Misplaced Pages

#900099

104-609: The Au Sable has a drainage basin of 1,932 square miles (5,000 km) and an average flow of 1,100 ft/s (31 m/s) at its mouth. The river drops 650 feet (200 m) from its source at the junction of Kolka and Bradford Creeks. The main stream of the river is formed at 44°48′21″N 84°45′29″W  /  44.80583°N 84.75806°W  / 44.80583; -84.75806  ( Au Sable River (source) ) in Frederic Township in Crawford County by

208-654: A massive forest fire swept through lower Michigan , with another largefire in The Thumb of the Lower Peninsula, and a further huge forest fire on the Wisconsin-Michigan border and yet another around Windsor, Ontario . In 1881 another massive conflagration burned down the forests in The Thumb, which eliminated the last of the original white pine woodlands of Michigan. This period coincides with

312-484: A sink , which may be a permanent lake, a dry lake , or a point where surface water is lost underground . Drainage basins are similar but not identical to hydrologic units , which are drainage areas delineated so as to nest into a multi-level hierarchical drainage system . Hydrologic units are defined to allow multiple inlets, outlets, or sinks. In a strict sense, all drainage basins are hydrologic units but not all hydrologic units are drainage basins. About 48.71% of

416-414: A watershed , though in other English-speaking places, "watershed" is used only in its original sense, that of the drainage divide line. A drainage basin's boundaries are determined by watershed delineation , a common task in environmental engineering and science. In a closed drainage basin, or endorheic basin , rather than flowing to the ocean, water converges toward the interior of the basin, known as

520-440: A "delicate" pinkish white when fresh, fading to a dull white after a time. There are a few scattered sprinkles in various shades of brown and pink, these sprinkles and blotches concentrated at the top or form a sort of wreath at the larger end. The egg is not very glossy. It is 18 by 14mm in size. The shell is very thin. Baird compared and found it most similar to Setophaga coronata , finding it best distinguishable by having

624-428: A day during breeding season, or when the traps had collected 30 to 40 birds, the traps were serviced to destroy cowbirds. Other trapped bird species were banded and released, and some twelve cowbirds were left in the trap as decoys. Less cowbirds are caught as the season progresses, and radio-tracked cowbirds indicate that females are sedentary during the season. In the first year, 1972, 2,200 cowbirds were eliminated using

728-454: A drainage basin, and there are different ways to interpret that data. In the unlikely event that the gauges are many and evenly distributed over an area of uniform precipitation, using the arithmetic mean method will give good results. In the Thiessen polygon method, the drainage basin is divided into polygons with the rain gauge in the middle of each polygon assumed to be representative for

832-540: A drainage boundary is referred to as watershed delineation . Finding the area and extent of a drainage basin is an important step in many areas of science and engineering. Most of the water that discharges from the basin outlet originated as precipitation falling on the basin. A portion of the water that enters the groundwater system beneath the drainage basin may flow towards the outlet of another drainage basin because groundwater flow directions do not always match those of their overlying drainage network. Measurement of

936-503: A few are verified. In 1979 it was declared an endangered species of Canada on the basis that it may have once bred in Ontario. In 2006 suddenly three birds were recorded at Petawawa, and the subsequent year the first ever nest was recorded at the same locality. The habitat at this location appears to have been maintained due to fires stemming from military training exercises. After 2007 the bird has bred almost every year at Petawawa, with

1040-458: A few hundred jays a year dozens of miles away to be released. Today the habitat of Kirtland's warbler is no longer being preserved by prescribed burns as these have proved too difficult to control (a forest service employee named James Swiderski was immolated during one of these burns in 1980), and the species is entirely dependent on staggered harvests by the timber industry for its survival. Some 76,000 hectares are reserved for this purpose on

1144-420: A large wildfire has occurred. For breeding they require stands of young (6 to 20 year old, 2–4 m high) jack pine trees. Other common plants in this habitat are blueberry ( Vaccinium angustifolium ), sweet fern ( Comptonia peregrina ), Canada mayflower ( Maianthemum canadense ) and various grasses. Although it was initially believed to exclusively require jack pine stands, more recent research has found that

SECTION 10

#1732787778901

1248-501: A last study found 69% of the warbler nests afflicted from 1957 to 1971. In 1971 the third decennial census counted 201 singing males, whereas the 1961 census had found 501 breeding pairs, showing a 60% decrease in population over the 1960s. The first census of the species was performed in 1951, organised in part by a young Harold F. Mayfield , who would eventually spend the rest of life researching this species. 432 males were counted, half of these in just two areas where fires had raged in

1352-429: A nearly uniformly yellow belly, no conspicuous yellow rump or crown, less black in the feathers of the crown, and a considerably larger and stouter bill and feet. Henninger mentions he finds it to have a certain resemblance to S. magnolia . In The Bahamas it may be misidentified with S. dominica flavescens . In late October 1997 a large hybrid Setophaga warbler was netted in the low elevation dry scrublands of

1456-410: A perimeter, the drainage divide , made up of a succession of elevated features, such as ridges and hills . A basin may consist of smaller basins that merge at river confluences , forming a hierarchical pattern . Other terms for a drainage basin are catchment area , catchment basin , drainage area , river basin , water basin , and impluvium . In North America, they are commonly called

1560-610: A permanent funding source for the species has been discussed as an option. There is a Kirtland's warbler festival in Roscommon, Michigan , which is sponsored in part by Kirtland Community College (which is named in honour of the bird). The festival is held annually during the first full weekend of June. Until 2007 Kirtland's warblers had never been known to have bred in Canada, with the exception of one ambiguous possible record from near Midhurst, Ontario in 1945. The first bird

1664-596: A preference for dense shrubbery with small openings here and there, no canopy and low ground cover. It has otherwise been found in all habitats on the islands, including, albeit uncommonly, suburban gardens and Bahamian pineyards , with the exception of high coppice which has never been clear cut -it has never been seen here. With rare exceptions this bird is almost always sighted from the ground to 3m high (98%). For breeding habitat it requires large areas of young jack pine on sandy soil. Kirtland's warblers occur in greatest numbers in large areas that have been clear cut or where

1768-419: A quarter of a cowbird's diet. Development and fragmentation of forests in the eastern United States have allowed brown-headed cowbirds to greatly expand their range eastward. One study from 1931 to 1971 found 59% of the warbler nests parasitised in comparison to 5% of the nests in the study area of all other bird species combined, another study found 48% from 1903 to 1949; another found 86% rate of parasitism; and

1872-574: A rare accidental on Bermuda and Jamaica , and there is an uncorroborated report from coastal Mexico . It has also been observed in the summer in Québec , although it is not known to breed there. Individuals first migrate from The Bahamas west to Florida and South Carolina in the second half of April to early May, and from there move further northwest and westwards until they reach the Mississippi River , which they then follow upstream to

1976-505: A repudiation of Sykes and Clench based on 101 warbler records, wherein they claimed the warblers do not prefer scrub coppice and reiterated their earlier assertion that the primary habitat of the birds was pineyards. They went even further in concluding that the world population of the warbler was not limited by the situation in their breeding range in Michigan, but that historic fluctuations in their population were instead being determined by

2080-514: A sampling bias for birds in pineyards had skewed the results of the research presented by Haney et al . Despite the evidence, Birdlife International , which performs the IUCN Red List assessments, has consistently shown preference for the Haney et al . interpretation, stating that the conclusion that "changes in population have occurred contemporaneously with the degradation and recovery of

2184-540: A sign that they are recovering and expanding their range once again. The Wisconsin population continues to grow, with 53 individuals and twenty nests recorded in 2017. In the IUCN Red List the Kirtland's warbler was classified as vulnerable to extinction since 1994, but was listed as near threatened in 2005 due to its recovery. Although there seemed to be no more than 5,000 Kirtland's warblers as of late 2007, four years earlier they had numbered just 2500–3000. Since

SECTION 20

#1732787778901

2288-428: A single trap, and only 6% of the warbler nests in the region were parasitised compared to 69% previously. Average clutch size in the region almost doubled. In 1973 the program was expanded to four traps, which caught 3,300 cowbirds and resulted in no parasitism that year. That same year 216 singing male warblers were recorded an increase of 9.2% from the 200 males recorded in 1972, and the first increase recorded ever. Thus

2392-603: A specified pattern to mimic the natural habitat the warbler needs, with clearings and dense thickets. In 2004 Kirtland's warbler had been observed in Ontario and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and rarely recorded in northwest Ohio, where the numbers of recorded birds are increasing. Beginning in 2005 a small number have been observed in Wisconsin. In 2007 three Kirtland's warbler nests were discovered in central Wisconsin and one at CFB Petawawa in Ontario, providing

2496-429: A very tight schedule, but used quite a broad route north spanning from the Mississippi River to South Carolina . He thought this might indicate that there were more breeding grounds to the west and east than those in Michigan which Woods had publicised. The records Adams was using are from the 1880s and 1890s and birds were shot as far west as Missouri and Minnesota, areas where the species has not been seen since. In

2600-418: Is a species of pine with a distribution that spans almost across North America. Its cones open only after trees have been cleared away by forest fires or, after logging, in the summer sun. The ice age climate was somewhat drier overall and almost all of its present-day range was covered by solid ice as late as 10,000 to 15,000 years ago . Pollen analysis shows that the jack pine was almost non-existent between

2704-422: Is an integral part of post-delisting monitoring efforts and provides an important forum for sharing information, coordinating management efforts and ensuring that effective adaptive management occurs. As global climate changed after the ice age through the last 10 millennia or so, jack pine, and consequently also Kirtland's warbler, shifted their habitat north. The cold-hardy jack pine now grows as far as north as

2808-774: Is joined by the South Branch Au Sable River at 44°39′23″N 84°28′06″W  /  44.65639°N 84.46833°W  / 44.65639; -84.46833  ( South Branch Au Sable River (mouth) ) in South Branch Township . The South Branch rises out of Lake St. Helen in Richfield Township , Roscommon County at 44°22′54″N 84°26′38″W  /  44.38167°N 84.44389°W  / 44.38167; -84.44389  ( South Branch Au Sable River (source) ) and flows northwest into Roscommon then northeast to

2912-487: Is referred to as " watershed management ". In Brazil , the National Policy of Water Resources, regulated by Act n° 9.433 of 1997, establishes the drainage basin as the territorial division of Brazilian water management. When a river basin crosses at least one political border, either a border within a nation or an international boundary, it is identified as a transboundary river . Management of such basins becomes

3016-424: Is specifically resident in jack pines, but in 1904 he was the first to publish these findings in a scientific journal. Woods also noted that, even in its breeding haunts, the bird was quite rare, and was not present in all areas of jack pine. This same year the migration route was first detailed in a paper by Charles C. Adams. Adams used dates of records of this bird in different states to show it migrated according to

3120-486: Is state forest. It is a designated trout stream, and many canoe liveries exist along the river, which offer canoe trips from a few hours to as long as a week. The river was originally a grayling fishery with brook trout being released in the 1880s. By 1908 the grayling were gone although they were reintroduced in 1987. (See Grayling, Michigan , for more information on the Grayling and the fish hatchery.) Brown trout

3224-614: Is the Dead Sea . Drainage basins have been historically important for determining territorial boundaries, particularly in regions where trade by water has been important. For example, the English crown gave the Hudson's Bay Company a monopoly on the fur trade in the entire Hudson Bay basin, an area called Rupert's Land . Bioregional political organization today includes agreements of states (e.g., international treaties and, within

Au Sable River (Michigan) - Misplaced Pages Continue

3328-505: Is the current main catch. The Lumberman's Monument , in honor of the lumberjacks that first populated the area, is located on the river about 15 miles (24 km) west of Oscoda. Lumbering along the river began in the 1860s and was finished by the 1910s. The Au Sable River is also the site of a yearly 120-mile (190 km) pro-am canoe race, the Au Sable River Canoe Marathon , which begins at 9:00 p.m. on

3432-585: Is the largest of the numerous warblers formerly classified in the genus Dendroica and is now the largest of the 35 or so species in the currently-accepted Setophaga genus. The Kirtland warbler has a wingspan of 22 cm (8.7 in). Its mating song is a loud chip-chip-chip-too-too-weet-weet often sung from the top of a snag (dead tree) or northern pin oak ( Quercus ellipsoidalis ) clump. This song can be heard over 400m away in good conditions. In its overwintering grounds it does not sing but makes loud " chip " noises from low in dense bushes. The eggs are

3536-661: The Abaco Islands of The Bahamas and Cuba in mid-October 1841 by the ornithologist Samuel Cabot III . However, the specimen was unrecognized as a new species in the private collection of Cabot's father, Boston merchant Samuel Cabot Jr. , until it made its way to the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution in the 1860s. Ten years later the holotype , a juvenile male, was shot on Jared Potter Kirtland 's farm near Cleveland, Ohio , in mid-May 1851. It

3640-713: The African Great Lakes , the interiors of Australia and the Arabian Peninsula , and parts in Mexico and the Andes . Some of these, such as the Great Basin, are not single drainage basins but collections of separate, adjacent closed basins. In endorheic bodies of water where evaporation is the primary means of water loss, the water is typically more saline than the oceans. An extreme example of this

3744-696: The Appalachian Mountains and the Great Plains during this period, with the possible exception of tiny isolated relict populations, which presents a mystery as to where the Kirtland's warbler survived during this period. Mayfield suggests that the species was restricted during this age to the southeastern Atlantic coast, which might explain its modern overwintering range in the Bahamas as opposed to Mexico, as well as why it appears to be closer related to Caribbean warbler species. The jack pine and

3848-828: The Continental Divide , northern Alaska and parts of North Dakota , South Dakota , Minnesota , and Montana in the United States, the north shore of the Scandinavian peninsula in Europe, central and northern Russia, and parts of Kazakhstan and Mongolia in Asia , which totals to about 17% of the world's land. Just over 13% of the land in the world drains to the Pacific Ocean . Its basin includes much of China, eastern and southeastern Russia, Japan,

3952-714: The Korean Peninsula , most of Indochina, Indonesia and Malaysia, the Philippines, all of the Pacific Islands , the northeast coast of Australia , and Canada and the United States west of the Continental Divide (including most of Alaska), as well as western Central America and South America west of the Andes. The Indian Ocean 's drainage basin also comprises about 13% of Earth's land. It drains

4056-550: The New World warbler family ( Parulidae ). Nearly extinct just years ago, populations have recovered due to the conservation efforts of Phil Huber and the U.S. Forest Service . The birds require large areas, greater than 160 acres (65 hectares), of dense young jack pine for breeding habitat. This habitat was historically created by wildfire, but today is created through the harvest of mature jack pine ( Pinus banksiana ), and planting of jack pine seedlings. The population of

4160-491: The Northwest Territories . The Kirtland's warbler has historically always been rare, with the species first recorded quite late for a bird from the eastern USA between the 1840s to 1851, only four or five birds seen in the first two decades after, and the breeding grounds and first nest not recorded in 1903 in Michigan. It is still unclear to scientists how a species with such narrow habitat requirements

4264-486: The Pine River . Ordered from upriver to downriver, all belonging to the power company Consumers Energy : The river has five historical markers on it: Drainage basin A drainage basin is an area of land in which all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth , or flows into another body of water , such as a lake or ocean . A basin is separated from adjacent basins by

Au Sable River (Michigan) - Misplaced Pages Continue

4368-651: The Upper Peninsula of Michigan , Wisconsin, and southern Ontario due to the expanding population. The birds winter in Cuba, The Bahamas and the nearby Turks and Caicos Islands , where they are found on all islands investigated. A number also overwinter on Hispaniola , in the Dominican Republic. Overwintering birds have been collected and sighted a number of times in Florida . It has been recorded as

4472-401: The groundwater . A drainage basin is an area of land where all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth, or flows into another body of water, such as a lake or ocean. Kirtland%27s warbler Kirtland's warbler ( Setophaga kirtlandii ), also known in Michigan by the common name jack pine bird , or the jack pine warbler , is a small songbird of

4576-528: The species spends the spring and summer in their breeding range in the Great Lakes region of Canada ( Ontario ) and the United States ( Wisconsin and Michigan , especially in the northeastern Lower Peninsula ), and winters in the West Indies . This species was first recorded by Europeans relatively late for a bird from eastern North America . The first specimen was shot at sea somewhere between

4680-550: The taxidermist Norman Asa Wood was presented with a specimen by a student at the University of Michigan , and promptly travelled to the area it was killed, where he found the first nest ever recorded for the species near the banks of the Au Sable River . He also found a second nest; both nests had chicks and one held a single unhatched egg. Wood killed all the birds he could (eight managed to escape his gun), and secured

4784-410: The 1920s, a recognised expert on this species was a Chicago teenager named Nathan F. Leopold (most well known for being one half of the crime pair Leopold and Loeb ) who, in his scientific journal articles, published a number of important discoveries. One was that the age of the jack pines in a stand is the most pertinent determinant in the suitability of a particular terrain as a breeding habitat for

4888-428: The 1930s. The second of what was supposed to be a decennial census program in 1961 showed an increase in population, with 502 males counted; many of these were still found at the sites of the two 1930s fires, a quarter was now resident at the site of a large fire from 1946. The population reached a low of 167 singing males in 1974, and in 1994 only 18 square kilometres (6.9 sq mi) of suitable breeding habitat

4992-541: The 1990s this was garnered from a carbon sequestration fund, but that source of financing has been terminated. Management costs were estimated at $ 1.5 to 2 million per year in 2008, however, the payments by timber companies for the sale of jack pine for manufacturing paper and wood pulp offsets some costs, and the species brings bird-watching tourists to the region which is an economic boon to local businesses. Survival of this species will require management that will need to continue in perpetuity. An endowment fund to ensure

5096-546: The 2010s, when it (and all other Dendroica warblers) was merged into the genus Setophaga . By 1865 only four individuals were known to have been collected. Baird lists the male specimen from the Cabot collection, the holotype, a first female specimen shot in 1860 near Cleveland and preserved by R. K. Winslow, and a fourth (which Winslow mentioned had also been killed near Cleveland but had not been preserved). Local naturalist Philo Romayne Hoy also mentioned having possibly seen

5200-568: The Lower Peninsula of Michigan was once covered in vast tracts of old growth white pine ( Pinus strobus ), the final stage of succession in the woodlands of that region, but these were all harvested by the early 19th century for construction in the growing cities and towns around the Great Lakes and along the East Coast. This created the conditions for the extensive woodlots of jack pine, a pioneer species , found today. In 1871, fed by dry conditions, high winds and piles of logging slash ,

5304-439: The Lower Peninsula of Michigan, of which some 15,000 are maintained as young jack pine breeding habitat for the bird. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources , the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Forest Service coordinate the clear cutting of tracts of 50 year old jack pines on 23 Kirtland's warbler management units. These managed units total 220,000 acres (89,000 ha). After cutting new trees are planted in

SECTION 50

#1732787778901

5408-623: The US, interstate compacts ) or other political entities in a particular drainage basin to manage the body or bodies of water into which it drains. Examples of such interstate compacts are the Great Lakes Commission and the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency . In hydrology , the drainage basin is a logical unit of focus for studying the movement of water within the hydrological cycle . The process of finding

5512-490: The back, yellow bellies, and dark streaks on the flanks and sides. It has black lores (cheeks) and a distinctive, large and conspicuous broken white eye ring, which it only shares with Setophaga coronata . Females and juveniles are similar, but are browner on the wings and back and are not as boldly or brightly marked. It frequently bobs its tail up and down, which is uncommon in northern warblers. At 14–15 cm (5.5–5.9 in) and 12.3–16 g (0.43–0.56 oz), it

5616-406: The basin, it can form tributaries that change the structure of the land. There are three different main types, which are affected by the rocks and ground underneath. Rock that is quick to erode forms dendritic patterns, and these are seen most often. The two other types of patterns that form are trellis patterns and rectangular patterns. Rain gauge data is used to measure total precipitation over

5720-1023: The berries of Lantana involucrata , which is a very common successional shrub a few years after agriculture has been abandoned in a particular field. It is also said to eat the berries of Erithalis fruticosa and Chiococca alba . Of 331 observations of two warblers on Eleuthera in 1986, 76% were of foraging on Lantana , 8% were in Tournefortia volubilis , 4% in snowberry, 3.5% in Acacia rigens , 3.3% in Erithalis , 1.8% in Zanthoxylum fagara , and 1% Casuarina equisetifolia . Plants they were found foraging in at less than 1% were Sideroxylon salicifolium , Pithecellobium keyense , Tabebuia bahamensis and Scleria lithosperma . In its summering range this species feeds on blueberries and on insects such as spittlebugs, aphids and ants. Jack pine

5824-426: The bird must have been restricted to the northwestern islands which harbour these pineyards and absent from central, eastern and southern islands such as Eleuthera . Sykes and Clench (1998), basing their analysis on 96 unambiguous records of both collected specimens and observations on thirteen different islands, as well as almost 451 observations over three months of the same two banded individuals on Eleuthera, refuted

5928-417: The bird will also breed in some places in young stands of red pine ( Pinus resinosa ) of 10 to 15 years old. When the pine stands grow so tall so as to lose their lowest branches near the forest floor, the environment no longer provides sufficient cover. Such stands are ideally densely stocked with young pines, but also contain small occasional patches of open areas or with sparse tree cover. The status of

6032-467: The birds here fledged 27 young by 2014, and it has been reported at additional locations in central Ontario. The government of Ontario published a recovery strategy for the Kirtland's warbler in 2016. A new mixed red and jack pine stand was planted at a location in Simcoe County in 2018 in the hopes of attracting the warbler, of which a sighting in the area had earlier been reported. Red pine

6136-415: The claim, finding that by far most records were from regrown coppice after abandonment of agricultural fields. Like Mayfield, they state many of the earlier records used by Lee et al . were tainted by misidentification with S. dominica flavescens , a similar-looking subspecies that was not adequately described or illustrated at the time of the recordings. A few months later, Haney et al . (1998) published

6240-835: The confluence of Kolke and Bradford Creeks, which both rise in Otsego County . The river flows south then turns east through Grayling , where it is joined by the East Branch Au Sable River at 44°39′55″N 84°42′13″W  /  44.66528°N 84.70361°W  / 44.66528; -84.70361  ( East Branch Au Sable River (mouth) ) . The East Branch rises in Lovells Township , Crawford County at 44°49′46″N 84°35′59″W  /  44.82944°N 84.59972°W  / 44.82944; -84.59972  ( East Branch Au Sable River (source) ) . The Au Sable continues eastward and

6344-411: The control program was considered a success, and the following year 22 cowbird traps were deployed, removing over 4,000 cowbirds across the region. Although only 167 singing male warblers were recorded in 1974, nevertheless the large number of fledglings meant the traps were effective. As of 2016, the cowbird traps still capture 4,000 cowbirds a season. Effective blue jay management involves transporting

SECTION 60

#1732787778901

6448-430: The discharge of water from a basin may be made by a stream gauge located at the basin's outlet. Depending on the conditions of the drainage basin, as rainfall occurs some of it seeps directly into the ground. This water will either remain underground, slowly making its way downhill and eventually reaching the basin, or it will permeate deeper into the soil and consolidate into groundwater aquifers. As water flows through

6552-441: The drainage area is dependent on the soil type. Certain soil types such as sandy soils are very free-draining, and rainfall on sandy soil is likely to be absorbed by the ground. However, soils containing clay can be almost impermeable and therefore rainfall on clay soils will run off and contribute to flood volumes. After prolonged rainfall even free-draining soils can become saturated , meaning that any further rainfall will reach

6656-642: The drainage basin to the mouth, and may accumulate there, disturbing the natural mineral balance. This can cause eutrophication where plant growth is accelerated by the additional material. Because drainage basins are coherent entities in a hydrological sense, it has become common to manage water resources on the basis of individual basins. In the U.S. state of Minnesota , governmental entities that perform this function are called " watershed districts ". In New Zealand, they are called catchment boards. Comparable community groups based in Ontario, Canada, are called conservation authorities . In North America, this function

6760-857: The eastern coast of Africa, the coasts of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf , the Indian subcontinent , Burma, and most parts of Australia . The five largest river basins (by area), from largest to smallest, are those of the Amazon (7 million km ), the Congo (4 million km ), the Nile (3.4 million km ), the Mississippi (3.22 million km ), and the Río de la Plata (3.17 million km ). The three rivers that drain

6864-528: The era where most Kirtland's warbler specimens were collected, reflecting a possible peak in population size. However ornithologists were then unaware where it bred, and almost all these birds were taken in The Bahamas and Turks and Caicos or along the migration route. While no warblers were seen or killed in The Bahamas by the collector Henry Bryant in the 1850s and 1860s (despite his extensive searches), many dozens of warblers were recorded on almost all of

6968-583: The greatest portion of western Sub-Saharan Africa , as well as Western Sahara and part of Morocco . The two major mediterranean seas of the world also flow to the Atlantic. The Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico basin includes most of the U.S. interior between the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains , a small part of the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan , eastern Central America ,

7072-435: The ground and along rivers it can pick up nutrients , sediment , and pollutants . With the water, they are transported towards the outlet of the basin, and can affect the ecological processes along the way as well as in the receiving water body . Modern use of artificial fertilizers , containing nitrogen (as nitrates ), phosphorus , and potassium , has affected the mouths of drainage basins. The minerals are carried by

7176-781: The ground at its terminus, the area can go by several names, such playa, salt flat, dry lake , or alkali sink . The largest endorheic basins are in Central Asia , including the Caspian Sea , the Aral Sea , and numerous smaller lakes. Other endorheic regions include the Great Basin in the United States, much of the Sahara Desert , the drainage basin of the Okavango River ( Kalahari Basin ), highlands near

7280-444: The islands by the 1880s and 1890s. Charles Johnson Maynard collected 24 from New Providence during one two and a half month excursion in 1884. Maynard was a prolific collector, securing in this and subsequent years another ten on the same island almost a dozen on Eleuthera, and a further two on Cat Island , but many other collectors were able to obtain quite a number of specimens in The Bahamas during these decades. In July 1903,

7384-639: The islands of the Caribbean and the Gulf, and a small part of northern South America. The Mediterranean Sea basin, with the Black Sea , includes much of North Africa , east-central Africa (through the Nile River ), Southern , Central, and Eastern Europe , Turkey , and the coastal areas of Israel , Lebanon , and Syria . The Arctic Ocean drains most of Western Canada and Northern Canada east of

7488-665: The last Saturday in July, and runs through the night into the next day. Winning times have ranged from 14 to 21 hours. The race was first run in 1947. River Road, running parallel with the Au Sable River, is a designated National Scenic Byway . There are six hydro-electric power plants in the Au Sable River basin, with a total installed capacity of 41 MW and an average annual energy output of 500 GJ. The six reservoirs were constructed between 1911 and 1924. The Au Sable has about 350 miles (560 km) of tributary streams including

7592-671: The main branch of the Au Sable flows through or adjacent to the Huron-Manistee National Forest . 23 miles (37 km) of the river, from the Mio Pond downstream to the Alcona Pond, was designated as a National Wild and Scenic River on October 4, 1984. The watershed provides habitat for bald eagles and the endangered Kirtland's warbler . Five percent of the land in the watershed is National Forest and 29%

7696-714: The main branch of the Au Sable. The North Branch Au Sable River joins within approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) in eastern Crawford County at 44°40′14″N 84°22′51″W  /  44.67056°N 84.38083°W  / 44.67056; -84.38083  ( North Branch Au Sable River (mouth) ) near the boundary with Oscoda County . The North Branch rises in Bagley Township , Otsego County, near Lake Otsego. The Au Sable then flows mostly east through Oscoda County, then south and east through Alcona County and Iosco County . The river's watershed also drains portions of Montmorency County and Ogemaw County . Most of

7800-514: The most water, from most to least, are the Amazon, Ganges , and Congo rivers. Endorheic basin are inland basins that do not drain to an ocean. Endorheic basins cover around 18% of the Earth's land. Some endorheic basins drain to an Endorheic lake or Inland sea . Many of these lakes are ephemeral or vary dramatically in size depending on climate and inflow. If water evaporates or infiltrates into

7904-766: The mouth of the Ohio River during May. They reach their breeding grounds early in June, and then leave their breeding range between August and October. The Kirtland's warbler's summer breeding habitat is in northern Michigan. Breeding habitat is where a bird lays its eggs and raises its babies. The Kirtland's warbler only builds its nests on the ground in young jack pine forests found in Michigan and sometimes Wisconsin. In their winter habitat, they have been found primarily in low "coppice" habitat , especially areas which have been cleared for slash-and-burn agriculture but have regrown after abandonment (98% of all records), with

8008-444: The natural high coppice of the islands. However, in 2007, Wunderle et al. pointed out that hurricanes might produce such young successional habitat, albeit with no empirical evidence; they theorized that perhaps this warbler species had specifically evolved to take advantage of such weather phenomena. Yearlings and first-time breeders explore to find new breeding grounds, but ringed males have been observed to loyally return to

8112-474: The nests and egg. He tried to rear some of the chicks, but these soon died. Including chicks, he returned to the city with fifteen specimens, the biggest collection of the species at the time in the USA. It was thus one of the last bird species of North America to have its nesting habits discovered. The following year Edward Arnold travelled to a nearby locality in June and found the third nest ever, with four eggs. He

8216-514: The north Bahamas pine ecosystem" is more compelling than that the recovery efforts in Michigan were having effects on the population size. Haney et al . stated that another reason that this warbler was most likely restricted to the pineyards habitat was because there was no low coppice habitat available until the arrival of the first human colonists on the islands, the Lucayans some 1,000 years ago, due to there being no mechanism that could destroy

8320-435: The overwintering habitat has been contentious, with researchers disagreeing. Mayfield (1992, 1996) first stated that the bird inhabits the shrub layer. Lee et al . (1997) also believed that the warbler inhabits shrubs, but they concluded that the species is entirely dependent on pineyards, stating that before the advent of deforestation of the high coppice after the colonisation of The Bahamas by pre-colonial Lucayan peoples ,

8424-513: The population has been above the recovery goal of 1,000 pairs for seventeen years. The birds depend on The Bahamas and adjacent territories during winter; in 1998 their winter habitat was judged to be extremely widespread and it was calculated that there is enough area and habitat in the Bahamas to house a population of roughly more than 500,000 birds. The most destructive threat in the winter range are thought to be house cats , at least on some islands. If Haney et al . are correct in arguing that

8528-418: The rainfall on the area of land included in its polygon. These polygons are made by drawing lines between gauges, then making perpendicular bisectors of those lines form the polygons. The isohyetal method involves contours of equal precipitation are drawn over the gauges on a map. Calculating the area between these curves and adding up the volume of water is time-consuming. Isochrone maps can be used to show

8632-402: The recovery plan began in the 1970s, the numbers of Kirtland's warbler have steadily risen, with an estimated population of 5,000 in 2016. A world total of 2,365 singing males were reported in the 2015 census. By 2018 there were an estimated 2,300 pairs and the population had continued to grow over the previous sixteen years according to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Midwest Region. In 2019

8736-631: The responsibility of the countries sharing it. Nile Basin Initiative , OMVS for Senegal River , Mekong River Commission are a few examples of arrangements involving management of shared river basins. Management of shared drainage basins is also seen as a way to build lasting peaceful relationships among countries. The catchment is the most significant factor determining the amount or likelihood of flooding . Catchment factors are: topography , shape, size, soil type, and land use (paved or roofed areas). Catchment topography and shape determine

8840-461: The river rather than being absorbed by the ground. If the surface is impermeable the precipitation will create surface run-off which will lead to higher risk of flooding; if the ground is permeable, the precipitation will infiltrate the soil. Land use can contribute to the volume of water reaching the river, in a similar way to clay soils. For example, rainfall on roofs, pavements , and roads will be collected by rivers with almost no absorption into

8944-403: The same nesting locality years after year; a male first ringed at CFB Petawawa in Ontario in 2006 returned for six consecutive years. This individual is estimated to have reached the age of nine, but in general the species are thought to have much shorter lifespans; males usually become four years old, and females are thought to only survive for 2.5 years on average. One study found that 85% of

9048-534: The singing males are able to attract mates. A warbler occupies a breeding territory of 2.7 to 3.4ha depending on location, but a larger wintering territory of 6.9 to 8.3ha depending on the island. They construct their nests on the ground, well concealed by lowest living branches of the jack pines and other vegetation. The nest is usually at the base of a tree, next to a down log or other structure. Eggs are laid in May to June. It depends heavily during overwintering on

9152-469: The southernmost Dominican Republic , which based on morphology (plumage colour and anatomical measurements of size) and geography was most likely a hybrid between S. kirtlandii and S. fusca . It was originally only known from Kirtland's home state of Ohio. In the mid 20th century the breeding range of Kirtland's warbler was reduced to a very limited area in the north of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. In recent years, breeding pairs have been found in

9256-413: The species does not overwinter in scrub coppice habitats in The Bahamas, but instead in pineyards, and the abundance of this species is in fact limited by changes in this pineyard habitat, the conservation efforts in Michigan may be insufficient for species recovery. Some Michigan locals have questioned the cost and point of the program. Habitat and cowbird management cost $ 1 million per year as of 2003. In

9360-647: The species once near the village of Racine, Ohio , in the 1850s. Baird decided to name the bird after Jared Potter Kirtland: "a gentleman to whom, more than any one living, we are indebted for a knowledge of the Natural History of the Mississippi Valley ". The generic epithet Setophaga is from the genitive case of Ancient Greek σής , transliterated as sḗs , meaning "moth", and phagos , meaning "eating". Male Kirtland's warblers have bluish-grey upper body parts, with dark streaks on

9464-422: The species, and another discovery was that the population was subject to a deleterious brood parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird . Kirtland's warbler is highly susceptible to nest parasitism by this cowbird. Brown-headed cowbirds feed mostly on seeds from grasses and weeds, with some crop grains. Insects such as grasshoppers and beetles, often caught as cows and horses stir them into movement, make up about

9568-418: The speed with which the runoff reaches a river. A long thin catchment will take longer to drain than a circular catchment. Size will help determine the amount of water reaching the river, as the larger the catchment the greater the potential for flooding. It is also determined on the basis of length and width of the drainage basin. Soil type will help determine how much water reaches the river. The runoff from

9672-441: The status of the pineyards in Bahamas. A detailed study by Wunderle et al . (2010) using a much larger sample size of new data from 153 capture sites and 499 observations, and investigations of the diet, found that Sykes and Clench had been correct, and there was no validity to the assertions of Lee, Walsh-McGehee and Haney. Jones et al . (2013), researching the warbler on an island where pineyards had never grown, hypothesized that

9776-415: The time taken for rain to reach the river, while catchment size, soil type, and development determine the amount of water to reach the river. Generally, topography plays a big part in how fast runoff will reach a river. Rain that falls in steep mountainous areas will reach the primary river in the drainage basin faster than flat or lightly sloping areas (e.g., > 1% gradient). Shape will contribute to

9880-477: The time taken for runoff water within a drainage basin to reach a lake, reservoir or outlet, assuming constant and uniform effective rainfall. Drainage basins are the principal hydrologic unit considered in fluvial geomorphology . A drainage basin is the source for water and sediment that moves from higher elevation through the river system to lower elevations as they reshape the channel forms. Drainage basins are important in ecology . As water flows over

9984-479: The warbler likely colonized the Midwest around 10,000 years ago. Without human intervention, the warblers are severely impacted by nest parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird . Blue jays prey on the nests and are a nuisance species because individual jays repeatedly allow themselves to get caught in the same traps used to exterminate the cowbirds of the nesting region. The Kirtland's Warbler Conservation Team

10088-524: The warbler population, and lastly to intensively control the cowbird population. A 1966 study found that shooting and trapping the cowbirds could reduce parasitism from 65% to 21%, and in 1972 cowbird control efforts commenced. The cowbird traps were 4 by 4 ft. and 6 ft. high with a recessed entrance hole at the top, and worked using sunflower seed bait, tape recorders playing birdsongs and decoy cowbirds which attracted more cowbirds. Cowbirds are asphyxiated in plastic bags using car exhaust fumes. Once

10192-673: The world's land drains to the Atlantic Ocean . In North America , surface water drains to the Atlantic via the Saint Lawrence River and Great Lakes basins, the Eastern Seaboard of the United States, the Canadian Maritimes , and most of Newfoundland and Labrador . Nearly all of South America east of the Andes also drains to the Atlantic, as does most of Western and Central Europe and

10296-417: Was able to capture both the male and female on the nest simply with his hands. Including these, 25 birds had been taken in Michigan by 1904, and another eight recorded, which made it clear that Michigan was the main stronghold of the breeding range of this warbler. Considering the vernacular name of this bird was "jack pine bird" in Michigan, Wood was certainly not the first to discover that this species

10400-412: Was able to survive to modern times. One theory is that during the ice ages, which lasted much longer than interglacials , Kirtland's warbler had a more stable distribution and habitat; i.e. the species exists as a glacial relict during geologically brief periods of warming global temperatures. It is quite possible that colonization by Europeans actually temporarily boosted populations of the bird. Most of

10504-464: Was available. It was listed as endangered in the US in 1967. In 1971 a recovery plan was developed. The plan entailed the management of state and federal land through clear cutting, controlled burning and planting jack pine to expand suitable nesting habitat for Kirtland's warbler, as well as having the government acquire more land for this purpose. The other components were to limit public access land during nesting season, to conduct annual censuses of

10608-403: Was collected in the country in 1900 when a specimen was secured on Toronto Island . The bird was then seen in the country in 1916 at the army base of CFB Petawawa by a military dentist, Paul Harrington; the same dentist made the third sighting of Canada at the same location in 1939, and in the next 65 years a bit more than two dozen sightings of the bird were made in the country, although only

10712-585: Was interspersed with the jack pine because the latter is relatively worthless as lumber, and it was hoped this configuration would make the project more economically sustainable. Prior to being delisted from the United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered mammals and birds in 2019, the Kirtland's warbler had been listed as "endangered" under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Since delisting, continued monitoring

10816-423: Was used to formally describe the species as Sylvicola kirtlandii by Spencer Fullerton Baird in 1852. Baird first attributed the collection to Charles Pease (Kirtland's son-in-law) in his 1852 description, but by 1858 he had changed his story and was attributing it to Kirtland. In 1858 Baird moved the species, still then only known from his single specimen, to the genus Dendroica , where it remained until

#900099