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46-649: The whole area of the district belongs to the drainage basin of the Volga River , and much of the area belongs to the basin of the Mologa . The Mologa flows through the district, entering it from the west and turning north. The town of Bezhetsk, the district center, is located on the banks of the Mologa. The principal tributary of the Mologa within the district, the Osen (right), is rather short, but its drainage basin covers

92-484: A sink , which may be a permanent lake, a dry lake , or a point where surface water is lost underground . Drainage basins are similar but not identical to hydrologic units , which are drainage areas delineated so as to nest into a multi-level hierarchical drainage system . Hydrologic units are defined to allow multiple inlets, outlets, or sinks. In a strict sense, all drainage basins are hydrologic units but not all hydrologic units are drainage basins. About 48.71% of

138-414: A watershed , though in other English-speaking places, "watershed" is used only in its original sense, that of the drainage divide line. A drainage basin's boundaries are determined by watershed delineation , a common task in environmental engineering and science. In a closed drainage basin, or endorheic basin , rather than flowing to the ocean, water converges toward the interior of the basin, known as

184-454: A drainage basin, and there are different ways to interpret that data. In the unlikely event that the gauges are many and evenly distributed over an area of uniform precipitation, using the arithmetic mean method will give good results. In the Thiessen polygon method, the drainage basin is divided into polygons with the rain gauge in the middle of each polygon assumed to be representative for

230-540: A drainage boundary is referred to as watershed delineation . Finding the area and extent of a drainage basin is an important step in many areas of science and engineering. Most of the water that discharges from the basin outlet originated as precipitation falling on the basin. A portion of the water that enters the groundwater system beneath the drainage basin may flow towards the outlet of another drainage basin because groundwater flow directions do not always match those of their overlying drainage network. Measurement of

276-410: A perimeter, the drainage divide , made up of a succession of elevated features, such as ridges and hills . A basin may consist of smaller basins that merge at river confluences , forming a hierarchical pattern . Other terms for a drainage basin are catchment area , catchment basin , drainage area , river basin , water basin , and impluvium . In North America, they are commonly called

322-487: Is referred to as " watershed management ". In Brazil , the National Policy of Water Resources, regulated by Act n° 9.433 of 1997, establishes the drainage basin as the territorial division of Brazilian water management. When a river basin crosses at least one political border, either a border within a nation or an international boundary, it is identified as a transboundary river . Management of such basins becomes

368-614: Is the Dead Sea . Drainage basins have been historically important for determining territorial boundaries, particularly in regions where trade by water has been important. For example, the English crown gave the Hudson's Bay Company a monopoly on the fur trade in the entire Hudson Bay basin, an area called Rupert's Land . Bioregional political organization today includes agreements of states (e.g., international treaties and, within

414-713: The African Great Lakes , the interiors of Australia and the Arabian Peninsula , and parts in Mexico and the Andes . Some of these, such as the Great Basin, are not single drainage basins but collections of separate, adjacent closed basins. In endorheic bodies of water where evaporation is the primary means of water loss, the water is typically more saline than the oceans. An extreme example of this

460-828: The Continental Divide , northern Alaska and parts of North Dakota , South Dakota , Minnesota , and Montana in the United States, the north shore of the Scandinavian peninsula in Europe, central and northern Russia, and parts of Kazakhstan and Mongolia in Asia , which totals to about 17% of the world's land. Just over 13% of the land in the world drains to the Pacific Ocean . Its basin includes much of China, eastern and southeastern Russia, Japan,

506-714: The Korean Peninsula , most of Indochina, Indonesia and Malaysia, the Philippines, all of the Pacific Islands , the northeast coast of Australia , and Canada and the United States west of the Continental Divide (including most of Alaska), as well as western Central America and South America west of the Andes. The Indian Ocean 's drainage basin also comprises about 13% of Earth's land. It drains

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552-543: The Luga district, Smolensk , Kostroma , and Crimea ). He visited the city of Ostashkov , where he began work on his novel Ugryum-reka ("Ugryum River" or "Grim River"), a historical novel about wealthy Siberian merchants at the turn of the century which was published in two volumes in 1933. His first published novel, however, was Vataga ("The gang," 1923). From 1927 he lived in Detskoye Selo near Leningrad. For

598-570: The Tomsk District department of waterways. He participated in geodetic expeditions and from 1903 was a supervisor of many of them, studying the Ob , Yenisei , Chulym , Charysh , Lena , Vitim , and other Siberian rivers; of particular importance for him, both as an engineer and as a writer, was his work on the Biya River and on the route of the future Chuya highway . His first publication

644-460: The groundwater . A drainage basin is an area of land where all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth, or flows into another body of water, such as a lake or ocean. Vyacheslav Shishkov Vyacheslav Yakovlevich Shishkov ( Russian : Вячесла́в Я́ковлевич Шишко́в ) (October 3 [ O.S. September 21] 1873—March 6, 1945) was and Russian and Soviet writer known for his descriptions of Siberia . He

690-623: The US, interstate compacts ) or other political entities in a particular drainage basin to manage the body or bodies of water into which it drains. Examples of such interstate compacts are the Great Lakes Commission and the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency . In hydrology , the drainage basin is a logical unit of focus for studying the movement of water within the hydrological cycle . The process of finding

736-669: The administrative center in the selo of Kiverichi was established as a part of Kalinin Oblast. On July 4, 1956 it was abolished and split between Bezhetsky and Goritsky Districts . There are enterprises of timber, textile, and food industries, as well as a plant producing air compressors, all located in Bezhetsk. The main agricultural specializations of the district are cattle breeding with meat and milk production, as well as growing of potatoes, flax , and vegetables. A railway connecting Rybinsk and Bologoye via Sonkovo crosses

782-509: The author Vyacheslav Shishkov and the musician Vasily Andreyev , who were both born in Bezhetsk. The House of Poets museum in the selo of Gradnitsy highlights the biography of Anna Akhmatova , one of the most celebrated Russian poets. The building was originally located in the village of Slepnyovo and belonged to the mother of the poet Nikolay Gumilev , who was married to Akhmatova between 1910 and 1918. Akhmatova, Gumilev, and their son, Lev Gumilev , we spending considerable periods of time in

828-406: The basin, it can form tributaries that change the structure of the land. There are three different main types, which are affected by the rocks and ground underneath. Rock that is quick to erode forms dendritic patterns, and these are seen most often. The two other types of patterns that form are trellis patterns and rectangular patterns. Rain gauge data is used to measure total precipitation over

874-430: The discharge of water from a basin may be made by a stream gauge located at the basin's outlet. Depending on the conditions of the drainage basin, as rainfall occurs some of it seeps directly into the ground. This water will either remain underground, slowly making its way downhill and eventually reaching the basin, or it will permeate deeper into the soil and consolidate into groundwater aquifers. As water flows through

920-529: The district from east to west. The most important railway station within the district is Bezhetsk. Bezhetsk is located on the road connecting Tver and Vesyegonsk , which crosses the district from south to north. It is also connected by roads with Sonkovo, Kesova Gora , and Maksatikha . There are local roads as well, with bus traffic originating from Bezhetsk. None of the rives within the district are navigable. The district contains twenty-two cultural heritage monuments of federal significance (seven of them in

966-441: The drainage area is dependent on the soil type. Certain soil types such as sandy soils are very free-draining, and rainfall on sandy soil is likely to be absorbed by the ground. However, soils containing clay can be almost impermeable and therefore rainfall on clay soils will run off and contribute to flood volumes. After prolonged rainfall even free-draining soils can become saturated , meaning that any further rainfall will reach

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1012-697: The drainage basin to the mouth, and may accumulate there, disturbing the natural mineral balance. This can cause eutrophication where plant growth is accelerated by the additional material. Because drainage basins are coherent entities in a hydrological sense, it has become common to manage water resources on the basis of individual basins. In the U.S. state of Minnesota , governmental entities that perform this function are called " watershed districts ". In New Zealand, they are called catchment boards. Comparable community groups based in Ontario, Canada, are called conservation authorities . In North America, this function

1058-857: The eastern coast of Africa, the coasts of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf , the Indian subcontinent , Burma, and most parts of Australia . The five largest river basins (by area), from largest to smallest, are those of the Amazon (7 million km ), the Congo (4 million km ), the Nile (3.4 million km ), the Mississippi (3.22 million km ), and the Río de la Plata (3.17 million km ). The three rivers that drain

1104-583: The greatest portion of western Sub-Saharan Africa , as well as Western Sahara and part of Morocco . The two major mediterranean seas of the world also flow to the Atlantic. The Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico basin includes most of the U.S. interior between the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains , a small part of the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan , eastern Central America ,

1150-435: The ground and along rivers it can pick up nutrients , sediment , and pollutants . With the water, they are transported towards the outlet of the basin, and can affect the ecological processes along the way as well as in the receiving water body . Modern use of artificial fertilizers , containing nitrogen (as nitrates ), phosphorus , and potassium , has affected the mouths of drainage basins. The minerals are carried by

1196-781: The ground at its terminus, the area can go by several names, such playa, salt flat, dry lake , or alkali sink . The largest endorheic basins are in Central Asia , including the Caspian Sea , the Aral Sea , and numerous smaller lakes. Other endorheic regions include the Great Basin in the United States, much of the Sahara Desert , the drainage basin of the Okavango River ( Kalahari Basin ), highlands near

1242-429: The house in the 1910s. In 1918 the house was sold and eventually moved to Gradnitsy. The museum was open in 1989, after serving for many years as a school. Drainage basin A drainage basin is an area of land in which all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth , or flows into another body of water , such as a lake or ocean . A basin is separated from adjacent basins by

1288-639: The islands of the Caribbean and the Gulf, and a small part of northern South America. The Mediterranean Sea basin, with the Black Sea , includes much of North Africa , east-central Africa (through the Nile River ), Southern , Central, and Eastern Europe , Turkey , and the coastal areas of Israel , Lebanon , and Syria . The Arctic Ocean drains most of Western Canada and Northern Canada east of

1334-544: The last seven years of his life he worked on the historical epic Yemelyan Pugachev ( Russian : Емельян Пугачёв ), "a colorful panorama of the 18th-century Cossack and peasant uprising ," whose first volume he published in 1941 while he was living in blockaded Leningrad; it was published (unfinished) in three volumes after his death and won him the Stalin Prize. He left Leningrad in April 1942 and his seventieth birthday

1380-514: The most water, from most to least, are the Amazon, Ganges , and Congo rivers. Endorheic basin are inland basins that do not drain to an ocean. Endorheic basins cover around 18% of the Earth's land. Some endorheic basins drain to an Endorheic lake or Inland sea . Many of these lakes are ephemeral or vary dramatically in size depending on climate and inflow. If water evaporates or infiltrates into

1426-418: The rainfall on the area of land included in its polygon. These polygons are made by drawing lines between gauges, then making perpendicular bisectors of those lines form the polygons. The isohyetal method involves contours of equal precipitation are drawn over the gauges on a map. Calculating the area between these curves and adding up the volume of water is time-consuming. Isochrone maps can be used to show

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1472-631: The responsibility of the countries sharing it. Nile Basin Initiative , OMVS for Senegal River , Mekong River Commission are a few examples of arrangements involving management of shared river basins. Management of shared drainage basins is also seen as a way to build lasting peaceful relationships among countries. The catchment is the most significant factor determining the amount or likelihood of flooding . Catchment factors are: topography , shape, size, soil type, and land use (paved or roofed areas). Catchment topography and shape determine

1518-461: The river rather than being absorbed by the ground. If the surface is impermeable the precipitation will create surface run-off which will lead to higher risk of flooding; if the ground is permeable, the precipitation will infiltrate the soil. Land use can contribute to the volume of water reaching the river, in a similar way to clay soils. For example, rainfall on roofs, pavements , and roads will be collected by rivers with almost no absorption into

1564-418: The speed with which the runoff reaches a river. A long thin catchment will take longer to drain than a circular catchment. Size will help determine the amount of water reaching the river, as the larger the catchment the greater the potential for flooding. It is also determined on the basis of length and width of the drainage basin. Soil type will help determine how much water reaches the river. The runoff from

1610-415: The time taken for rain to reach the river, while catchment size, soil type, and development determine the amount of water to reach the river. Generally, topography plays a big part in how fast runoff will reach a river. Rain that falls in steep mountainous areas will reach the primary river in the drainage basin faster than flat or lightly sloping areas (e.g., > 1% gradient). Shape will contribute to

1656-477: The time taken for runoff water within a drainage basin to reach a lake, reservoir or outlet, assuming constant and uniform effective rainfall. Drainage basins are the principal hydrologic unit considered in fluvial geomorphology . A drainage basin is the source for water and sediment that moves from higher elevation through the river system to lower elevations as they reshape the channel forms. Drainage basins are important in ecology . As water flows over

1702-663: The town of Bezhetsk) and additionally sixty objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance (twenty-four of them in Bezhetsk). The federal monuments include trade arcades and the Church of the Presentation of Mary in Bezhetsk, a number of (mostly 18th century) churches in the villages, as well as a number of archeological sites. There are two museums in the district. The Bezhetsk District and Literature Museum , located in Bezhetsk, shows expositions about

1748-474: The town of Bezhetsk, was established within Bezhetsk Okrug of Moscow Oblast . On July 23, 1930, the okrugs were abolished, and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast. On January 29, 1935 Kalinin Oblast was established, and Bezhetsky District was transferred to Kalinin Oblast. In 1990, Kalinin Oblast was renamed Tver Oblast. On January 29, 1935 Tebleshsky District with

1794-732: The whole eastern part of the district. The Tifina , a tributary of the Volchina , a major left tributary of the Mologa, has its source in the southwestern corner of the district. Minor areas in the southeast of the district belong to the basin of the Kashinka River , a tributary of the Volga. The rivers in the southern part of the district drain into the Drezna River , a left tributary of the Medveditsa River . Bezhetsk area

1840-673: The world's land drains to the Atlantic Ocean . In North America , surface water drains to the Atlantic via the Saint Lawrence River and Great Lakes basins, the Eastern Seaboard of the United States, the Canadian Maritimes , and most of Newfoundland and Labrador . Nearly all of South America east of the Andes also drains to the Atlantic, as does most of Western and Central Europe and

1886-815: Was awarded the Stalin State Prize posthumously in 1946. Shishkov was born in Bezhetsk in the Tver Governorate of the Russian Empire into a merchant family. In 1891 he graduated from the Vyshny Volochyok Civil Engineering College ( Vyshnevolotskoe uchilishche konduktorov putei soobshcheniya ). After working for short periods in Novgorod and Vologda Governorates , in 1894 he came to work for

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1932-756: Was celebrated in Moscow in October 1943; on this occasion he was awarded the Order of Lenin . After his death in 1945 he was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy Cemetery (site number 2). In 1950 a monument to him was unveiled in Bezhetsk, and in 1973 a museum dedicated to him was opened there. Biographies and critical works have been written by V. Bakhmetev (1947), A. Bogdanova (1953), I. Izotov (1956), V. Chalmayev (1969), N. Yeselev (1976), and N. Yanovsky (1984). The exile critic D. S. Mirsky wrote of him in

1978-525: Was first mentioned in chronicles in 1137. At the time, it was a part of the Novgorod Republic . Later, the area, known as Bezhetsky Verkh, became disputed between Novgorod, Tver, and Moscow, and eventually in the 15th century firmly became a part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow . The center of Bezhetsky Verkh was Bezhichi , which were destroyed in the end of the 13th century, and then the center

2024-419: Was formed from the lands which previously belonged to Moscow and Novgorod Governorates . In 1776, Gorodetsk was renamed Bezhetsk and was made the center of Bezhetsky Uyezd . In 1796, Tver Viceroyalty was transformed into Tver Governorate . Bezhetsk remained the center of the uyezd until 1929. On July 12, 1929 the governorates and uyezds were abolished. Bezhetsky District, with the administrative center in

2070-618: Was the story "Cedar" (1908) in Siberian Life (Tomsk); following this, he published a number of travel essays and short stories. He began an active literary career in 1913 and moved to Petrograd in 1915, where he became friends with Maxim Gorky . In 1916 with Gorky's assistance he published his first collection of short stories, Sibirskii skaz ("Siberian skaz "). After the October Revolution , about which he felt apprehension, he spent some time wandering around Russia (in

2116-554: Was transferred to Gorodetsk (Gorodetsko), currently known as Bezhetsk. Since 1433, Bezhetsk had its own prince, who was subordinate to the Grand Prince of Moscow. In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great , the area was included into Ingermanland Governorate (known since 1710 as Saint Petersburg Governorate ), but in 1727 it was transferred to Moscow Governorate . In 1775, Tver Viceroyalty

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