Betsy Wetsy was a "drink-and-wet" doll originally issued by the Ideal Toy Company of New York in 1937. It was one of the most popular dolls of its kind in the Post–World War II baby boom era.
70-545: Named for the daughter of Abraham Katz, the head of the company, the doll's special feature was simulating urination after a fluid was poured into her open mouth. Betsy Wetsy was also one of the first major dolls to be produced in African American versions. Betsy Wetsy was produced with either molded plastic hair, karakul wigs, or brown, blonde, or red plugged hair. It had blue sleep eyes with eyelashes and its arms and legs were jointed . A layette , baby bottles,
140-509: A squat toilet is used for urination in a squatting position. Women averting contact with a toilet seat may employ a partial squatting position (or "hovering"), similar to using a female urinal . However, this may not completely void the bladder . Females may also urinate while standing, and while clothed. It is common for women in various regions of Africa to use this position when they urinate, as do women in Laos . Herodotus described
210-403: A contraction of the perineal muscles. The external sphincter can be contracted voluntarily, which will prevent urine from passing down the urethra. The need to urinate is experienced as an uncomfortable, full feeling. It is highly correlated with the fullness of the bladder. In many males the feeling of the need to urinate can be sensed at the base of the penis as well as the bladder, even though
280-424: A different phenomenon occurs, where urine is discharged as droplets, and urination in smaller mammals, such as mice and rats, can occur in less than a second. The posited benefits of faster voiding are decreased risk of predation (while voiding) and decreased risk of urinary tract infection. The mechanism by which voluntary urination is initiated remains unsettled. One possibility is that the voluntary relaxation of
350-721: A highly desirable option. Women generally need to urinate more frequently than men, but as opposed to the common misconception, it is not due to having smaller bladders. Resisting the urge to urinate because of lack of facilities can promote urinary tract infections which can lead to more serious infections and, in rare situations, can cause renal damage in women. Female urination devices are available to help women to urinate discreetly, as well to help them urinate while standing. Techniques and body postures while urinating vary across cultures. Different anatomical conditions in men and women may presume different postures, yet these are largely shaped by cultural norms, types of clothing, and
420-404: A mild mass reflex. In some instances, the voiding reflex becomes hyperactive. Bladder capacity is reduced and the wall becomes hypertrophied. This type of bladder is sometimes called the spastic neurogenic bladder. The reflex hyperactivity is made worse, and may be caused, by infection in the bladder wall. A common technique used in many developing nations involves holding the child by the backs of
490-534: A needle may be placed adjacent to the pudendal neurovascular bundle . The ischial spine , an easily identifiable structure on CT , is used as the level of injection. A spinal needle is advanced via the gluteal muscles and advanced within several millimeters of the ischial spine. Contrast (X-ray dye) is then injected, highlighting the nerve in the canal and allowing for confirmation of correct needle placement. The nerve may then be injected with cortisone and local anesthetic to confirm and also treat chronic pain of
560-468: A place is, the more public urination tends to be objectionable. In the countryside, it is more acceptable than in a street in a town, where it may be a common transgression. Often this is done after the consumption of alcoholic beverages , which causes production of additional urine as well as a reduction of inhibitions . One proposed way to inhibit public urination due to drunkenness is the Urilift , which
630-443: A plastic bath tub, and other accessories were available. Effanbee had previously manufactured a similar doll, "Dy-dee," and a patent infringement lawsuit resulted. The judge ruled that drinking and urinating are natural movements and cannot be patented. The doll was made in several sizes in the 1940s. It saw a spike in popularity in the 1950s. A made-in-China version was issued in the late 1980s by Ideal to boost sales, but
700-474: A public place other than at a public urinal varies with the situation and with customs. Potential disadvantages include a dislike of the smell of urine, and exposure of genitals. It can be avoided or mitigated by going to a quiet place and/or facing a tree or wall if urinating standing up, or while squatting, hiding the back behind walls, bushes, or a tree. Portable toilets (port-a-potties) are frequently placed in outdoor situations where no immediate facility
770-411: A similar custom in ancient Egypt . An alternative method for women voiding while standing is to use a female urination device to assist. Pudendal nerve The pudendal nerve is the main nerve of the perineum . It is a mixed (motor and sensory) nerve and also conveys sympathetic autonomic fibers. It carries sensation from the external genitalia of both sexes and the skin around
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#1732794382288840-487: A very slight rise as the bladder is filled. This phenomenon is a manifestation of the law of Laplace , which states that the pressure in a spherical viscus is equal to twice the wall tension divided by the radius. In the case of the bladder, the tension increases as the organ fills, but so does the radius. Therefore, the pressure increase is slight until the organ is relatively full. The bladder's smooth muscle has some inherent contractile activity; however, when its nerve supply
910-467: Is available. These need to be serviced (cleaned out) on a regular basis. Urination in a heavily wooded area is generally harmless, actually saves water, and may be condoned for males (and less commonly, females) in certain situations as long as common sense is used. Examples (depending on circumstances) include activities such as camping, hiking, delivery driving, cross country running, rural fishing, amateur baseball, golf, etc. The more developed and crowded
980-399: Is because crossover innervation of the external anal sphincter occurs in some individuals. There is significant overlap of the innervation of the external anal sphincter from the pudendal nerves of both sides. This allows partial re-innervation from the opposite side after nerve injury. The pudendal nerve is difficult to visualize on routine CT or MR imaging , however under CT guidance,
1050-410: Is called a diuretic , whereas antidiuretics decrease the production of urine by the kidneys. There are three major types of bladder dysfunction due to neural lesions: (1) the type due to interruption of the afferent nerves from the bladder; (2) the type due to interruption of both afferent and efferent nerves; and (3) the type due to interruption of facilitatory and inhibitory pathways descending from
1120-535: Is common. Cultures around the world differ regarding socially accepted voiding positions and preferences: in the Middle-East and Asia, the squatting position was more prevalent, while in the Western world the standing and sitting positions were more common. For practising Muslim men, the genital modesty of squatting is also associated with proper cleanliness requirements or awrah . In Western culture,
1190-454: Is disguised as a normal manhole by day but raises out of the ground at night to provide a public restroom for bar-goers. In many places, public urination is punishable by fines, though attitudes vary widely by country. In general, females are less likely to urinate in public than males. Women and girls, unlike men and boys, are restricted in where they can urinate conveniently and discreetly. The 5th-century BC historian Herodotus , writing on
1260-493: Is intact, stretch receptors in the bladder wall initiate a reflex contraction that has a lower threshold than the inherent contractile response of the muscle. Action potentials carried by sensory neurons from stretch receptors in the urinary bladder wall travel to the sacral segments of the spinal cord through the pelvic nerves. Since bladder wall stretch is low during the storage phase, these afferent neurons fire at low frequencies. Low-frequency afferent signals cause relaxation of
1330-451: Is possible for both sexes to urinate into bottles in case of emergencies. The technique can help children to urinate discreetly inside cars and in other places without being seen by others. A female urination device can assist women and girls in urinating while standing or into a bottle. In microgravity , excrement tends to float freely, so astronauts use a specially designed space toilet , which uses suction to collect and recycle urine;
1400-506: Is the process of learning to restrict urination to socially approved times and situations. Consequently, young children sometimes develop nocturnal enuresis . It is socially more accepted and more environmentally hygienic for those who are able, especially when indoors and in outdoor urban or suburban areas, to urinate in a toilet . Public toilets may have urinals , usually for males, although female urinals exist, designed to be used in various ways. Acceptability of outdoor urination in
1470-545: Is the release of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. Urine is released through the urethra and exits the penis or vulva through the urinary meatus in placental mammals , but is released through the cloaca in other vertebrates . It is the urinary system 's form of excretion . It is also known medically as micturition , voiding , uresis , or, rarely, emiction , and known colloquially by various names including peeing , weeing , pissing , and euphemistically number one . The process of urination
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#17327943822881540-418: Is under voluntary control in healthy humans and other animals , but may occur as a reflex in infants, some elderly individuals, and those with neurological injury. It is normal for adult humans to urinate up to seven times during the day. In some animals, in addition to expelling waste material, urination can mark territory or express submissiveness . Physiologically, urination involves coordination between
1610-439: Is very rare and is associated with professional cycling . Systemic diseases such as diabetes and multiple sclerosis can damage the pudendal nerve via demyelination or other mechanisms. A pelvic tumor (most notably a large sacrococcygeal teratoma ), or surgery to remove the tumor, can also cause permanent damage. Unilateral pudendal nerve neuropathy inconsistently causes fecal incontinence in some, but not others. This
1680-558: The anal canal . By providing sensation to the penis and the clitoris, the pudendal nerve is responsible for the afferent component of penile erection and clitoral erection . Branches innervate muscles of the perineum and the pelvic floor ; namely, the bulbospongiosus and the ischiocavernosus muscles respectively , the levator ani muscle (including the Iliococcygeus , pubococcygeus , puborectalis and either pubovaginalis in females or puboprostaticus in males)
1750-401: The anus and perineum, as well as the motor supply to various pelvic muscles, including the male or female external urethral sphincter and the external anal sphincter . If damaged, most commonly by childbirth, loss of sensation or fecal incontinence may result. The nerve may be temporarily anesthetized, called pudendal anesthesia or pudendal block. The pudendal canal that carries
1820-453: The central , autonomic , and somatic nervous systems . Brain centres that regulate urination include the pontine micturition center , periaqueductal gray , and the cerebral cortex . The main organs involved in urination are the urinary bladder and the urethra . The smooth muscle of the bladder, known as the detrusor , is innervated by sympathetic nervous system fibers from the lumbar spinal cord and parasympathetic fibers from
1890-481: The external anal sphincter (via the inferior anal branch), and male or female external urethral sphincter . As it functions to innervate the external urethral sphincter it is responsible for the tone of the sphincter mediated via acetylcholine release. This means that during periods of increased acetylcholine release the skeletal muscle in the external urethral sphincter contracts, causing urinary retention. Whereas in periods of decreased acetylcholine release
1960-507: The obturator fascia termed the pudendal canal , along with the internal pudendal blood vessels. Inside the pudendal canal, the nerve divides into branches, first giving off the inferior rectal nerve , then the perineal nerve , before continuing as the dorsal nerve of the penis (in males) or the dorsal nerve of the clitoris (in females). The nerve is a major branch of the sacral plexus , with fibers originating in Onuf's nucleus in
2030-456: The penis in males, and to the clitoris in females, which travels through the branches of both the dorsal nerve of the penis and the dorsal nerve of the clitoris . The posterior scrotum in males and the labia majora in females are also supplied, via the posterior scrotal nerves (males) or posterior labial nerves (females). The pudendal nerve is one of several nerves supplying sensation to these areas. Branches also supply sensation to
2100-407: The pontine micturition center and, like defecation , subject to voluntary facilitation and inhibition. In healthy individuals, the lower urinary tract has two discrete phases of activity: the storage (or guarding) phase, when urine is stored in the bladder; and the voiding phase, when urine is released through the urethra. The state of the reflex system is dependent on both a conscious signal from
2170-581: The sacral region of the spinal cord . The pudendal nerve may vary in its origins. For example, the pudendal nerve may actually originate in the sciatic nerve . Consequently, damage to the sciatic nerve can affect the pudendal nerve as well. Sometimes dorsal rami of the first sacral nerve contribute fibers to the pudendal nerve, and even more rarely S5 . The pudendal nerve has both motor (control of muscles) and sensory functions. It also carries sympathetic autonomic fibers (but not parasympathetic fibers). The pudendal nerve supplies sensation to
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2240-479: The sacral spinal cord. Fibers in the pelvic nerves constitute the main afferent limb of the voiding reflex; the parasympathetic fibers to the bladder that constitute the excitatory efferent limb also travel in these nerves. Part of the urethra is surrounded by the male or female external urethral sphincter , which is innervated by the somatic pudendal nerve originating in the cord, in an area termed Onuf's nucleus . Smooth muscle bundles pass on either side of
2310-550: The standing position is regarded as the more efficient option among healthy males. In restrooms without urinals, and sometimes at home, men may be urged to use the sitting position as to diminish spattering of urine. Elderly males with prostate gland enlargement may benefit from sitting down to urinate, with the seated voiding position found superior as compared with standing in elderly males with benign prostate hyperplasia . In Western culture, females usually sit or squat for urination, depending on what type of toilet they use;
2380-698: The UK, although British cultural tradition itself seems to find such practices objectionable. In Islamic toilet etiquette , it is haram to urinate while facing the Qibla , or to turn one's back to it when urinating or relieving bowels, but modesty requirements for females make it impossible for girls to relieve themselves without facilities. When toilets are unavailable, females can relieve themselves in Laos , Russia and Mongolia in emergency, but it remains less accepted for females in India even when circumstances make this
2450-408: The adult, the volume of urine in the bladder that normally initiates a reflex contraction is about 300–400 millilitres (11–14 imp fl oz; 10–14 US fl oz). During storage, bladder pressure stays low, because of the bladder's highly compliant nature. A plot of bladder (intravesical) pressure against the depressant of fluid in the bladder (called a cystometrogram ), will show
2520-423: The bladder becomes full, afferent firing increases, yet the micturition reflex can be voluntarily inhibited until it is appropriate to begin voiding. Voiding begins when a voluntary signal is sent from the brain to begin urination, and continues until the bladder is empty. Bladder afferent signals ascend the spinal cord to the periaqueductal gray , where they project both to the pontine micturition center and to
2590-410: The bladder by inhibiting sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurons and exciting lumbar sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Conversely, afferent input causes contraction of the sphincter through excitation of Onuf's nucleus, and contraction of the bladder neck and urethra through excitation of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Diuresis (production of urine by the kidney) occurs constantly, and as
2660-403: The bladder is empty. Many men, and some women, may sometimes briefly shiver after or during urination. After urination, the female urethra empties partially by gravity, with assistance from muscles. Urine remaining in the male urethra is expelled by several contractions of the bulbospongiosus muscle , and, by some men, manual squeezing along the length of the penis to expel the rest of
2730-410: The bladder is flaccid and unresponsive. It becomes overfilled, and urine dribbles through the sphincters ( overflow incontinence ). After spinal shock has passed, a spinally mediated voiding reflex ensues, although there is no voluntary control and no inhibition or facilitation from higher centers. Some paraplegic patients train themselves to initiate voiding by pinching or stroking their thighs, provoking
2800-446: The bladder is fully distended the superficial cells become squamous (flat) and the stratification of the cuboidal cells is reduced in order to provide lateral stretching. The physiology of micturition and the physiologic basis of its disorders are subjects about which there is much confusion, especially at the supraspinal level. Micturition is fundamentally a spinobulbospinal reflex facilitated and inhibited by higher brain centers such as
2870-442: The bladder wall hypertrophied. The reason for the difference between the small, hypertrophic bladder seen in this condition and the distended, hypotonic bladder seen when only the afferent nerves are interrupted is not known. The hyperactive state in the former condition suggests the development of denervation hypersensitization even though the neurons interrupted are preganglionic rather than postganglionic . During spinal shock ,
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2940-420: The brain and the firing rate of sensory fibers from the bladder and urethra. At low bladder volumes, afferent firing is low, resulting in excitation of the outlet (the sphincter and urethra), and relaxation of the bladder. At high bladder volumes, afferent firing increases, causing a conscious sensation of urinary urge. Individual ready to urinate consciously initiates voiding, causing the bladder to contract and
3010-413: The brain. In all three types the bladder contracts, but the contractions are generally not sufficient to empty the viscus completely, and residual urine is left in the bladder. Paruresis , also known as shy bladder syndrome, is an example of a bladder interruption from the brain that often causes total interruption until the person has left a public area. These people (males) may have difficulty urinating in
3080-547: The cerebrum. At a certain level of afferent activity, the conscious urge to void or urination urgency , becomes difficult to ignore. Once the voluntary signal to begin voiding has been issued, neurons in the pontine micturition center fire maximally, causing excitation of sacral preganglionic neurons. The firing of these neurons causes the wall of the bladder to contract; as a result, a sudden, sharp rise in intravesical pressure occurs. The pontine micturition center also causes inhibition of Onuf's nucleus, resulting in relaxation of
3150-499: The culture of the ancient Persians and highlighting the differences with those of the Greeks , noted that to urinate in the presence of others was prohibited among Persians. There was a popular belief in the UK, that it was legal for a man to urinate in public so long as it occurred on the rear wheel of his vehicle and he had his right hand on the vehicle, but this is not true. Public urination still remains more accepted by males in
3220-418: The detrusor muscle to contract and the internal urethral sphincter to relax. The external urethral sphincter (sphincter urethrae) is under somatic control and is consciously relaxed during micturition. In infants, voiding occurs involuntarily (as a reflex). The ability to voluntarily inhibit micturition develops by the age of two–three years, as control at higher levels of the central nervous system develops. In
3290-619: The doll never reached the success of the original. Plans for a live-action film adaptation produced by Mattel Films and Aggregate Films was announced in January 2022. In 2003, the Toy Industry Association named Betsy Wetsy to its Century of Toys List, a compilation commemorating the 100 most memorable and most creative toys of the 20th century. This doll -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Urination Urination
3360-473: The examiner's gloved finger ("St Mark's electrode"). The term pudendal comes from Latin pudenda , meaning external genitals, derived from pudendum , meaning "parts to be ashamed of". The pudendal canal is also known by the eponymous term "Alcock's canal", after Benjamin Alcock , an Irish anatomist who documented the canal in 1836. Alcock documented the existence of the canal and pudendal nerve in
3430-408: The external genitalia (known as vulvodynia in females), pelvic and anorectal pain. The time taken for a muscle supplied by the pudendal nerve to contract in response to an electrical stimulus applied to the sensory and motor fibers can be quantified. Increased conduction time (terminal motor latency) signifies damage to the nerve. 2 stimulating electrodes and 2 measuring electrodes are mounted on
3500-416: The external urinary sphincter. When the external urinary sphincter is relaxed urine is released from the urinary bladder when the pressure there is great enough to force urine to flow out of the urethra. The micturition reflex normally produces a series of contractions of the urinary bladder. The flow of urine through the urethra has an overall excitatory role in micturition, which helps sustain voiding until
3570-422: The intrinsic response of the smooth muscle to stretch. When the afferent and efferent nerves are both destroyed, as they may be by tumors of the cauda equina or filum terminale , the bladder is flaccid and distended for a while. Gradually, however, the muscle of the "decentralized bladder" becomes active, with many contraction waves that expel dribbles of urine out of the urethra. The bladder becomes shrunken and
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#17327943822883640-429: The middle and lower root join to form the lower cord, and these in turn unite to form the pudendal nerve proper just proximal to the sacrospinous ligament . The three roots are derived from the ventral rami of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th sacral spinal nerves , with the primary contribution coming from the 4th. The pudendal nerve passes between the piriformis muscle and coccygeus (ischiococcygeus) muscles and leaves
3710-415: The muscles of the pelvic floor causes a sufficient downward tug on the detrusor muscle to initiate its contraction. Another possibility is the excitation or disinhibition of neurons in the pontine micturition center, which causes concurrent contraction of the bladder and relaxation of the sphincter. There is an inhibitory area for micturition in the midbrain. After transection of the brain stem just above
3780-511: The neural activity associated with a full bladder comes from the bladder itself, and can be felt there as well. In females the need to urinate is felt in the lower abdomen region when the bladder is full. When the bladder becomes too full, the sphincter muscles will involuntarily relax, allowing urine to pass from the bladder. Release of urine is experienced as a lessening of the discomfort. Many clinical conditions can cause disturbances to normal urination, including: A drug that increases urination
3850-451: The outlet to relax. Voiding continues until the bladder empties completely, at which point the bladder relaxes and the outlet contracts to re-initiate storage. The muscles controlling micturition are controlled by the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. During the storage phase, the internal urethral sphincter remains tense and the detrusor muscle relaxed by sympathetic stimulation. During micturition, parasympathetic stimulation causes
3920-431: The pelvic floor is over-stretched, acutely (e.g. prolonged or difficult childbirth) or chronically (e.g. chronic straining during defecation caused by constipation ), the pudendal nerve is vulnerable to stretch-induced neuropathy. After repeated traction of the pudendal nerve, it starts to be replaced by fibrous tissue with subsequent loss of function. Pudendal nerve entrapment , also known as Alcock canal syndrome ,
3990-402: The pelvis through the lower part of the greater sciatic foramen . It crosses over the lateral part of the sacrospinous ligament and reenters the pelvis through the lesser sciatic foramen . After reentering the pelvis, it accompanies the internal pudendal artery and internal pudendal vein upwards and forwards along the lateral wall of the ischiorectal fossa , being contained in a sheath of
4060-628: The perineum during labor . In this procedure, an anesthetic agent such as lidocaine is injected through the inner wall of the vagina about the pudendal nerve. Abnormal loss of sensation in the same region as a medical symptom is also sometimes termed saddle anesthesia . The pudendal nerve can be compressed or stretched, resulting in temporary or permanent neuropathy . Injury to the pudendal nerve manifests more as sensory problems (pain or alteration/loss of sensation) rather than loss of muscle control. Irreversible nerve injury may occur when nerves are stretched by 12% or more of their normal length. If
4130-512: The pons, the threshold is lowered and less bladder filling is required to trigger it, whereas after transection at the top of the midbrain, the threshold for the reflex is essentially normal. There is another facilitatory area in the posterior hypothalamus. In humans with lesions in the superior frontal gyrus, the desire to urinate is reduced and there is also difficulty in stopping micturition once it has commenced. However, stimulation experiments in animals indicate that other cortical areas also affect
4200-527: The presence of others and will consequently avoid using urinals without dividers or those directly adjacent to another person. Alternatively, they may opt for the privacy of a stall or simply avoid public toilets altogether. When the sacral dorsal roots are cut in experimental animals or interrupted by diseases of the dorsal roots such as tabes dorsalis in humans, all reflex contractions of the bladder are abolished. The bladder becomes distended, thin-walled, and hypotonic, but there are some contractions because of
4270-453: The process. The bladder can be made to contract by voluntary facilitation of the spinal voiding reflex when it contains only a few milliliters of urine. Voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles aids the expulsion of urine by increasing the pressure applied to the urinary bladder wall, but voiding can be initiated without straining even when the bladder is nearly empty. Voiding can also be consciously interrupted once it has begun, through
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#17327943822884340-440: The pudendal nerve is also known by the eponymous term "Alcock's canal", after Benjamin Alcock , an Irish anatomist who documented the canal in 1836. The pudendal nerve is paired, meaning there are two nerves, one on the left and one on the right side of the body. Each is formed as three roots immediately converge above the upper border of the sacrotuberous ligament and the coccygeus muscle . The three roots become two cords when
4410-587: The sanitary facilities available. While sitting toilets are the most common form in Western countries, squat toilets are common in Asia , Africa , and the Arab world . Urinals for men are widespread worldwide, although women's urinals are available in some countries, recently becoming more common in Western countries. With the spread of pants among women, a standing posture became impractical, but in some regions where women wear traditional skirts or robes, an upright posture
4480-463: The skeletal muscle in the external urethral sphincter relaxes, allowing voiding of the bladder to occur. (Unlike the internal sphincter muscle, the external sphincter is made of skeletal muscle, therefore it is under voluntary control of the somatic nervous system .) It is also responsible for ejaculation . A pudendal nerve block , also known as a saddle nerve block , is a local anesthesia technique used in an obstetric procedure to anesthetize
4550-495: The space toilet also has a receptacle for defecation. A puer mingens is a figure in a work of art depicted as a prepubescent boy in the act of urinating, either actual or simulated. The puer mingens could represent anything from whimsy and boyish innocence to erotic symbols of virility and masculine bravado. Babies have little socialized control over urination within traditions or families that do not practice elimination communication and instead use diapers . Toilet training
4620-442: The thighs, above the ground, facing outward, in order to urinate. The fetus urinates hourly and produces most of the amniotic fluid in the second and third trimester of pregnancy. The amniotic fluid is then recycled by fetal swallowing. Occasionally, if a male's penis is damaged or removed, or a female's genitals /urinary tract is damaged, other urination techniques must be used. Most often in such cases, doctors will reposition
4690-412: The urethra to a location where urination can still be accomplished, usually in a position that would promote urination only while seated/squatting, though a permanent urinary catheter may be used in rare cases. Sometimes urination is done in a container such as a bottle, urinal , bedpan, or chamber pot (also known as a gazunder ). A container or wearable urine collection device may be used so that
4760-456: The urethra, and these fibers are sometimes called the internal urethral sphincter , although they do not encircle the urethra. Further along the urethra is a sphincter of skeletal muscle, the sphincter of the membranous urethra (external urethral sphincter). The bladder's epithelium is termed transitional epithelium which contains a superficial layer of dome-like cells and multiple layers of stratified cuboidal cells underneath when evacuated. When
4830-421: The urine can be examined for medical reasons or for a drug test , for a bedridden patient, when no toilet is available, or there is no other possibility to dispose of the urine immediately. An alternative solution (for traveling, stakeouts , etc.) is a special disposable bag containing absorbent material that solidifies the urine within seconds, making it convenient and safe to store and dispose of later. It
4900-443: The urine. For land mammals over 1 kilogram, the duration of urination does not vary with body mass, being dispersed around an average of 21 seconds (standard deviation 13 seconds), despite a 4 order of magnitude (1000×) difference in bladder volume. This is due to increased urethra length of large animals, which amplifies gravitational force (hence flow rate), and increased urethra width, which increases flow rate. For smaller mammals
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