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74-444: Beat-Club was co-created by Gerhard Augustin and Mike Leckebusch. The show premiered on 25 September 1965 with Augustin and Uschi Nerke hosting. German TV personality Wilhelm Wieben opened the first show with a short speech. After eight episodes, Augustin stepped down from his hosting role and was replaced by British DJ Dave Lee Travis . The show immediately caused a sensation and achieved cult status throughout West Germany among

148-528: A particularly serious crime or an aggravated felony "for which the term of imprisonment was completed within the previous 15 years". The Immigration and Naturalization Service was formed as part of the Department of Labor in 1933, and in 1940 was moved under the Department of Justice along with the Nationality Act of 1940 . During the 1940s the predecessor to the "Permanent Resident" card

222-475: A preponderance of the evidence that they, among other things, have continuously resided in the United States for one to five years and are persons of good moral character . Those who are younger than 18 years old automatically derive U.S. citizenship if they have at least one U.S. citizen parent. The card is known as a "green card" because of its historical greenish color. It was formerly called

296-432: A re-entry permit before leaving), or fail to file an income tax return on their worldwide income. Permanent resident status can also be lost if it is found that the application or grounds for obtaining permanent residence was fraudulent. The failure to renew the permanent resident card does not result in the loss of status, except in the case of conditional permanent residents as noted above. Nevertheless, failure to renew

370-586: A "certificate of alien registration" or an "alien registration receipt card". Absent exceptional circumstances , immigrants who are 18 years of age or older could spend up to 30 days in jail for not carrying their green cards. Green card applications are decided by the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), but in some cases an immigration judge or a member of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), acting on behalf of

444-502: A "public charge" ineligible for permanent residency. Immigration official may investigate the health, income, wealth, education, and family of applicants for permanent residency to predict whether they will become a public charge in the future. The term "public charge" appears in the Immigration and Nationality Act, but is not defined by the law. Refugees, asylum seekers, pregnant women, children, and family members of those serving in

518-547: A German flagship label for United Artists/ Liberty Records , to aim both at the domestic market and abroad. After two years as assistant managing director of United Artists' German office, Augustin joined the A&;R department in 1971. He signed the bands Amon Düül II , Popol Vuh , and Can to the label. Augustin produced various Ike & Tina Turner songs and albums, including Feel Good (1972), Blues Roots (1972), and Sweet Rhode Island Red (1974) which were made at

592-741: A former trumpet player in a theatre band in Hamburg , came to work for Radio Bremen TV . Augustin became friends with Leckebusch and they created the television show Beat-Club , which is considered Germany's first rock music program. The series was inspired by Augustin's travels where he had seen the American music program Shindig! and the British music program Top of the Pops . The Beat-Club premiered in September 1965, broadcast from Bremen and

666-486: A green card in eight of the last 15 years and choose to relinquish it will be subject to the expatriation tax , which taxes unrealized gains above $ 600,000, anywhere in the world. However this will only apply to those people who have a federal tax liability greater than $ 139,000 a year or have a worth of more than $ 2 million or have failed to certify to the IRS that they have been in compliance with U.S. federal tax obligations for

740-520: A new rule restricting poorer immigrants from attaining LPR status. Under the rule, which was slated to take effect on October 15, 2019, legal immigrants who have received public benefits such as Supplemental Security Income , Temporary Assistance for Needy Families , the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program , Medicaid , and public housing assistance for more than a total of twelve months may be classified as

814-467: A set of congressional amendments that culminated in 1958 Act, where the requirement for non-citizens to be eligible only if they are not subject to deportation was removed. Since then the registry date has not been advanced despite the number of immigrants increasing by 10 million and a total of 385 individuals have been granted a green card since the last registry update in 1986. Currently the provision date only excludes non-citizens that are inadmissible to

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888-480: A weekly radio programme on Radio Bremen 1 and on a web channel offered by the radio station. The radio show is still hosted, rather nostalgically, by Nerke, reprising her role as presenter for the series. The 2008 Video on demand web portal launched for Beat-Club and Musikladen was replaced by a YouTube channel in 2010. Gerhard Augustin Gerhard Augustin (7 September 1941 – 17 March 2021)

962-475: Is an identity document which shows that a person has permanent residency in the United States. Green card holders are formally known as lawful permanent residents ( LPRs ). As of 2023 , there are an estimated 12.7 million green card holders, of whom 9 million are eligible to become United States citizens . Approximately 18,700 of them serve in the U.S. Armed Forces . Green card holders are statutorily entitled to apply for U.S. citizenship after showing by

1036-484: Is being utilized. All petitioners must supply the I-864 Affidavit of Support. Moreover, applicants who are in the United States unlawfully may be eligible to receive a green card under a sole exception. For an undocumented immigrant to be granted permanent residency they must abide by the registry date and eligibility criteria. The registry provision date was first developed in 1929 with the intention to aid in

1110-521: Is fraudulent is that it does not end with ".gov". One particularly common fraud email asks potential victims to wire money via Western Union to an individual (the name varies) at the following address in the United Kingdom: 24 Grosvenor Square, London. These emails come from a variety of email addresses designed to impersonate the U.S. State Department. The USCIS blog has published information on this email scam and how to report fraudulent emails to

1184-477: Is the case of a U.S. citizen legally sponsoring a spouse in which the marriage at the time of the adjustment of status (I-485) is more than two years old. In this case, the conditional status is waived and a 10-year "permanent resident card" is issued after the USCIS approves the case. A permanent resident under the conditional clause may receive an I-551 stamp as well as a permanent resident card. The expiration date of

1258-447: Is then free from the conditional requirement once the application is approved. The applicant's new permanent resident card arrives via mail to their house several weeks to several months later and replaces the old two-year conditional residence card. The new card must be renewed after 10 years, but permanent resident status is now granted for an indefinite term if residence conditions are satisfied at all times. The USCIS may request to renew

1332-436: Is to ensure that the marriage was in good faith and not a fraudulent marriage of convenience with a sole intention of obtaining a green card. A follow-up interview with an immigration officer is sometimes required but may be waived if the submitted evidence is sufficient. Both the spouses must usually attend the interview. The applicant receives an I-551 stamp in their foreign passport upon approval of their case. The applicant

1406-553: The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA), as well as further reform enacted in the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA), eligible persons who properly apply for permanent residency based on either a recent marriage to a U.S. citizen or as an investor are granted such privilege only on a conditional basis , for two years. An exception to this rule

1480-399: The U.S. Attorney General , may grant permanent residency in the course of removal proceedings . Any authorized federal judge may do the same by signing and issuing an injunction . Immigrant workers who would like to obtain a green card can apply using form I-140. An LPR could become "removable" from the United States after suffering a criminal conviction , especially if it involved

1554-445: The U.S. Constitution . In the summer of 2018, a new program was initiated to help LPRs prepare themselves for naturalization. Like U.S. citizens, LPRs can sponsor certain family members to immigrate to the United States, but the number of family members of LPRs who can immigrate is limited by an annual cap, and there is a years-long backlog. On August 12, 2019, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) formally announced

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1628-585: The U.S. Department of Homeland Security review the policy, amongst others. A foreign national may obtain permanent residency in the United States primarily through the following: Applications for permanent resident cards (green cards) were decided by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) until 2003 when the INS was abolished and replaced by the current Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The whole process may take several years, depending on

1702-523: The URL ends in .gov . Other fraud perpetrators will e-mail potential victims posing as State Department or other government officials with requests to wire or transfer money online as part of a "processing fee". These fraudulent e-mails are designed to steal money from unsuspecting victims. The senders often use illegitimate e-mail addresses and logos designed to make them look more like official government correspondence. One easy way to tell that an email address

1776-407: The United States Citizenship and Immigration Services and other federal agencies. LPRs can secure many types of jobs just like U.S. citizens can. LPRs can register property under their names and live anywhere within the United States. They can similarly operate any type of business in the United States. LPRs are also subject to similar obligations as U.S. citizens. For example, male LPRs between

1850-718: The Armed Forces are excluded from the restrictions. The Trump administration estimated that 58% of households headed by non-citizens use a public welfare program and half use Medicaid. The Migration Policy Institute estimated that half of all Green Card applicants would be excluded by the rule. Kenneth T. Cuccinelli II , the former acting director of USCIS, stated the policy will "have the long-term benefit of protecting taxpayers by ensuring people who are immigrating to this country don't become public burdens, that they can stand on their own two feet, as immigrants in years past have done." The National Immigration Law Center stated that

1924-520: The Bronx , then Greenwich Village . There he met Richie Havens and Bob Dylan in 1962. He shared an apartment with the musicians Charlie Chin of Cat Mother & the All Night Newsboys , Steve Turnage and Charles Kimbrough . He worked at Stechert-Hafner bookstore, attended concerts of Nina Simone and Thelonious Monk , who created his music in front of the audience on stage by involving

1998-602: The Diversity Visa (DV) program, also known as the Green Card Lottery to people who were born in countries with low rates of immigration to the United States (fewer than 50,000 immigrants in the past five years). Applicants can only qualify by country of chargeability , not by citizenship. Anyone who is selected under this lottery will be given the opportunity to apply for permanent residence. They can also file for their spouse and any unmarried children under

2072-729: The Family Stone , and Ike & Tina Turner . While in San Francisco, he worked at KQED TV . He was awarded a scholarship to attend Stanford University where he received a diploma in Mass Communications . After graduation, he worked in Los Angeles with United Artists Records . In 1969, United Artists sent Augustin to work for the company in Germany. Siegfried Loch , head of Star-Club record label, started

2146-530: The Mall of Fame in Bremen with Uschi Nerke who hosted Beat-Club and Musikladen . On 17 March 2021 Augustin died at the age of 79 in Bremen, where he had lived for about 15 years. A year and a half prior, Augustin had suffered a stroke from which he never fully recovered. *indicates albums credited as Executive Producer Green card A green card , known officially as a permanent resident card ,

2220-589: The State Department before entering the United States. Due to numerical limitation on the number of these visas, the wait time for approval may be months or years. In the interim, the spouse cannot be legally present in the United States, unless they secure a visa by some other means. Green-card holders may petition for permanent residency for their spouse and children. U.S. green-card holders have experienced separation from their families, sometimes for years. A mechanism to unite families of green-card holders

2294-541: The Turners' Bolic Sound studio. In 1975, he left his position as head of A&R for United Artists Records in Munich to become their manager until their split in 1976. In 1976, Augustin formed the company Gammarock Musik in Los Angeles with Patrick Gammon. In 1979, United Artists took over the administration of Gammarock Musik. He later hosted a public radio show in Bremen. In 2015, Augustin's handprints were added to

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2368-441: The USCIS on its own merits. Conditional permanent residents have all of the equal "rights, privileges, responsibilities and duties which apply to all other lawful permanent residents." The only difference is the requirement to satisfy the conditions (such as showing marriage status or satisfying entrepreneur requirements) before the two-year period ends. A green-card holder may abandon permanent residence by filing form I-407, with

2442-469: The United States on criminal or national-security grounds. The updated and current eligibility requirements for registry are as follows: Green-card holders married to non-U.S. citizens are able to legally bring their spouses and minor children to join them in the US, but must wait for their priority date to become current. The foreign spouse of a green-card holder must wait for approval of an "immigrant visa" from

2516-411: The United States the following relatives: The Department of State's "Visa Bulletin", issued every month, gives the priority date for those petition beneficiaries currently entitled to apply for immigrant status through immigrant visas or adjustment of status. There is no annual quota for the spouses, unmarried children, and parents of U.S. citizens, so there is no waiting period for these applicants—just

2590-436: The United States. This period may be shortened to three years if married to a U.S. citizen or one year during service with the U.S. armed forces. An LPR may submit their applications for naturalization as early as 90 days before meeting the residency requirement. In addition to continuous residency, the applicants must demonstrate good moral character , pass both an English test and a civics test, and demonstrate attachment to

2664-444: The United States. Immigrants need visas to get off of these waiting lists, and Congress would need to change immigration law in order to accommodate them with legal status. The number of green cards that can be granted to family-based applicants depends on what preference category they fall under. An unlimited number of immediate relatives can receive green cards because there is no quota for that category. Family members who fall under

2738-408: The age of 21. If permanent residence is granted, the winner (and their family, if applicable) receives an immigrant visa in their passport(s) that has to be "activated" within six months of issuance at any port of entry to the United States. If already in the U.S. adjustment of status may be pursued. The new immigrant receives a stamp on the visa as proof of lawful admittance to the United States, and

2812-549: The ages of 18 and 25 are subject to registering in the Selective Service System . Like U.S. citizens, LPRs must pay taxes on their worldwide income (this includes filing annual U.S. income tax returns). LPRs are not permitted to vote in federal elections and they cannot be elected to federal office. They may vote in certain local elections , and hold local and state offices (subject to state/city law and Constitutionality ). As part of immigration reform under

2886-499: The alien has to prove that they have continuously resided since before the stipulated "registry date". The concept of "registry" was first added to the INA in 1929, with the registry date set to June 3, 1921. Since then, the registry date has been adjusted several times, being set to July 1, 1924; June 28, 1940; and June 30, 1948. The most recent adjustment to the registry date came with the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 , when it

2960-502: The applicant may apply on their behalf without a sponsor). The three-step process outlined above is described here in more detail for employment-based immigration applications. After the process is complete, the alien is expected to take the certified job offered by the employer to substantiate their immigrant status, since the application ultimately rests on the alien's employment with that company in that particular position. Each year, around 55,000 immigrant visas are made available through

3034-479: The applicant, further delaying the process. Currently the largest cause of long wait times is not processing time, but rather immigrant visa quotas set by Congress. Because of numerical quotas in many immigration categories, long wait times often prevent immigrants from receiving immigrant visas in a short time frame. The Augusta Chronicle in 2006 stated that an estimated two million people are on waiting lists in anticipation to become legal and permanent residents of

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3108-429: The application and approval process, and (2) the quotas of green cards granted. USCIS tries to shorten the time qualified applicants wait to receive permanent residence. Under the current system, immediate family members (spouse, child, and dependent mother and father), have priority status for green cards and generally wait 6 months to a year to have their green card application approved. For non-immediate family members,

3182-662: The audience in the composition process. Augustin often visited the Village Gate and Village Vanguard clubs, where he met Miriam Makeba , Harry Belafonte , Miles Davis , and Bill Cosby . In 1963, Augustin became first German disc jockey in Bremen . He created a discothèque named the Twen Club in the basement of a restaurant, The Gypsy Cellar. He became well-known in Bremen and northern Germany . In 1965, Augustin met Michael Leckebusch at his Twen Club. Leckebusch,

3256-409: The authorities. The U.S. government has issued warnings about this type of fraud or similar business practices. The "registry" is a provision of the INA which allows an alien who has previously entered the United States illegally to obtain legal permanent residence simply on the basis of having de facto resided in the country over a very long time. To avail themself of the benefit of this provision,

3330-545: The card can result in loss of work eligibility and the ability to travel. A person who loses permanent residence status is immediately removable from the United States and must leave the country as soon as possible or face deportation and removal. In some cases the person may be banned from entering the country for three or seven years, or even permanently . Due to the Heart Act foreign workers who have owned

3404-420: The card earlier because of security enhancements of the card or as a part of a revalidation campaign to exclude counterfeit green cards from circulation. The two-year conditional residence period counts toward satisfying a residency requirement for U.S. naturalization , and other purposes. Application for the removal of conditions must be adjudicated before a separate naturalization application can be reviewed by

3478-431: The chance of winning the lottery, when in fact, they may delay or not submit the application. Likewise, some claim to provide to winners free airline tickets or other benefits, such as submissions in future years or cash funds. There is no way to guarantee their claims, and there are numerous nefarious reasons for them not to fulfill their promises. Applicants are advised to use only official U.S. government websites, in which

3552-445: The conditional period is two years from the approval date. The immigrant visa category is CR (conditional resident). When this two-year conditional period is over, the permanent residence automatically expires and the applicant is subject to deportation and removal unless, up to 90 days before the conditional residence expires, the applicant files form I-751 Petition to Remove Conditions on Residence (if conditional permanent residence

3626-468: The country before or on June 3, 1921, the date was then moved to July 1, 1924, further to July 1, 1940, once more to June 30, 1948 and finally January 1, 1972. The last advancement date comprised the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) along with other regularization provisions which included penalizing institutions that knowingly employed undocumented non-citizens. This was done through

3700-445: The filing of an I-130 Petition for Alien Relative. The form and instructions can be found on the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services website. Required later in the process will be additional biographic data regarding the beneficiary (the person being sponsored) and a medical examination. Additional documents, such as police certificates, may be required depending on whether immigrant visa (consular processing) or adjustment of status

3774-414: The footage had its first theatrical screening in theatres across the US. In its seven-year run before being replaced by Musikladen the show featured artists such as the following: Performances from the show were seen on VH1 Classic , and reruns air in several European countries. Several DVD collections have also been released. Beat-Club is now broadcast on Sunday afternoons between 1 and 3 pm as

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3848-416: The green card, at a U.S. Embassy. Under certain conditions, permanent residence status can be lost involuntarily. This includes committing a criminal act that makes a person removable from the United States (an aggravated felony ). A person might also be found to have abandoned their status if they move to another country to live there permanently, stay outside the US for more than one year (without getting

3922-421: The growing number of undocumented immigrants. Essentially, only immigrants who entered the United States before a certain date (registry date) qualify to receive a green card. Other parameters include continued stay since entering the country and good moral character. After being created in 1929, congress advanced the registry date a total of four times. First set to only grant residency to individuals who entered

3996-426: The individual is now authorized to live and work permanently in the United States. Finally, the actual "green card" typically arrives by mail within a few months. There is a growing number of fraudulent green card lottery scams , in which false agents take money from applicants by promising to submit application forms for them. Most agents are not working for the distribution service. Some claim that they can increase

4070-593: The live album Europe '72 ). The band played a shorter set than usual, but still included crowd favourites such as " Truckin' ". The set is believed to be the last professionally filmed appearance of Ron "Pigpen" McKernan , who retired from the band following his final gig at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles shortly after the end of the tour owing to medical reasons and he later died in March 1973. In 2014,

4144-409: The lone host. In the later years of its run, the series was known for incorporating psychedelic visual effects during many performances, many concentrating on images of the performers in the background. When the show switched to colour, the effects became much more vivid. The Grateful Dead performed on the show on 21 April 1972, halfway through their European Tour (selections of which would make up

4218-759: The oath of allegiance to the naturalization of the United States of America, which includes a commitment to "support and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States". Exceptions to the inadmissibility rule include circumstances where membership is: "Involuntary; Solely when under 16 years of age; By operation of law; or For purposes of obtaining employment, food rations, or other essentials of living and where necessary for such purposes." The ban would affect current members of Chinese Communist Party and Communist Youth League of China , for example. Lawful permanent residents, also known as green card holders, have certain rights and responsibilities as highlighted by

4292-428: The other various preference categories have fixed quotas; however, the number of visas issued from each category may vary because unused visas from one category may roll over into another category. Many immigrants opt for this route, which typically requires an employer to "sponsor" (i.e., to petition before USCIS) the immigrant (known as the alien beneficiary ) through a presumed future job (in some special categories,

4366-418: The past five years. If the green card is not relinquished, then the holder is subject to double taxation when living or working outside of the United States, whether or not within their home nation, although double taxation may be mitigated by foreign tax credits . While most of the information on the card is self-evident, the computer- and human-readable signature at the bottom is not. The format follows

4440-496: The process may take up to 10 years. Paperwork is processed on a first-come, first-served basis, so new applications may go untouched for several months. To address the issue of slow processing times, USCIS has made a policy allowing applicants to submit the I-130 and I-485 forms at the same time. This has reduced the processing time. Another delay in the process comes when applications have mistakes. In these cases papers are sent back to

4514-745: The producer and manager for American R&B duo Ike & Tina Turner . Augustin was born in Hagen , Germany on 7 September 1941. Augustin's love for music began at 15 years old when he heard Elvis Presley 's song " Don't be Cruel " on the AFN Bremerhaven in 1956. In the early 1960s, he received a green card to live in New York City for two years. He adapted easily to the new country due to his knowledge of popular American music. When he arrived in New York City, he first lived in

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4588-399: The required processing time. However, all other family-based categories have significant backlogs, even with a U.S. citizen petitioner. Regardless of whether the family member being sponsored is located in the United States (and therefore likely to be applying for adjustment of status) or outside the United States (in which case the immigrant visa is the likely option), the process begins with

4662-517: The rule "will have a dire humanitarian impact, forcing some families to forgo critical lifesaving health care and nutrition. The damage will be felt for decades to come." The law center announced it would sue to prevent the policy from taking effect. During his campaign for President of the United States , Joe Biden criticized the Public Charge rule and pledged to revoke it. On February 2, 2021, President Biden signed an executive order that

4736-580: The spouses are divorced, it is possible to get a waiver of the other spouse's signing requirement, if it can be proved that the marriage was bona fide. The USCIS requires that the application for the removal of conditions provide both general and specific supporting evidence that the basis on which the applicant obtained conditional permanent residence was not fraudulent. For an application based on marriage, birth certificates of children, joint financial statements, and letters from employers, friends and relatives are some types of evidence that may be accepted. That

4810-489: The studio audience. (A companion series, Beat Beat Beat , continued to run live performances.) Around this time, a troupe of young women billed the "Go-Go-Girls," were introduced to dance to songs when their performers could not appear. In early 1969, Travis was replaced by Dave Dee , of Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich . On 31 December 1969, Beat-Club switched to colour and again featured live performances, but without an audience. Dee departed in 1970, leaving Nerke as

4884-481: The type of immigrant category and the country of chargeability . An immigrant usually has to go through a three-step process to get permanent residency: An applicant in the United States can obtain two permits while the case is pending after a certain stage is passed in green card processing (filing of I-485). U.S. citizens may sponsor for permanent residence in the United States the following relatives: U.S. permanent residents may sponsor for permanent residence in

4958-399: The youth, while the older generation hated it. The show's earlier episodes featured live performances, and was set in front of a plain brick wall. It underwent a revamp in 1966, when a more professional look was adopted with large cards in the background displaying the names of the performers, who now mimed to their hit records (the standard practice on most music shows from the era) in front of

5032-489: Was a German music producer. He was the first professional disc jockey in Germany and co-founder of the music program Beat-Club . Augustin helped generate a shift in German culture by introducing various genres of music at a time when schlager was the standard by giving exposure to krautrock bands such as Amon Düül II and Popol Vuh . He later became the head of A&R for United Artists Records in Munich , and then

5106-515: Was created by the LIFE Act by the introduction of a " V visa ", signed into law by President Clinton . The law expired on December 31, 2000, and V visas are no longer available. Several bills have been introduced in Congress to reinstate V visas, but so far none have been successful. The most common challenges that USCIS faces in providing services in the green card process are: (1) the length of

5180-454: Was obtained through marriage) or form I-829 Petition by Entrepreneur to Remove Conditions (if conditional permanent residence was obtained through investment) with USCIS to have the conditions removed. Once the application is received, permanent residence is extended in 1-year intervals until the request to remove conditions is approved or denied. For conditional permanent residence obtained through marriage, both spouses must sign form I-751; if

5254-415: Was produced by the regional TV network Radio Bremen . Augustin was a co-host of the first seven shows. The show became an immediate sensation. "People from the older generation (old Nazis ) hated it, young kids loved it and said things like 'keep it going' and so on. It caused a real reaction between the generations," Augustin said. Eventually, his relationship with Leckebusch deteriorated because Leckebusch

5328-416: Was set to January 1, 1972. A number of bills have been introduced in Congress since then to further alter the registry date, but they have not been passed. On October 2, 2020, the USCIS declared the inadmissibility based on belonging or affiliation to Communist parties or any, unspecified, "totalitarian party". Membership or affiliation with such parties, whether US or foreign, would be incompatible with

5402-544: Was taking credit for the success of the show, and Augustin got phased out of the show. In December 1972, the Beat-Club was replaced by another music program, Musikladen , which was on air until 1984. After Augustin left the Beat-Club in 1967, he moved to San Francisco in 1968. There he met and befriended promoter Bill Graham who introduced him to bands such as the Grateful Dead , Quicksilver , Sly &

5476-600: Was the "Alien Registration Receipt Card" which on the back would indicate "Perm.Res" in accordance with the Immigration Act of 1924 . The INA, which was enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1952, states that "[t]he term ' alien ' means any person, not a citizen or national of the United States ." On September 30, 1996, President Clinton signed into law the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA). An LPR can file an application for naturalization after five years of continuous residency in

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