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74-413: The Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI , BDI-1A , BDI-II ), created by Aaron T. Beck , is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory , one of the most widely used psychometric tests for measuring the severity of depression . Its development marked a shift among mental health professionals, who had until then, viewed depression from a psychodynamic perspective, instead of it being rooted in

148-485: A fellow in psychiatry at the Austen Riggs Center , a private mental hospital in the mountains of Stockbridge, Massachusetts , until 1952. At that time, it was a center of ego psychology with an unusual degree of collaboration between psychiatrists and psychologists, including David Rapaport . Beck then completed military service as assistant chief of neuropsychiatry at Valley Forge Army Hospital in

222-430: A 21-day hunger strike, protesting at a perceived unjustified biomedical focus and challenging APA to provide evidence of the widespread claim that mental disorders are due to chemical imbalances in the brain. APA published a position statement in response and the two organizations exchanged views on the evidence. The APA's DSM came under criticism from autism specialists Tony Attwood and Simon Baron-Cohen for proposing

296-448: A different response compared to administration via a postal survey. In participants with concomitant physical illness the BDI's reliance on physical symptoms such as fatigue may artificially inflate scores due to symptoms of the illness, rather than of depression. In an effort to deal with this concern Beck and his colleagues developed the "Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care" (BDI-PC),

370-419: A high one-week test–retest reliability (Pearson's r = 0.93), suggesting that it was not overly sensitive to day-to-day variations in mood. The test also has high internal consistency ( α = .91). The development of the BDI was an important event in psychiatry and psychology ; it represented a shift in health care professionals' view of depression from a Freudian , psychodynamic perspective, to one guided by

444-518: A negative effect on a person's behavior no matter what type of disorder they had, he found. Beck explained that successful interventions will educate a person to understand and become aware of their distorted thinking, and how to challenge its effects. He discovered that frequent negative automatic thoughts reveal a person's core beliefs. He explained that core beliefs are formed over lifelong experiences; we "feel" these beliefs to be true. Since that time, Beck and his colleagues worldwide have researched

518-509: A patient he had been listening to for a year at the Penn clinic. When he suggested she was anxious due to her ego being confronted by her sexual impulses, and asked her whether she believed this when she did not seem convinced, she said she was actually worried that she was being boring, and that she thought this often and with everyone. In 1962, Beck requested a sabbatical and would go into private practice for five years. In that same year, he

592-600: A relatively "neutral" space and a bridge to psychology. With a monograph on depression that Beck published in 1967, according to historian Rachael Rosner: "Cognitive Therapy entered the marketplace as a corrective experimentalist psychological framework both for himself and his patients and for his fellow psychiatrists." Working with depressed patients, Beck found that they experienced streams of negative thoughts that seemed to arise spontaneously. He termed these cognitions "automatic thoughts", and discovered that their content fell into three categories: negative ideas about oneself,

666-525: A short screening scale consisting of seven items from the BDI-II considered to be independent of physical function. Unlike the standard BDI, the BDI-PC produces only a binary outcome of "not depressed" or "depressed" for patients above a cutoff score of 4. Although designed as a screening device rather than a diagnostic tool, the BDI is sometimes used by health care providers to reach a quick diagnosis. The BDI

740-634: A six-month junior residency in pathology at Rhode Island Hospital and a three-year residency in neurology at Cushing Veterans Administration Hospital in Framingham, Massachusetts . During this time, Beck began to specialize in neurology, reportedly liking the precision of its procedures. However, due to a shortage of psychiatry residents , he was instructed to do a six-month rotation in that field, and he became absorbed in psychoanalysis , despite initial wariness. After completing his medical internships and residencies from 1946 to 1950, Beck became

814-543: Is copyrighted ; a fee must be paid for each copy used. There is no evidence that the BDI-II is more valid or reliable than other depression scales, and public domain scales such as the Patient Health Questionnaire – Nine Item ( PHQ-9 ) have been studied as a useful tool. Aaron T. Beck Aaron Temkin Beck (July 18, 1921 – November 1, 2021) was an American psychiatrist who

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888-993: Is a co-founder of the non-profit Beck Institute . He turned 100 on July 18, 2021, and died later in the year on November 1 in his sleep at his home in Philadelphia. Along with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck developed the Beck Hopelessness Scale , Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Youth Inventories, Clark-Beck Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (CBOCI), Personality Belief Questionnaire (PBQ), Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS), Suicide Intent Scale (SIS), Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale (SAS), Cognitive Therapy Rating Scale (CTRS), Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS), Satisfaction with Therapy Questionnaire (STQ) and BDI–Fast Screen for Medical Patients. Beck collaborated with psychologist Maria Kovacs in

962-482: Is a round medallion with a purported likeness of Benjamin Rush 's profile and 13 stars over his head to represent the 13 founders of the organization. The outer ring contains the words "American Psychiatric Association 1844." Rush's name and an MD are below the picture. An association history of the seal states: The choice of Rush (1746–1813) for the seal reflects his place in history. .... Rush's practice of psychiatry

1036-442: Is designed to reflect the depth of depression, it can monitor changes over time and provide an objective measure for judging improvement and the effectiveness or otherwise of treatment methods. The instrument remains widely used in research; in 1998, it had been used in over 2000 empirical studies . It has been translated into multiple European languages as well as Arabic , Chinese , Japanese , Persian , and Xhosa . The BDI has

1110-468: Is the main professional organization of psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the largest psychiatric organization in the world. It has more than 38,000 members who are involved in psychiatric practice, research, and academia representing a diverse population of patients in more than 100 countries. The association publishes various journals and pamphlets, as well as

1184-685: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The DSM codifies psychiatric conditions and is used mostly in the United States as a guide for diagnosing mental disorders. The organization has its headquarters in Washington, D.C. At a meeting in 1844 in Philadelphia , thirteen superintendents and organizers of insane asylums and hospitals formed the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for

1258-591: The American Board of Internal Medicine , the APA proposes five recommendations for physicians and patients. The list was compiled by members of the Council on Research and Quality Care. The APA places a primary focus on antipsychotic medications due to a rapid increase in sales, from $ 9.6 billion in 2004 to $ 18.5 billion in 2011. In his book Anatomy of an Epidemic (2010), Robert Whitaker described

1332-655: The Beck Depression Inventory , which he published in 1961 and soon started to market, unsupported by Appel. In another experiment, he found that depressed patients sought encouragement or improvement following disapproval, rather than seeking out suffering and failure as predicted by the Freudian anger-turned-inwards theory. Through the 1950s, Beck adhered to the department's psychoanalytic theories while pursuing experimentation and harboring private doubts. In 1961, however, controversy over whom to appoint

1406-884: The National Association of Counties (NACo). APAF partners with industry organizations to collaborate on mental health research and development through its Corporate Alliance. Current and recent members of the alliance include: Donors to the foundation in 2019 include the Austen Riggs Center , BB&T , Cenveo , McLean Hospital , Menninger Foundation , NeuroStar , Newport Academy , NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital , Sheppard Pratt , and Silver Hill Hospital . APA position statements, clinical practice guidelines, and descriptions of its core diagnostic manual (the DSM) are published. APA publishes several journals focused on different areas of psychiatry, for example, academic, clinical practice, or news. In coordination with

1480-581: The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPS[C]), or the American Osteopathic Association (AOA). Applicants for membership must also hold a valid medical license (with the exception of medical students and residents) and provide one reference who is an APA member. APA holds an annual conference attended by an American and international audience. APA is made up of some 76 district associations throughout

1554-702: The United States Military . Beck then joined the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania in 1954. The department chair was Kenneth Ellmaker Appel, a psychoanalyst who was president of the American Psychiatric Association , whose efforts to expand the presence and relatedness of psychiatry had a big influence on Beck's career. At the same time, Beck began formal training in psychoanalysis at

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1628-543: The manifest content of dreams (that which can be directly reported by the dreamer). Beck and a graduate student developed a new inventory they used to assess "masochistic" hostility in manifest dreams, published in 1959. This study found themes of loss and rejection related to depression, rather than inverted hostility as predicted by psychoanalysis. Developing the work with funding from the National Institute of Mental Health , Beck came up with what he would call

1702-479: The " a and b statements" described above were removed, and respondents were instructed to endorse how they had been feeling during the preceding two weeks. The internal consistency for the BDI-IA was good, with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of around 0.85, meaning that the items on the inventory are highly correlated with each other. However, this version retained some flaws; the BDI-IA only addressed six out of

1776-494: The 1950s, the prevailing psychoanalytic theory attributed the syndrome to inverted hostility against the self.' By contrast, the BDI was developed in a novel way for its time; by collating patients' verbatim descriptions of their symptoms and then using these to structure a scale which could reflect the intensity or severity of a given symptom. Beck drew attention to the importance of "negative cognitions" described as sustained, inaccurate, and often intrusive negative thoughts about

1850-486: The 1950s. He had begun presenting his "rational therapy" by the mid-1950s. Beck recalled that Ellis contacted him in the mid-1960s after his two articles in the Archives of General Psychiatry , and therefore he discovered Ellis had developed a rich theory and pragmatic therapy that he was able to use to some extent as a framework blended with his own, though he disliked Ellis's technique of telling patients what he thought

1924-692: The American Psychiatric Association and a board of trustees with an executive committee. APA reports that its membership is primarily medical specialists who are qualified, or in the process of becoming qualified, as psychiatrists. The basic eligibility requirement is completion of a residency program in psychiatry accredited by the Residency Review Committee for Psychiatry of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME),

1998-508: The BDI-1A, and the BDI-II, published in 1996. The BDI is widely used as an assessment tool by health care professionals and researchers in a variety of settings. The BDI was used as a model for the development of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), first published in 1979 by clinical psychologist Maria Kovacs . According to Beck's publisher, 'When Beck began studying depression in

2072-580: The Insane (AMSAII). The group included Thomas Kirkbride , creator of the asylum model which was used throughout the United States. The group was chartered to focus "primarily on the administration of hospitals and how that affected the care of patients", as opposed to conducting research or promoting the profession. In 1893, the organization changed its name to the American Medico-Psychological Association. In 1921,

2146-560: The Mind of Barry Goldwater". This led to a ban on the diagnosis of a public figure by psychiatrists who have not performed an examination or been authorized to release information by the patient. This became the Goldwater rule . Supported by various funding sources, the APA and its members have played major roles in examining points of contention in the field and addressing uncertainties about psychiatric illness and its treatment, as well as

2220-666: The Philadelphia Institute of the American Psychoanalytic Association . Beck's closest colleague was Marvin Stein, a friend since their army hospital days to whom Beck looked up to for his scientific rigor in psychoneuroimmunology . Beck's first research was with Leon J. Saul, a psychoanalyst known for unusual methods such as therapy by telephone or setting homework, who had developed inventory questionnaires to quantify ego processes in

2294-443: The ancient philosophical system of Stoicism as a forerunner of their ideas. Beck cited Epictetus as an influence from Stoicism. In 1967, becoming active again at University of Pennsylvania , Beck still described himself and his new therapy (as he always would quietly) as neo-Freudian in the ego psychology school, albeit focused on interactions with the environment rather than internal drives. He offered cognitive therapy work as

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2368-570: The association changed that name to the present American Psychiatric Association. The association was incorporated in 1927. The cover of the publication Semi-Centennial Proceedings of the American Medical Psychological Association , which the association distributed in 1894 at its 50th annual meeting in Philadelphia, contained the first depiction of the association's official seal . The seal has undergone several changes since that time. The present seal

2442-518: The bio-bio-bio model" and accepted "kickbacks and bribes" from pharmaceutical companies leading to the over-use of medication and neglect of other approaches. In 2008 APA was the focus of congressional investigations on how pharmaceutical industry money shapes the practices of nonprofit organizations that purport to be independent. The drug industry accounted in 2006 for about 30 percent of the association's $ 62.5 million in financing, half through drug advertisements in its journals and meeting exhibits, and

2516-560: The country. APA operates a non-profit subsidiary called the American Psychiatric Association Foundation (APAF), offering community-based programs and research initiatives intended to better understand and support issues of mental health. Its strategic partners include the Council of State Governments (CSG) Justice Center, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) and

2590-457: The development of the Children's Depression Inventory , which used the BDI as a template. Beck received honorary degrees from Yale University , University of Pennsylvania, Brown University, Assumption College , and Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine . In 2017, Medscape named Beck the fourth most influential physician in the past century. American Psychiatric Association The American Psychiatric Association ( APA )

2664-501: The doctors felt they were independents, they rehearsed their speeches and likely would not be invited back if they discussed drug side effects. "Thought leaders" became the experts quoted in the media. As Marcia Angell wrote in The New England Journal of Medicine (2000), "thought leaders" could agree to be listed as an author of ghostwritten articles, and she cites Thomas Bodenheimer and David Rothman who describe

2738-710: The effectiveness of CBT—relatively easy because of the narrow, time-limited and manual-based nature of the treatment—there has been much less focus on experimentally proving the supposedly active mechanisms; in some cases the predicted causal relationships have not been found, such as between dysfunctional attitudes and outcomes. Beck was involved in research studies at the University of Pennsylvania, and conducted biweekly Case Conferences at Beck Institute for area psychiatric residents, graduate students, and mental health professionals. He met every two weeks with conference participants and generally did two to three role plays. He

2812-539: The efficacy of this form of psychotherapy in treating a wide variety of disorders including depression, bipolar disorder , eating disorders , drug abuse , anxiety disorders , personality disorders , and many other medical conditions with psychological components. Cognitive therapy has also been applied with success to individuals with schizophrenia . He also focused on cognitive therapy for schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder , and for patients who have had recurrent suicide attempts. Beck's recent research on

2886-401: The elimination of Asperger's syndrome as a disorder and replacing it with an autism spectrum severity scale. Roy Richard Grinker wrote a controversial editorial for The New York Times expressing support for the proposal. The APA president in 2005, Steven Sharfstein , praised the pharmaceutical industry but argued that American psychiatry had "allowed the biopsychosocial model to become

2960-582: The extent of the drug industry's involvement with doctors. The New York Times published a summary about antipsychotic medications in October 2010. In 2008, for the first time, Senator Charles Grassley asked the APA to disclose how much of its annual budget came from drug industry funds. The APA said that industry contributed 28 percent of its budget ($ 14 million at that time), mainly through paid advertising in APA journals and funds for continuing medical education. The APA receives additional funding from

3034-460: The image of two hemispheres of a human brain . The logo appears next to the words "American Psychiatric Association", with the word "Psychiatric" in bold type; the tagline "Medical leadership for mind, brain and body" appears below the logo. The association will continue to use the seal bearing Rush's profile for ceremonial purposes and for some internal documents. APA is led by the President of

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3108-666: The importance of a warm and encouraging therapeutic relationship and tailoring treatment to the specific challenges of each individual. Beck's work was presented as a far more scientific and experimentally-based development than psychoanalysis (while being less reductive than behaviorism), Beck's key principles were not necessarily based on the general findings and models of cognitive psychology or neuroscience developing at that time but were derived from personal clinical observations and interpretations in his therapy office. And although there have been many cognitive models developed for different mental disorders and hundreds of outcome studies on

3182-505: The items were reworded; only the items dealing with feelings of being punished, thoughts about suicide, and interest in sex remained the same. Finally, participants were asked to rate how they have been feeling for the past two weeks, as opposed to the past week as in the original BDI. Like the BDI, the BDI-II also contains about 21 questions, each answer being scored on a scale value of 0 to 3. Higher total scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms. The standardized cutoffs used differ from

3256-407: The more advanced or termination phases of a case, and again in 1961 when he had not done so but outlined his clinical and research work. Such deferments were a tactic used by the institute to maintain the orthodoxy in teaching, but Beck did not know this at the time and has described the decision as stupid and dumb. Beck usually explained his increasing belief in his cognitive model by reference to

3330-553: The most widely used instruments for measuring the severity of depression. In 1994 he and his daughter, psychologist Judith S. Beck , founded the nonprofit Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy , which provides CBT treatment and training, as well as research. Beck served as President Emeritus of the organization up until his death. Beck was noted for his writings on psychotherapy , psychopathology , suicide , and psychometrics . He published more than 600 professional journal articles, and authored or co-authored 25 books. He

3404-439: The new chair of psychiatry—specifically, fierce psychoanalytic opposition to the favored choice of biomedical researcher Eli Robins —brought matters to a head, an early skirmish in a power shift away from psychoanalysis nationally. Beck tried to remain neutral and, with Albert J. Stunkard , opposed a petition to block Robins. Stunkard, a behaviorist who specialized in obesity and who had dropped out of psychoanalytic training,

3478-674: The nine DSM-III criteria for depression. This and other criticisms were addressed in the BDI-II. The BDI-II was a 1996 revision of the BDI, developed in response to the American Psychiatric Association's publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fourth Edition, which changed many of the diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder. Items involving changes in body image , hypochondriasis , and difficulty working were replaced. Also, sleep loss and appetite loss items were revised to assess both increases and decreases in sleep and appetite. All but three of

3552-465: The original BDI had more than one statement marked with the same score. For instance, there are two responses under the Mood heading that score a 2: (2a) "I am blue or sad all the time and I can't snap out of it" and (2b) "I am so sad or unhappy that it is very painful". The BDI-IA was a revision of the original instrument developed by Beck during the 1970s, and copyrighted in 1978. To improve ease of use ,

3626-496: The original: One measure of an instrument's usefulness is to see how closely it agrees with another similar instrument that has been validated against information from a clinical interview by a trained clinician. In this respect, the BDI-II is positively correlated with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale with a Pearson r of 0.71, showing good convergent validity . The test was also shown to have

3700-494: The other half sponsoring fellowships, conferences and industry symposiums at its annual meeting. The APA came under increasing scrutiny and questions about conflicts of interest. The APA president in 2009–10, Alan Schatzberg , was identified as the principal investigator on a federal study into the drug mifepristone for use as an antidepressant being developed by Corcept Therapeutics, a company Schatzberg had created and in which he had several million dollars' equity. In 2021,

3774-457: The partnership that has developed between the APA and pharmaceutical companies since the 1980s. APA has come to depend on pharmaceutical money. The drug companies endowed continuing education and psychiatric "grand rounds" at hospitals. They funded a political action committee in 1982 to lobby Congress. The industry helped to pay for the APA's media training workshops. It was able to turn psychiatrists at top schools into speakers, and although

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3848-406: The patient's own thoughts or "cognitions". It also established the principle that instead of attempting to develop a psychometric tool based on a possibly invalid theory, self-report questionnaires when analysed using techniques such as factor analysis can suggest theoretical constructs. The BDI was originally developed to provide a quantitative assessment of the intensity of depression. Because it

3922-514: The patient's own thoughts. In its current version, the BDI-II is designed for individuals aged 13 and over, and is composed of items relating to symptoms of depression such as hopelessness and irritability, cognitions such as guilt or feelings of being punished, as well as physical symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss , and lack of interest in sex. There are three versions of the BDI—the original BDI, first published in 1961 and later revised in 1978 as

3996-416: The pharmaceutical industry through its American Psychiatric Association Foundation (APAF), including Boehringer Ingelheim , Janssen Pharmaceuticals , and Takeda Pharmaceutical Company , among others. In the 1964 election, Fact magazine polled American Psychiatric Association members on whether Barry Goldwater was fit to be president and published "The Unconscious of a Conservative: A Special Issue on

4070-506: The process of putting down roots on Providence's East Side . In 1923, when Aaron was two years old, the family purchased a house at 43/41 Sessions Street in the city's Blackstone neighborhood. Beck attended John Howland Grammar School, Nathan Bishop Junior High, and Hope Street High School , where he graduated as valedictorian in 1938. As an adolescent, Beck dreamed of becoming a journalist. Beck matriculated at Brown University , where he graduated magna cum laude in 1942. At Brown, he

4144-546: The relationship of individual mental health concerns to those of the community. Controversies have related to anti-psychiatry and disability rights campaigners, who regularly protest at American Psychiatric Association offices or meetings. In 1970, members of the Gay Liberation Front organization protested the APA conference in San Francisco. In 2003 activists from MindFreedom International staged

4218-399: The same limitations as other self-report inventories , in that scores can be easily exaggerated or minimized by the person completing them. Like all questionnaires, the way the instrument is administered can have an effect on the final score. If a patient is asked to fill out the form in front of other people in a clinical environment, for instance, social expectations have been shown to elicit

4292-508: The self. In his view, it was the case that these cognitions caused depression, rather than being generated by depression. Beck developed a triad of negative cognitions about the world, the future, and the self, which play a major role in depression. An example of the triad in action taken from Brown (1995) is the case of a student obtaining poor exam results: The development of the BDI reflects that in its structure, with items such as "I have lost all of my interest in other people" to reflect

4366-427: The subject has been feeling in the last week. Each question had a set of at least four possible responses, ranging in intensity. For example: When the test is scored, a value of 0 to 3 is assigned for each answer and then the total score is compared to a key to determine the depression's severity. The standard cut-off scores were as follows: Higher total scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms. Some items on

4440-445: The terms of the new cognitive psychology, extended to become a therapeutic need. Beck's notebooks were also filled with self-analysis, where at least twice a day for several years he wrote out his own "negative" (later "automatic") thoughts, rated with a percentile belief score, classified and restructured. The psychologist who would become most important for Beck was Albert Ellis , whose own faith in psychoanalysis had crumbled by

4514-502: The treatment of schizophrenia has suggested that patients once believed to be non-responsive to treatment are amenable to positive change. Even the most severe presentations of the illness, such as those involving long periods of hospitalization, bizarre behavior, poor personal hygiene, self-injury, and aggressiveness, can respond positively to a modified version of cognitive behavioral treatment. Although Beck's approach has sometimes been criticized as too mechanistic, modern CBT stresses

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4588-473: The world, "I feel discouraged about the future" to reflect the future, and "I blame myself for everything bad that happens" to reflect the self. The view of depression as sustained by intrusive negative cognitions has had particular application in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which aims to challenge and neutralize them through techniques such as cognitive restructuring . The original BDI, first published in 1961, consisted of twenty-one questions about how

4662-617: The world, and the future. He stated that such cognitions were interrelated as the cognitive triad . Limited time spent reflecting on automatic thoughts would lead patients to treat them as valid. Beck began helping patients identify and evaluate these thoughts and found that by doing so, patients were able to think more realistically, which led them to feel better emotionally and behave more functionally. He developed key ideas in CBT, explaining that different disorders were associated with different types of distorted thinking. Distorted thinking has

4736-442: Was a professor in the department of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania . He is regarded as the father of cognitive therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). His pioneering methods are widely used in the treatment of clinical depression and various anxiety disorders . Beck also developed self-report measures for depression and anxiety , notably the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), which became one of

4810-456: Was a visiting scientist at Oxford University . He was a professor emeritus at Penn since 1992, and an adjunct professor at both Temple University and University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey . During his time at Penn, he pioneered the development of Recovery-Oriented Cognitive Therapy. While the Center for CT-R was created at Penn, it was later absorbed by Beck Institute. Beck

4884-488: Was already making notes about patterns of thoughts in depression, emphasizing what can be observed and tested by anyone and treated in the present. He was engaged by George Kelly 's personal construct theory and Jean Piaget 's schemas . Beck's first articles on the cognitive theory of depression, in 1963 and 1964 in the Archives of General Psychiatry , maintained the psychiatric context of ego psychology but then turned to concepts of realistic and scientific thinking in

4958-409: Was based on bleeding, purging, and the use of the tranquilizer chair and gyrator. By 1844 these practices were considered erroneous and abandoned. Rush, however, was the first American to study mental disorder in a systematic manner, and he is considered the father of American Psychiatry. In 2015, the association adopted a new logo that depicts the serpent-entwined Rod of Asclepius superimposed over

5032-730: Was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2007. Beck was the founder and President Emeritus of the non-profit Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy , and the director of the Aaron T. Beck Psychopathology Research Center, which was the parent organization of the Center for the Treatment and Prevention of Suicide, which is now known as the Penn Center for the Prevention of Suicide. In 1986, he

5106-730: Was elected a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society , was an associate editor of The Brown Daily Herald , and received the Francis Wayland Scholarship, William Gaston Prize for Excellence in Oratory, and Philo Sherman Bennett Essay Award. Beck attended Yale Medical School , planning to become an internist and work in private practice in Providence. He graduated from Yale with a Doctor of Medicine in 1946. After receiving his M.D., Beck completed

5180-534: Was eventually appointed department head in the face of sustained opposition which again Beck would not engage in, putting him at bitter odds with his friend Stein. On top of this, despite having graduated from his Philadelphia training, the American Psychoanalytic Institute rejected Beck's membership application in 1960, skeptical of his claims of success from relatively brief therapy and advising he conduct further supervised therapy on

5254-492: Was going on rather than helping the client to learn for themselves empirically . Psychoanalyst Gerald E. Kochansky remarked in 1975 in a review of one of Beck's books that he could no longer tell if Beck was a psychoanalyst or a devotee of Ellis. Beck highlighted the classical philosophical Socratic method as an inspiration, while Ellis highlighted disputation which he stated was not anti-empirical and taught people how to dispute internally. Both Beck and Ellis cited aspects of

5328-470: Was married in 1950 to Honorable Phyllis W. Beck (ret.), and they had four children together: Roy, Judy, Dan, and Alice. Phyllis was the first woman judge on the appellate court of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . Her youngest daughter, Alice Beck Dubow, is a judge on the same court, while the older daughter Judith is a prominent CBT educator and clinician, who wrote the basic text in the field and

5402-603: Was named one of the "Americans in history who shaped the face of American psychiatry", and one of the "five most influential psychotherapists of all time" by The American Psychologist in July 1989. His work at the University of Pennsylvania inspired Martin Seligman to refine his own cognitive techniques and later work on learned helplessness . Aaron Temkin Beck was born in Providence , Rhode Island , on July 18, 1921. He

5476-494: Was the youngest of four children born to Elizabeth Temkin and Harry Beck, Jewish immigrants from Ukraine . Harry worked as a printer and Elizabeth's family found financial success in tobacco wholesaling; the family belonged to the upwardly-mobile vanguard of Providence's Eastern European-Jewish immigrant community. At the time of Aaron's birth, the Temkin-Becks lived a "comfortable, lower-middle class lifestyle" and were in

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