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24-590: The area around Bethanie originally belonged to the Red Nation . At the beginning of the 18th century, the ǃAman ( Bethanie Orlam ), a subtribe of the Orlam people , obtained settlement rights and settled here. As missionaries started travelling north from the Cape Colony in the early 19th century, they established mission stations on their way. The London Missionary Society founded the town, but, because of

48-873: A genocide of the Herero and Nama peoples . After the defeat in the war, Namas were displaced all over the country, and even deported to the German colonies of Togoland and Kamerun . The ethnical structures of the Nama people were destroyed; the Red Nation only got a new chief in 1922. The following people have been chiefs of the Red Nation since the foundation of that tribe in 1695: 2020 Namibian local and regional elections Local and regional elections were held in Namibia on 25 November 2020 to elect new local and regional councils. The previous round of elections

72-625: A National Monument since 1952 and currently serves as a small museum. It was later discovered that the church and the pastor's house in Warmbad , both destroyed in 1811, were older than the Schmelenhaus, and that the fortification of ǁKhauxaǃnas predates all other European constructions. Schmelen also initiated the building of a chapel which was in ruins when James Edward Alexander visited the village in 1837. In 1822, Schmelen left Bethanie after becoming frustrated with his missionary work among

96-791: A class-action lawsuit against Germany on behalf of the Herero and Nama peoples in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York . David Frederick was the grandson of Cornelius Fredericks , a leading resistance fighter against German colonial invasion. A fictionalized version of Bethanie – named " Bethany " in English and depicted as a drought-plagued former mining town – is the primary setting for Richard Stanley 's 1993 feature horror film , Dust Devil . 26°29′S 17°09′E  /  26.483°S 17.150°E  / -26.483; 17.150 Red Nation (Namibia) The Red Nation ( Khoekhoe : Khaiǁkhaun )

120-655: A new party registered in 2018) won with 378 votes and gained three seats. One seat each went to the Popular Democratic Movement (PDM, the new name of the DTA since 2017) with 179 votes, and to SWAPO with 166 votes. Bethanie is the seat of the !Aman Traditional Authority , and its current chief ( Kaptein ) is Johannes Frederick. His predecessor David Frederick (Chief 1977-2018), alongside Herero Paramount Chief Advocate Vekuii Rukoro in January 2017 filed

144-530: A requirement to elect local and regional councillors. A supplementary voter registration, also for citizens that have turned 18 and those who have relocated, was conducted between 7 and 15 September 2020, and yielded 188,000 registrations. In April 2020, the Electoral Commission of Namibia announced that the national lockdown on account of the Covid-19 pandemic in the country would not affect

168-570: A shortage of missionaries and presumably because of the cooperation between the London and Rhenish Missionary Society at the time, they instead sent a German missionary. Reverend Heinrich Schmelen arrived in 1814 as missionary of the Kaiǀkhauan ( Khauas Nama ) and their leader Amraal Lambert . The Schmelenhaus was built the same year, long considered the oldest structure in Namibia. It has been

192-471: A stretch of land 140 kilometres (87 mi) wide, between the Orange River and Angra Pequena, for 500£ and 60 rifles. This area was far bigger than Frederiks had thought, as the contract specified its width as "20 geographical miles", a term that the tribal chief was not familiar with: 1 German geographical mile was approximately 7.4 kilometres ( 4 + 5 ⁄ 8  mi), whereas the common mile in

216-569: Is the main subtribe of the Nama people in Namibia and the oldest Nama group speaking Khoekhoegowab , the language often called Damara/Nama. The main settlement of the Red Nation is Hoachanas , a small settlement in southern central Namibia, today part of the Hardap Region . The word Khaiǁkhaun means "great defender" in Khoekhoe, from ǁkhau, "defend". There is no agreement as to where

240-503: The 17th century. After ǂHâb's death in 1710 the ǁKhauǀgoan (Swartbooi Nama) and the ǂKharoǃoan (Keetmanshoop Nama) were the first Nama groups to leave the union and to settle at Rehoboth and Keetmanshoop , respectively. Later other groups split from this union one by one and settled at different places in central and southern Namibia, but the Red Nation is still regarded as the main Nama faction. With Manasse ǃNoreseb 's ascent to chieftaincy in 1880, hostilities started between

264-557: The Red Nation and other Nama clans. Hendrik Witbooi , leader of the ǀKhowesin (Witbooi Nama) was an archenemy of Manasse. His superiority in power forced the Red Nation into alliances with other Nama factions such as the ǁOgain (Groot Doden) and the ǀHaiǀkhauan (Berseba Orlam), but also the Ovaherero , and later the Imperial colonial administration of German South-West Africa . Witbooi attacked Hoachanas several times and broke

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288-591: The SWAPO did not win. This time the Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP, an opposition party founded in 2007) narrowly beat SWAPO with 253 to 245 votes. The DTA finished in 3rd with 52 votes. The 2015 local authority election was won by SWAPO which gained three seats (278 votes) while the DTA gained the remaining two seats (188 votes). In the 2020 local authority election the Landless People's Movement (LPM,

312-688: The defense of the central eastern area of Aranos , Leonardville , Aminuis , and Hoachanas. The German Empire's Schutztruppe defeated both the Nama and the Herero during this war. Manasse ǃNoreseb and Hendrik Witbooi died in 1905, survivors were detained in concentration camps , much the same way as the British had set up camps for forced labour in their colony of South Africa during the Anglo-Boer War of 1899–1902. Thousands of people, including women and children, died in these concentration camps from illness, neglect, and malnutrition, leading to

336-592: The election date. The elections will be conducted using paper ballots after the Supreme Court of Namibia ruled in February 2020 that without a paper trail , usage of electronic voting machines (EVMs) in elections contravenes the Electoral Act of 2014. For every of the 121 constituencies of Namibia one individual is elected to serve as constituency councillor and to represent their constituency in

360-462: The electoral court ordered a re-run. The re-run was conducted on 26 February 2021. Local elections determine the population of the village, town, and city councils and have a direct influence on who will become mayor, as this position is elected among all councillors. Contrary to the regional elections, local elections in Namibia are determined by party, not by individual. There are 57 local authorities for which elections were conducted. Results for

384-433: The local authority elections were announced on 29 November. For Okakarara , Otavi and Katima Mulilo the results were yet unavailable due to a necessary review. In all three towns it was alleged that the formula for allocating seats was not correctly applied. In the local authority elections for Aroab , Koës and Stampriet "serious procedural errors" were discovered. Voters were handed the wrong ballot papers, meant for

408-560: The local conflicts. The original church was built in 1859, and also still stands today. In 1883, Bethanie was the scene of the historical land sale at the house of Namaqua chief Josef Frederiks II that would eventually establish Imperial Germany 's colony of German South West Africa . Adolf Lüderitz in May 1883 obtained the area of Angra Pequena (today the town of Lüderitz ) from Frederiks for 100 £ in gold and 200 rifles. Three months later on 21 August, Frederiks sold Lüderitz with

432-447: The local tribes, who refused his repeated and impassioned pleas to attend church and because of an ongoing conflict between Amraal Lambert's Orlam and another Namaqua tribe living at the station. Livestock and men were killed, and buildings burned. According to James Edward Alexander , Schmelen had "tried in vain to prevent the people of the station exchanging their cattle at [ Lüderitz ] ... for fire-arms and ammunition" and saw no end to

456-509: The name Red Nation originated from. Heinrich Vedder claims that the Khaiǁkhaun called themselves ǀAwa-khoi, "red people", whereas Klaus Dierks declares that the Europeans later nicknamed the tribe Red Nation . In any case, the attribution is a reference to their slightly reddish face color. The first Kaptein of the Khaiǁkhaun was ǂHâb who unified most of the Nama clans at the end of

480-673: The position of a Nama Paramount Chief in the process. When the Herero and Nama War broke out in which the Germans attacked the indigenous Herero and Nama in German South-West Africa , Manasse ǃNoreseb and Hendrik Witbooi ceased their hostilities and fought together against the Schutztruppe ("protection force", the units deployed to the German colonies). The Red Nation under Manasse, with only 100 armed men, took over

504-417: The resistance of the Khaiǁkhaun. He installed a rival chief, ǃHoeb ǁOasemab ( Fritz Lazarus ǁOaseb ) and confiscated the land of the Red Nation. The German protection treaty did not help, the Germans never had the intention to help single parties within the same tribe. Heinrich Vedder opined that Witbooi's plan was to defeat the Nama tribes one by one, lease the land back to them after he conquered it, and gain

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528-647: The respective regional council. The regional councils in turn select 3 representatives each to serve in the National Council . While the ruling SWAPO party nominated candidates in all constituencies and for all local councils, four constituencies had no opposition candidates at all: Mankumpi , Nkurenkuru , Tondoro and Uuvudhiya . There the SWAPO candidate was declared the winner. In the Mariental Rural constituency "serious procedural errors" were discovered. No initial result were announced, and

552-564: The territory was the English mile , 1.6 kilometres. Bethanie is governed by a village council that has five seats. In the 2004 local authority elections the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) narrowly won over South West Africa People's Organisation ( SWAPO ) with 307 votes (three seats) to 299 (two seats). In the 2010 local authority election Bethanie again was one of only a few local councils in Namibia that

576-540: Was held in 2015 and won by the ruling SWAPO party. Elections for regional councils are held using the first-past-the-post electoral system. Voters in each constituency elect one councillor to represent them on their regional council. Local authority councillors are elected by a system of proportional representation . Local authority candidate lists have affirmative action requirements for women. Although Namibia has 1.35 million registered voters, only about 370,000 have voter cards that specify their area of residence,

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