiddo , Beit She'an , Shimron and Afula . There is a surviving detailed account of the earliest battle for the Jezreel Valley, the 15th-century BC Battle of Megiddo , to prove that it was fought in the valley. Due to

720-665: The Omride family . In Christian eschatology , the part of the valley on which the Battle of Megiddo was fought is believed to be the destined site of the penultimate battle between good and evil (with a later, final battle taking place 1,000 years later around Jerusalem ( Revelation 20:7–20:10 )), the place being known as Armageddon , a toponym derived from the Hebrew Har Megiddo , ' Mount Megiddo '. Archaeological excavations have indicated near continuous settlement from

765-634: The Valley of Megiddo , is a large fertile plain and inland valley in the Northern District of Israel . It is bordered to the north by the highlands of the Lower Galilee region, to the south by the Samarian highlands, to the west and northwest by the Mount Carmel range, and to the east by the Jordan Valley , with Mount Gilboa marking its southern extent. The largest settlement in

810-409: The density and pressure of the vapor increases. When the process of escape and return reaches an equilibrium , the vapor is said to be "saturated", and no further change in either vapor pressure and density or liquid temperature will occur. For a system consisting of vapor and liquid of a pure substance, this equilibrium state is directly related to the vapor pressure of the substance, as given by

855-604: The Arabs are not prejudiced by Jewish immigration. It is doubtful whether, in the matter of the Sursock lands, this Article of the Mandate received sufficient consideration." In 2006, the Israeli Transportation Ministry and Jezreel Valley Regional Council announced plans to build an international airport near Megiddo but the project was shelved due to environmental objections. Archaeological sites in

900-520: The Jezreel Valley are currently excavated and coordinated by the Jezreel Valley Regional Project. In 2021, archaeologist from Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) led by researchers Tzachi Lang and Kojan Haku found in the village of Et Taiyiba an engraved stone from the late 5th century from the frame of an entrance door of a church, with a Greek inscription. The inscription reads, " Christ born of Mary . This work of

945-620: The Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan Rift Valley rose, this connection was lost, and the periodic floods from the Mediterranean Sea ceased. This resulted in the Dead Sea no longer having a connection to the ocean, and over time, due to greater evaporation than precipitation plus surface water inflow, it has become heavily saline . The Sea of Galilee, on the other hand, consists of fresh water . The Jezreel Valley

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990-651: The Sharon region and the Valley, moving through the Manasseh Hills . Laurence Oliphant , who visited the Akko Sanjak valley area in 1887, then a subprovince of the Beirut vilayet , wrote that the Valley of Esdraelon (Jezreel) was "a huge green lake of waving wheat, with its village-crowned mounds rising from it like islands; and it presents one of the most striking pictures of luxuriant fertility which it

1035-560: The US, the National Weather Service measures, at various outdoor locations nationwide, the actual rate of evaporation from a standardized "pan" open water surface. Others do likewise around the world. The US data is collected and compiled into an annual evaporation map. The measurements range from under 30 to over 120 inches (3,000 mm) per year. Because it typically takes place in a complex environment, where 'evaporation

1080-598: The account of an ancient Philistine victory at Jezreel derives from the monarchial source , in contrast to the republican source , which places the Philistine victory against the Israelites at Mount Gilboa ( 1 Samuel 28:4 , 1 Samuel 31:1–31:6 ). Another defeat was of King Josiah by the Egyptians ( 2 Kings 23:29 ). According to 2 Kings 9:1–9:10 , the Jezreel Valley was where Jehu massacred all members of

1125-475: The dispossessed made their way to the coast to search for new work with most ending up in shanty towns on the edges of Jaffa and Haifa . Following the purchase of the land, the Jewish farmers created the first modern-day settlements, founded the modern day city of Afula and drained the swamps to enable further land development of areas that had been uninhabitable for centuries. The first moshav , Nahalal ,

1170-560: The early Ottoman period , the Jezreel Valley was the core territory of the Turabay Emirate (1517–1683). The Valley's capital was initially at Lajjun , the center of an eponymous sanjak and one of Palestine 's provincial capitals during the 16th century. Around 1600, the seat of the Turabays moved to Jenin . In the early 16th-century Ottoman tax records, the Valley contained 38 villages, as well as 74 uninhabited mazra'a 's ,

1215-546: The farmers refused to leave their land, as in Afula (El-Ful), however the new owners decided that it would be inappropriate for these farmers to remain as tenants on land intended for Jewish labor. This was a commonplace feeling among segments of the Jewish population, part of a socialist ideology of the Yishuv , which included their working the land rather than being absentee landowners. British police had to be used to expel some and

1260-687: The gradual acquisition of the valley by Jewish land organizations, the Arabic name fell out of official use in favor of the biblical 'Jezreel Valley'. The valley once acted as the channel by which the Mediterranean Sea , at the north-western end of the valley, connected to the Sea of Galilee , the Jordan Valley and ultimately to the Dead Sea . About two million years ago, as the land between

1305-446: The hot gases in the combustion chamber. Heat (energy) can also be received by radiation from any hot refractory wall of the combustion chamber. Internal combustion engines rely upon the vaporization of the fuel in the cylinders to form a fuel/air mixture in order to burn well. The chemically correct air/fuel mixture for total burning of gasoline has been determined to be 15 parts air to one part gasoline or 15/1 by weight. Changing this to

1350-594: The judges. The quantity of Philistine pottery within these sites is still quite small, which means that even if the Philistines did settle the valley they were a minority that blended within the Canaanite population during the 12th century BC. The Philistines seem to have been present in the southern valley during the 11th century, which may relate to the biblical account of their victory at the Battle of Gilboa . In

1395-647: The late Second Temple period , Josephus refers to both the Jezreel Valley and the Beit Netofa Valley as the "Great Plain". During the Mamluk period , the Jezreel Valley formed the southern part of Mamlakat Safad (the province of Safed). In the 14th century, it was inhabited by the Bani Haritha tribe of Yaman (southern Arab)-affiliated Bedouins , the progenitors of the Turabay dynasty . During

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1440-441: The liquid will boil . The ability for a molecule of a liquid to evaporate is based largely on the amount of kinetic energy an individual particle may possess. Even at lower temperatures, individual molecules of a liquid can evaporate if they have more than the minimum amount of kinetic energy required for vaporization. Note: Air is used here as a common example of the surrounding gas; however, other gases may hold that role. In

1485-562: The most God-fearing and pious bishop [Theodo]sius and the miserable Th[omas] was built from the foundation. Whoever enters should pray for them." According to archaeologist Dr. Walid Atrash, Theodosius was one of the first Christian bishops and this church was the first evidence of the Byzantine church’s existence in the village of Et Taiyiba. 32°35′47″N 35°14′31″E  /  32.59639°N 35.24194°E  / 32.59639; 35.24194 Evaporation Evaporation

1530-518: The presence of Philistine pottery in northern Israel to their role as mercenaries for the Egyptians during their military administration of the land in the 12th century BCE. This presence may also indicate further expansion of the Philistines to the valley during the 11th century BCE, or their trade with the Israelites . There are biblical references to Philistines in the valley during the times of

1575-553: The purchase of the valley, noting the high prices paid and land occupants receiving compensation not legally bound. The responsibility of the Mandate Government for "soreness felt (among both effendi and fellahin ) owing to the sale of large areas by the absentee Sursock family" and the displacement of Arab tenants; noted that, "the duty of the Administration of Palestine to ensure that the rights and position of

1620-455: The region was called after one of its well known sites, the Ayn Jalut spring. Marj Bani Amir became the official administrative name of the district which encompassed the valley from early Ottoman rule (1517–1917). A common variant of this name is Marj Ibn ʿĀmir ( Arabic : مرج ابن عامر ), lit.   ' Meadows of the son of Amir ' . With the advent of British rule in 1917 and

1665-432: The surface absorbs enough energy to overcome the vapor pressure , it will escape and enter the surrounding air as a gas. When evaporation occurs, the energy removed from the vaporized liquid will reduce the temperature of the liquid, resulting in evaporative cooling. On average, only a fraction of the molecules in a liquid have enough heat energy to escape from the liquid. The evaporation will continue until an equilibrium

1710-419: The surface of the liquid is exposed, allowing molecules to escape and form water vapor; this vapor can then rise up and form clouds. With sufficient energy, the liquid will turn into vapor. For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near the surface, they have to be moving in the proper direction, and have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome liquid-phase intermolecular forces . When only

1755-507: The surrounding terrain, Egyptian chariots were only able to travel from Egypt as far as the Jezreel Valley and the valley north of Lake Huleh . In the western part of the Jezreel Valley, 23 of the 26 Iron Age I sites (12th to 10th centuries BCE) yielded typical Philistine pottery. These sites include Tel Megiddo , Tel Yokneam , Tel Qiri , Afula , Tel Qashish , Be'er Tiveon, Hurvat Hazin, Tel Risim, Tel Re'ala, Hurvat Tzror, Tel Sham , Midrakh Oz and Tel Zariq. Scholars have attributed

1800-474: The valley is Marj Bani Amir ( Arabic : مرج بني عامر , romanized :  Marj Banī ʿĀmir ), which translates as the 'Meadow of the Banu Amir ', an Arab tribe, parts of which took up abode in the valley after the 7th-century Muslim conquest . The name was increasingly used in Arabic texts to refer to the region as an administrative unit during the late Mamluk period (1260–1517). In earlier Arabic texts,

1845-452: The valley is the city of Afula , which lies near its center. The Jezreel Valley takes its name from the ancient city of Jezreel (known in Hebrew as Yizre'el; יזרעאל ‎; known in Arabic as Zir'ēn , زرعين ) which was located on a low hill overlooking the southern edge of the valley. The word Jezreel comes from the Hebrew, and means "God sows" or " El sows". The Arabic name of

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1890-714: The valley was the scene of several battles with the Israelites . A victory was led by Deborah and Barak against the Canaanites ( Judges 4 ). Another was led by Gideon against the Midianites , the Amalekites , and "the children of the East" ( Judges 6:3 ). It was later the location at which the Israelites, led by King Saul , were defeated by the Philistines ( 1 Samuel 29:1–29:6 ). According to textual scholars ,

1935-544: Was purchased by the Jewish organization as part of an effort to resettle Jews who inhabited the land, as well as others who came from distant lands. After the land was sold to the American Zion Commonwealth, some of the Arab farmers who lived in nearby villages and had been working for the absentee landowners were given financial compensation or were provided with land elsewhere. Despite the sale, some of

1980-474: Was settled in this valley on 11 September 1921. After the widespread Arab riots of 1929 in the then British Mandate of Palestine , the Hope Simpson Enquiry was appointed to seek causes and remedies for the instability. The Commission's findings in regard to "Government responsibility towards Arab cultivators", was that the Jewish authorities "have nothing with which to reproach themselves" in

2025-514: Was widespread, particularly in the plains, notably in the vicinity of the Kishon River and its tributaries. This disease drove away many locals, allowing Bedouins to fill the void. In drought years, Bedouins from the ghor even encroached into lands cultivated by the fellahin , covering the area with their tents. The "permanent" nomads, Bedouins of Turkmen descent, resided in the Jezreel Valley during summer and autumn, then wintered between

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