The Bethlehemite Brothers are a religious institute founded in Guatemala in 1653 and restored in 1984.
67-515: Their official name is Order of Bethlehemite Brothers ( Ordo Fratrum Bethlemitarum: O.F.B. ), or Bethlehem Brothers ( Hermanos de Belén ), and the members, like the members of two other Catholic religious orders , are known as Bethlehemites ( Betlemitas ). They are also known as the Order of the Brothers of Our Lady of Bethlehem ( Orden de los Hermanos de Nuestra Señora de Bethlehem ). In 2007,
134-554: A cardinal . He was then about seventy-nine years of age; and Clement IX, when making him a member of the Sacred College , said to him: "You will be our successor." After the funeral of Pope Clement IX, sixty-two electors entered into conclave on 20 December 1669. Forty-two votes were necessary, and due to the rivalry between the French and Spanish factions, heated discussion prevailed for four months. Cardinal Giannicolò Conti
201-510: A hospital for the sick poor. He was supported in this work by the bishop and governor, as well as by donations from private individuals. These donations enabled the purchase of the surrounding houses, so that a larger hospital could be built, Betancur himself working with the masons. The institution was placed under the patronage of Our Lady of Bethlehem, and as a congregation of helpers began to assemble, they were accordingly called Bethlehemites. The Bethlehemites also worked at two other hospitals in
268-625: A loose structure of leadership and oversight. Later the mendicant orders such as the Carmelites , the Order of Friars Minor , the Order of Preachers , the Order of the Most Holy Trinity and the Order of Saint Augustine formed. These Mendicant orders did not hold property for their Religious Communities, instead begging for alms and going where they were needed. Their leadership structure included each member, as opposed to each Abbey or House, as subject to their direct superior. In
335-469: A marriage invalid, except in the cases in which the Holy See directed otherwise. Thus members of orders were barred absolutely from marriage, and any marriage they attempted was invalid. Those who made simple vows were obliged not to marry, but if they did break their vow, the marriage was considered valid. Another difference was that a professed religious of solemn vows lost the right to own property and
402-580: A prudent and scrupulous conduct. It was especially between Spain and France that the pope desired to witness a renewal of feelings of good understanding. In 1671, the Pope published an edict by which he declared that a noble might be a merchant without loss of his nobility, provided always that he did not sell by retail . In 1676, Gian Lorenzo Bernini sculpted one of his final statues, a bust of Clement X . On 12 April 1671, Clement X canonised five new saints: In 1673, he had Pope Leo III 's name entered in
469-493: A reasonable request to renounce their property except for what would be required for their sustenance if they were to depart. These changes resulted in a further blurring of the previously clear distinction between orders and congregations, since institutes that were founded as congregations began to have some members who had all three solemn vows or had members that took a solemn vow of poverty and simple vows of chastity and obedience. The current 1983 Code of Canon Law maintains
536-579: A regular religious order bound by solemn vows. The Spanish court did not approve this plan and at first the Holy See was not favourable to it, but due chiefly to the influence of Cardinal Mellini, former nuncio at Madrid, Roderick of the Cross at length overcame all difficulties and in the Papal Bull of 26 March 1687, Pope Innocent XI authorized these religious to make the three solemn vows according to
603-728: A type of religious institute . Subcategories of religious orders are: Catholic religious orders began as early as the 500s, with the Order of Saint Benedict being formed in 529. The earliest orders include the Cistercians (1098), the Premonstratensians (1120), the Poor Clares founded by Francis of Assisi (1212), and the Benedictine reform movements of Cluny (1216). These orders were confederations of independent abbeys and priories, who were unified through
670-518: Is a colloquialism. A religious order is characterized by an authority structure where a superior general has jurisdiction over the order's dependent communities. An exception is the Order of Saint Benedict which is not a religious order in this technical sense, because it has a system of independent houses, meaning that each abbey is autonomous. However, the constitutions governing the order's global independent houses and its distinct Benedictine congregations (of which there are twenty) were approved by
737-602: Is credited with the re-establishment of peace after the stormy days of Masaniello . Pope Alexander VII (1655–67) confided to him a mission to Poland. Pope Clement IX (1667–69) named him Superintendent of the Papal Exchequer (in charge of the Church's finances), and in 1667 his maestro di camera , and he was made Secretary of the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars . Just before his death, Clement IX made him
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#1732765737847804-579: Is found in the 1964 edition of the Annuario Pontificio , pp. 807–870, where the heading is "States of Perfection (of pontifical right for men)". In the 1969 edition the heading is "Religious and Secular institutes of Pontifical Right for Men", a form it kept until 1975. Since 1976, when work was already advanced on revising the Code of Canon Law, the list has been qualified as "historical-juridical". The list of religious institutes for women in
871-729: The Americas this religious founded the Hospital of St. Francis Xavier in Mexico and those of Chachapoyas , Cajamarca and Trujillo , going back to Spain in 1681 to secure the confirmation of these new institutions. The Spanish colonial Council of the Indies assigned the hospital of Lima an income of 3,000 crowns. The Bethlehemites, because of making only simple vows, remained under diocesan jurisdiction from which they wished, however, to be freed so that their congregation might be converted into
938-461: The Annuario Pontificio does not distinguish between orders (with solemn vows) and congregations (with simple vows). Many of the religious orders for men listed above have comparable religious institutes for women with solemn vows. Official websites Acronyms and denominations Lists Pope Clement X Pope Clement X ( Latin : Clemens X ; Italian : Clemente X ; 13 July 1590 – 22 July 1676), born Emilio Bonaventura Altieri ,
1005-659: The Netherlands , and put to death in Brielle on 9 July 1572, in hatred of the Catholic faith, of the primacy of the Pope, and of the Roman Church. Of the nineteen Gorcum martyrs, Peter Ascanius and Cornelius Vican were laymen; eleven were Franciscan priests; one a Dominican, two Premonstratensians , one a regular canon of Saint Augustine , and four were secular priests. On 13 January 1672, Clement X regulated
1072-663: The Paoluzzi family, and proposed that one of the Paluzzi should marry Laura Caterina Altieri, the sole heiress of the family. In exchange for adopting the Altieri surname, he would make one of the Paoluzzi a cardinal. Following the wedding, which he officiated, he appointed his niece's uncle-in-law Cardinal Paluzzi Altieri to the office of cardinal nephew to take on the duties which he was prevented from doing by age. The main activity
1139-584: The Roman College in 1611. After finishing his studies, he was named auditor of Giovanni Battista Lancellotti in 1623, in the nuncio of Poland . He was ordained on 6 April 1624. On his return to Rome, he was named Bishop of Camerino , then governor of Loreto and of all Umbria . Pope Urban VIII (1623–44) gave him charge of the works designed to protect the territory of Ravenna from the unruly Po River . Pope Innocent X (1644–55) sent him as nuncio to Naples , where he remained for eight years. He
1206-479: The Roman Martyrology . He beatified Pope Pius V (1566–72), Francis Solano , and John of the Cross , all subsequently canonized by Clement XI and Pope Benedict XIII (1724–30). Clement X also declared Venerable one of the famous Spanish mystics , Sister María de Jesús de Ágreda . Clement X, on 24 November 1673, beatified nineteen Martyrs of Gorkum , who had been taken prisoner at Gorcum ,
1273-406: The carnival . In 1686 she issued a declaration that Roman Jews stood under her protection, signed la Regina – the queen. In 1675 Clement X celebrated the fourteenth jubilee of the holy year. Notwithstanding his age, he visited the churches, regretting that the gout prevented him from making that holy visit more than five times. He went twelve times to Trinity hospital to wash the feet of
1340-745: The rule of St. Augustine (although Peter of Saint Joseph Betancur was a Franciscan) and to have a Prior General , and granted them all the privileges of the Augustinian friars and convents. Later, Pope Clement XI renewed this authorization and these favours, adding thereunto the privileges of the mendicant orders, of the Regular Clerks , of the Ministers of the Sick and of the Hospitallers of Charity of St. Hippolytus (1707). Meanwhile,
1407-1084: The 19th century, Encarnación Rosal [ es ] (1815-1886) revived the female branch of the order, establishing houses in Guatemala, Costa Rica , Colombia , and Ecuador . The Holy See restored the Bethlehem Brothers by a decree of 16 January 1984, which came into effect with the religious profession of the first members of the revived order on 25 April 1986. Their house is in La Laguna , Tenerife, Canary Islands. Catholic religious order Jus novum ( c. 1140 -1563) Jus novissimum ( c. 1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of
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#17327657378471474-493: The Catholic faith in such a manner as to give any assurance of his intentions, and the King of Poland had looked upon the embassy with displeasure. Meanwhile Rome had reason to fear trouble. Cardinal Paluzzi Altieri, who was at the head of the government, determined to increase the revenues, and he established a new tax of three percent upon all merchandise entering the city, including even goods for cardinals and ambassadors. Although
1541-528: The Church an independent organisation, and erected a see at Quebec , the bishop to depend directly on the Holy See ; this provision would later secure its permanence after Quebec passed into the hands of Great Britain . The first bishop was Francois de Montmorency-Laval . In 1673, there arrived at Rome ambassadors from the Tsar of Russia , Alexei . He solicited from the Pope the title of Tsar , which, however, had already been adopted by his predecessors. At
1608-466: The Church six years, two months, and twenty-four days. His tomb is in St. Peter's Basilica . He laboured to preserve the peace of Europe even though he was menaced by the ambition of Louis XIV of France (1643–1715), an imperious monarch over ecclesiastical matters (the struggle concerned the régale , or revenues of vacant dioceses and abbeys , which resulted in continued tension with France). He decorated
1675-809: The Confederated Canons Regular of Saint Augustine. And the Cistercians are in thirteen congregations, each headed by an abbot general or an abbot president, but do not use the title of abbot primate. The Annuario Pontificio presents the list of male religious institutes in an Elenco Storio-Giuridico di Precedenza ("Historical-juridical list of precedence"). This list gives priority to certain types of institutes: Orders (divided into Canons Regular, monastics, mendicant orders, clerics regular), clerical religious congregations, lay religious congregations, Eastern religious congregations, secular institutes , societies of apostolic life . The list
1742-530: The Papal Exchequer. At the age of almost 80, he was elected Pope Clement X in 1670 after a four-month-long conclave. As Pope, he canonized and beatified various saints, promoted good relations between Christian countries, and made efforts to preserve the Altieri family name by adopting the Paoluzzi family. He also established a new tax in Rome, which led to conflicts with ambassadors and cardinals. Clement X celebrated
1809-406: The Pope himself, while departments of the Holy See and superiors specially delegated by it could dispense from simple religious vows. The 1917 Code maintained a juridical distinction by declaring invalid any marriage attempted by solemnly professed religious or by those with simple vows to which the Holy See had attached the effect of invalidating marriage, while stating that no simple vow rendered
1876-630: The Purification , the Bethlehemites, with arms extended in the form of a cross, recited the rosary in their chapel at midnight in the midst of a great throng. In 1654, Betancur made a vow to defend the Immaculate Conception even at the peril of his life. Betancur sent Brother Anthony of the Cross to Spain to solicit the king's approbation of the work. The favour was granted, but before the news could reach Betancur, he died at
1943-632: The administrative capital of the Captaincy General of Guatemala , where he intended to prepare for the priesthood that later he might go forth and evangelize Japan . Three years of unsuccessful study at a Jesuit college led him to abandon this idea and, after holding the position of sacristan for a while in a church dedicated to the Virgin Mary , he rented a house in a suburb of the city called Calvary, and there taught reading and catechism to poor children. Betancur converted his home into
2010-481: The age of forty-eight on 25 April 1667. His funeral was impressive and at the request of the Capuchin Friars he was buried in their church where, for a long time, his remains were held in veneration. From that time the community prospered, beginning with the extension of the hospital and the erection of a beautiful church. Brother Anthony, who assumed the government, drew up constitutions which he submitted to
2077-539: The ambassadors of the empire , of France , Spain , and Venice , sent their secretaries to demand an audience of the Pope. The chief chamberlain replied that the Pope was busy that day. And for four days in succession, the chamberlain gave the same answer to the same applicants. Clement X, learning at length what had occurred, declared that he had given no such order. The ambassadors then sent their secretaries to ask an audience of Cardinal Paluzzi Altieri. Not only did he refuse to admit them, but closed his doors and increased
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2144-539: The bishop of the diocese for approval and it was at this juncture that the Capuchins requested him to make some alterations in the habit worn by his religious. A free school for poor children was already connected with the Bethlehem hospital, a feature of all new foundations. One of these was soon undertaken by Brother Anthony of the Cross who sent two of his community to Peru where they were very favourably received by
2211-408: The bishop rather than to the religious superior, and the vow of poverty was modified to meet the new situation but the expelled religious "could not, for example, will any goods to another; and goods which came to him reverted at his death to his institute or to the Holy See". The former 1917 Code of Canon Law reserved the term religious order for institutes in which the vows were solemn, and used
2278-560: The capacity to acquire temporal goods for themselves, but a professed religious of simple vows, while being prohibited by the vow of poverty from using and administering property, kept ownership and the right to acquire more, unless the constitutions of the religious institute explicitly stated the contrary. After publication of the 1917 Code, many institutes with simple vows appealed to the Holy See for permission to make solemn vows. The Apostolic Constitution Sponsa Christi of 21 November 1950 made access to that permission easier for nuns (in
2345-588: The churches, and they were not to be given to private persons, but only to princes and high prelates; and even to them but rarely, lest the too great profusion should deprive relics of the respect which they ought to inspire. The Pope decreed severe penalties against all who gave a relic any name but that given by the cardinal-vicar. The pain of excommunication was pronounced against all who should demand any sum whatever for sealed and authentic relics. These decrees, and others made by preceding Popes were confirmed by Pope Clement XI (1700–21) in 1704. Clement X confirmed
2412-473: The city. Betancur, who had become a member of the Third Order of St. Francis , continued to wear its religious habit . In addition to his work with the sick, Betancur continued to befriend poor children. The prisoners also excited his compassion. Every Thursday he begged for them through the city and visited them in their cells. The poor souls in purgatory were also the objects of his solicitude and at
2479-465: The distinction according to which solemn vows, unlike simple vows, were indissoluble. It recognized no totally indispensable religious vows and thereby abrogated for the Latin Church the special consecration that distinguished orders from congregations, while keeping some juridical distinctions. In practice, even before 1917 dispensations from solemn religious vows were being obtained by grant of
2546-428: The distinction between solemn and simple vows, but no longer makes any distinction between their juridical effects, including the distinction between orders and congregations. Instead, it uses the single term religious institute to designate all such institutes. While solemn vows once meant those taken in what was called a religious order, "today, in order to know when a vow is solemn it will be necessary to refer to
2613-406: The distinction. Solemn vows were originally considered indissoluble. As noted below, dispensations began to be granted in later times, but originally not even the Pope could dispense from them. If for a just cause a member of a religious order was expelled, the vow of chastity remained unchanged and so rendered invalid any attempt at marriage, the vow of obedience obliged in relation, generally, to
2680-463: The election; only two being against him. He, however, objected because of his age, for he was almost eighty, and exclaimed, "I am too old to bear such a burden." Pointing to Cardinal Francesco Maria Brancaccio , Altieri said he was the cardinal whom they ought to elect. He persisted in refusing, protesting that he no longer had strength or memory; eventually, with tears he accepted, and out of gratitude to his benefactor, by ten years his junior, he assumed
2747-541: The exemptions granted by Pope Gregory XIII (1572–85) to the German College at Rome in 1671; and then, on 16 October 1672, he ordered the pupils to swear that at the close of their studies they would set out for Germany without a day's delay. Clement X, seeing the results of the apostolic labours of the early French missionaries in Canada , the number of the faithful, and the wide field of labour, resolved to give
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2814-541: The faithful Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Canonization Election of the Roman Pontiff Academic degrees Journals and Professional Societies Faculties of canon law Canonists Institute of consecrated life Society of apostolic life In the Catholic Church , a religious order is a community of consecrated life with members that profess solemn vows . They are classed as
2881-440: The formalities to be observed in removing the relics of saints from sacred cemeteries. No one was to remove such relics without the permission of the cardinal-vicar . They were not to be exposed for the veneration of the faithful unless previously examined by the same cardinal. The principal relics of the martyr – that is to say, the head, the legs, the arms, and the part in which they suffered – were to be exposed only in
2948-561: The fourteenth jubilee of the holy year in 1675 despite his old age. During his pontificate, he created 20 cardinals, including Pietro Francesco Orsini, who later became Pope Benedict XIII . Emilio Boneventura Altieri was born in Rome in 1590, the son of Lorenzo Altieri and Vittoria Delfin , a noble Venetian lady, sister of Flaminio Delfin , commander general of the Papal Army, and of Gentile Delfin , Bishop of Camerino . His brother
3015-519: The government complained that ambassadors had abused their privilege, the diplomatic corps showed discontent that they were not expressly exempted in the new tax law. Another edict confirmed the first and ordered the confiscation without distinction of all goods that did not pay the new tax. The cardinals at first complained, though with moderation. But the ambassadors didn't speak Clement X's language. The Cardinal nephew maintained that Clement X, within his own State, might make what rules he pleased. Then
3082-513: The guard at the pontifical palace, so that the offence could go no further. Subsequently, the Cardinal nephew wrote to the nuncios who resided in the courts of Europe, stating that the excesses committed by the ambassadors had induced the pope to publish the edict. The ambassadors, on the contrary, assured their sovereigns that the accusation was a pretext. The conflict lasted for more than a year; and Clement X, who loved peace, at length referred
3149-470: The matter to a congregation. Sometime after, Cardinal Paluzzi Altieri declared that he had not intended to comprise the ambassadors among those for whom the edict was intended, and that the pope had never contemplated subjecting them to it. Queen Christina of Sweden , who had become a Catholic and moved to Rome in December 1655, made Clement X prohibit the custom of chasing Jews through the streets during
3216-589: The name of Clement X. He was crowned on 11 May. On 8 June Clement X took possession of the Basilica of Saint John Lateran . On 11 June, he confirmed the Minor Observantines in the Holy Land in the privileges and indulgences granted to those who visit the holy places, according to the decrees of Alexander VII and Clement IX . In the same month, he granted to the prelate-clerks of the chamber
3283-622: The order had 17 members, living in a single community. The Bethlehemite Brothers were founded in Guatemala in 1658 by Peter of Saint Joseph Betancur , a native of the Canary Islands . From childhood he had led a pious, austere life and in 1650 left family and country to carry out his desire of going to the West Indies . During the following year he reached Antigua Guatemala, a City in the then Viceroyalty of New Spain , and by then
3350-561: The order was multiplying its foundations in Latin America and was established in Arequipa , Cuzco , Santiago de Cuba , Puebla , Guadalajara , Guanajuato , Dajaka , Vera Cruz , Havana , Santiago de Chile , Buenos Aires and (in 1660) Guatemala la Nueva . A school for poor children was connected with every hospital and the pious, devoted lives of these religious won them esteem and gratitude. They were especially admired during
3417-401: The ordinary religious vows they added that of caring for the sick even at the risk of their own lives. In 1688 Brother Anthony of the Cross, with the help of a pious woman, Marie Anne del Gualdo, founded at Guatemala a community of Bethlehemite nuns and a hospital exclusively for women. These nuns were cloistered and observed the same rule as the men. They too were suppressed in 1820. Later in
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#17327657378473484-508: The past, what distinguished religious orders from other institutes was the classification of the vows that the members took as solemn vows. According to this criterion, the last religious order founded was that of the Bethlehemite Brothers in 1673. Nevertheless, in the course of the 20th century, some religious institutes outside the category of orders obtained permission to make solemn vows, at least of poverty, thus blurring
3551-495: The pilgrims, and after the ceremony gave them liberal alms. A commemorated silver piastra was issued on the occasion of the Holy Year. Clement X created 20 cardinals in six consistories including Pietro Francesco Orsini , who would become Pope Benedict XIII several decades later. On 22 July 1676, the agonies of the gout became so violent that Clement X died under them that afternoon. He was eighty-six years old and had governed
3618-505: The plague of 1736, a fact unanimously acknowledged by the writers who describe the condition of Latin America in the eighteenth century. But this did not prevent their suppression, as well as that of all other religious, in 1820. At that time their superior-general resided in Mexico and the Bethlehemites were scattered throughout two regular provinces, that of Peru including twenty-two houses and that of New-Spain (mainly Mexico), eleven. To
3685-675: The pope. Likewise, according to rank and authority, the abbot primate 's "position with regard to the other abbots [throughout the world] is to be understood rather from the analogy of a primate in a hierarchy than from that of the general of an order like the Dominicans and the Jesuits ". The Canons Regular of Saint Augustine are in a situation similar to that of the Benedictines. They are organized in eight congregations, each headed by an abbot general, but also have an Abbot Primate of
3752-522: The principal gates of the city he founded two hermitages, or chapels, wherein religious of his community begged, so that masses might be celebrated for the souls of the deceased. Betancur himself would travel the streets at night ringing a bell and recommending these souls to be prayed for. Betancur inspired a devotion to the Virgin Mary in his followers. During a novena of preparation for the Feast of
3819-431: The proper law of the institutes of consecrated life ." The Annuario Pontificio continues to distinguish between ordini (orders) and Congregazioni Religiose Clericali ("clerical religious congregations"). Some other authors use the terms religious order and religious institute as synonyms; canon lawyer Nicholas Cafardi, commenting on the fact that the canonical term is religious institute, write that religious order
3886-462: The same time it could not be forgotten that he gave strong financial aid to King John III Sobieski of Poland in their fight against the Turkish invaders. But Paul Menesius , a Scotsman, who was the ambassador, could not obtain the grant or sanction of that title, though he was received with great magnificence and had many precious gifts to carry back to his master. The Russian Tsar did not profess
3953-399: The service of the Catholic Church , and whom Clement IX, on the eve of his death, had raised to the dignity of the purple. The reason a prelate of such transcendent merits received the cardinalate so late in life seems to have been that he had waived his claims to the elevation in favour of an older brother. On 29 April 1670, the papacy was offered to him by fifty-nine cardinals present at
4020-476: The strict sense), though not for religious institutes dedicated to apostolic activity. Many of these latter institutes of women then petitioned for the solemn vow of poverty alone. Towards the end of the Second Vatican Council , superiors general of clerical institutes and abbots president of monastic congregations were authorized to permit, for a just cause, their subjects of simple vows who made
4087-526: The term religious congregation (or simply congregation) for institutes with simple vows . The members of a religious order for men were called regulars, those belonging to a religious congregation were simply religious , a term that applied also to regulars. For women, those with simple vows were called religious sisters , with the term nun reserved in canon law for those who belonged to an institute of solemn vows, even if in some localities they were allowed to take simple vows instead. However, it abolished
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#17327657378474154-427: The use of the violet-coloured band around their hats. Occasionally forgetful, he sometimes promised the same favors to different people and came to rely on his cardinal-nephew , Cardinal Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni . All but one of the male scions of the Altieri family had chosen the ecclesiastical career. On his accession to the papacy, Clement X, in order to save the Altieri name from extinction, adopted
4221-508: The viceroy to whom he had recommended them. Doctor Antoine d'Arvila gave them the Hospital of Notre Dame du Carmel which he was then establishing at Lima (in Peru) and afterwards solicited admission among them. In 1672 Brother Roderick of the Cross obtained the confirmation of this establishment by the King of Spain and it was also through his efforts that Pope Clement X confirmed the congregation and its constitutions (1673). After his return to
4288-562: Was Giambattista Altieri . The Altieri family belonged to the Papal nobility and had enjoyed the highest consideration at Rome for several centuries; they had occasionally contracted alliances with the Colonnas and the Orsinis . During earlier pontificates, the Altieri held many important offices and had been entrusted with several delicate missions. Altieri received a doctorate in law from
4355-561: Was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 29 April 1670 to his death on 22 July 1676. Elected pope at age 79, he has since been ranked as the oldest pope at the time of his election. Emilio Bonaventura Altieri, born in Rome in 1590, belonged to the Papal nobility . He received a doctorate in law and held various positions within the Catholic Church, including Bishop of Camerino and Superintendent of
4422-467: Was supported by twenty-two votes; Cardinal Giacomo Rospigliosi , nephew of the late pope, had thirty, or, as some say, thirty-three, with two at the accesso , so that he needed only seven more votes to gain the tiara . Cardinal Carlo Cerri obtained twenty-three votes. At length the cardinals agreed to resort to the old expedient of electing a cardinal of advanced years, and proposed Cardinal Altieri, almost an octogenarian, whose long life had been spent in
4489-545: Was to invest the Church's money, and with advancing years gradually entrusted to him the management of affairs, to such an extent that the Romans said he had reserved to himself only the episcopal functions of benedicere et sanctificare , resigning in favour of the cardinal the administrative duties of regere et gubernare . Clement X advised the Christian princes to love each other and to prove it by generous measures, and by
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