Behçet Cantürk (1950 – 14 January 1994) was a Kurdish drug trafficker .
71-439: Behçet is a Turkish name and may refer to: Given name [ edit ] Behçet Cantürk , Turkish mob boss Behçet Necatigil , Turkish author and poet Behçet Uz , Turkish politician and doctor Surname [ edit ] Hulusi Behçet , Turkish dermatologist and scientist Other uses [ edit ] Behçet's disease , Autoimmune disease Topics referred to by
142-420: A cytokine responsible for promoting the proliferation, growth, and differentiation of T-cells (another cell of the adaptive immune system) and less interleukin-10 (IL-10), a cytokine responsible for promoting a B-cell immune response (B cells produce antibodies to fight off infection). This regulation of cytokines appear to occur via the p38 MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinase)-dependent pathway . Usually,
213-405: A few hours (usually 6 h to 12 h) after the last administration. Early symptoms include watery eyes, insomnia, diarrhea, runny nose, yawning, dysphoria , sweating, and, in some cases, a strong drug craving. Severe headache, restlessness, irritability , loss of appetite, body aches, severe abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, tremors, and even stronger and more intense drug craving appear as
284-521: A logical target for analgesic development. Recently, one study has used an animal model (hind-paw incision) to observe the effects of morphine administration on the acute immunological response. Following hind-paw incision, pain thresholds and cytokine production were measured. Normally, cytokine production in and around the wounded area increases in order to fight infection and control healing (and, possibly, to control pain), but pre-incisional morphine administration (0.1 mg/kg to 10.0 mg/kg) reduced
355-468: A motor vehicle. The findings from this study suggest that stable opioid use does not significantly impair abilities inherent in driving (this includes physical, cognitive and perceptual skills). COAT patients showed rapid completion of tasks that require the speed of responding for successful performance (e.g., Rey Complex Figure Test) but made more errors than controls. COAT patients showed no deficits in visual-spatial perception and organization (as shown in
426-718: A nebulizer. As a recreational drug, it is becoming more common to inhale (" Chasing the Dragon "), but, for medical purposes, intravenous (IV) injection is the most common method of administration. Morphine is subject to extensive first-pass metabolism (a large proportion is broken down in the liver), so, if taken orally, only 40% to 50% of the dose reaches the central nervous system. Resultant plasma levels after subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), and IV injection are all comparable. After IM or SC injections, morphine plasma levels peak in approximately 20 min, and, after oral administration, levels peak in approximately 30 min. Morphine
497-731: A negative impact on anterograde and retrograde memory , but these effects are minimal and transient. Overall, it seems that acute doses of opioids in non-tolerant subjects produce minor effects in some sensory and motor abilities, and perhaps also in attention and cognition. It is likely that the effects of morphine will be more pronounced in opioid-naive subjects than chronic opioid users. In chronic opioid users, such as those on Chronic Opioid Analgesic Therapy (COAT) for managing severe, chronic pain , behavioural testing has shown normal functioning on perception, cognition, coordination and behaviour in most cases. One 2000 study analysed COAT patients to determine whether they were able to safely operate
568-409: A pain medication, this compound has become the benchmark to which all other opioids are compared. It interacts predominantly with the μ–δ-opioid (Mu-Delta) receptor heteromer . The μ-binding sites are discretely distributed in the human brain , with high densities in the posterior amygdala , hypothalamus , thalamus , nucleus caudatus , putamen , and certain cortical areas. They are also found on
639-564: A plant. Merck began marketing it commercially in 1827. Morphine was more widely used after the invention of the hypodermic syringe in 1853–1855. Sertürner originally named the substance morphium , after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus , as it has a tendency to cause sleep. The primary source of morphine is isolation from poppy straw of the opium poppy . In 2013, approximately 523 tons of morphine were produced. Approximately 45 tons were used directly for pain, an increase of 400% over
710-417: Is dose-dependent and occurs in both therapeutic and recreational users. Morphine can interfere with menstruation by suppressing levels of luteinizing hormone . Many studies suggest the majority (perhaps as many as 90%) of chronic opioid users have opioid-induced hypogonadism. This effect may cause the increased likelihood of osteoporosis and bone fracture observed in chronic morphine users. Studies suggest
781-408: Is metabolised primarily in the liver and approximately 87% of a dose of morphine is excreted in the urine within 72 h of administration. Morphine is metabolized primarily into morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) via glucuronidation by phase II metabolism enzyme UDP-glucuronosyl transferase-2B7 (UGT2B7). About 60% of morphine is converted to M3G, and 6% to 10%
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#1732794353937852-621: Is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid with two additional ring closures. As Jack DeRuiter of the Department of Drug Discovery and Development (formerly, Pharmacal Sciences), Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University stated in his Fall 2000 course notes for that earlier department's "Principles of Drug Action 2" course, "Examination of the morphine molecule reveals the following structural features important to its pharmacological profile... Morphine and most of its derivatives do not exhibit optical isomerism, although some more distant relatives like
923-536: Is also a κ-opioid receptor (KOR) and δ-opioid receptor (DOR) agonist. Activation of the KOR is associated with spinal analgesia, miosis (pinpoint pupils), and psychotomimetic effects. The DOR is thought to play a role in analgesia. Although morphine does not bind to the σ receptor , it has been shown that σ receptor agonists, such as (+)-pentazocine , inhibit morphine analgesia, and σ receptor antagonists enhance morphine analgesia, suggesting downstream involvement of
994-432: Is an ester of morphine and a morphine prodrug , essentially meaning they are identical drugs in vivo . Heroin is converted to morphine before binding to the opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, where morphine causes the subjective effects, which is what the addicted individuals are seeking. Several hypotheses are given about how tolerance develops, including opioid receptor phosphorylation (which would change
1065-402: Is converted to M6G. Not only does the metabolism occur in the liver but it may also take place in the brain and the kidneys. M3G does not undergo opioid receptor binding and has no analgesic effect. M6G binds to μ-receptors and is half as potent an analgesic as morphine in humans. Morphine may also be metabolized into small amounts of normorphine , codeine , and hydromorphone . Metabolism rate
1136-650: Is crucial for morphine's pain-relieving effects. Additionally, the neurotrophic factor BDNF , produced within the RVM neurons, is required for morphine's action. Increasing BDNF levels enhances morphine's analgesic effects, even at lower doses. Studies have shown that morphine can alter the expression of a number of genes . A single injection of morphine has been shown to alter the expression of two major groups of genes, for proteins involved in mitochondrial respiration and for cytoskeleton -related proteins. Morphine has long been known to act on receptors expressed on cells of
1207-462: Is derived from morphine, crosses the blood–brain barrier more easily, making it more potent. There are extended-release formulations of orally administered morphine whose effect last longer, which can be given once per day. Brand names for this formulation of morphine include Avinza, Kadian, MS Contin and Dolcontin. For constant pain, the relieving effect of extended-release morphine given once (for Kadian) or twice (for MS Contin) every 24 hours
1278-526: Is detectable in trace steady-state concentrations. The human body also produces endorphins , which are chemically related endogenous opioid peptides that function as neuropeptides and have similar effects to morphine. Morphine is an endogenous opioid in humans. Various human cells are capable of synthesizing and releasing it, including white blood cells . The primary biosynthetic pathway for morphine in humans consists of: The intermediate ( S )-norlaudanosoline (also known as tetrahydropapaveroline)
1349-515: Is determined by gender, age, diet, genetic makeup, disease state (if any), and use of other medications. The elimination half-life of morphine is approximately 120 min, though there may be slight differences between men and women. Morphine can be stored in fat, and, thus, can be detectable even after death. Morphine can cross the blood–brain barrier , but, because of poor lipid solubility, protein binding, rapid conjugation with glucuronic acid and ionization, it does not cross easily. Heroin , which
1420-470: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Beh%C3%A7et Cant%C3%BCrk Behçet's mother, Hatun Demirciyan, was an Armenian from Lice district. His father was named Reşit. Starting in 1975, Cantürk became a partner of some smugglers by providing money for them. In 1975, he participated in organizing the protest rally in Lice , Diyarbakır held by
1491-421: Is different. Once treated with morphine, the p38 MAPK does not produce IL-10, instead favoring production of IL-12. The exact mechanism through which the production of one cytokine is increased in favor over another is not known. Most likely, the morphine causes increased phosphorylation of the p38 MAPK. Transcriptional level interactions between IL-10 and IL-12 may further increase the production of IL-12 once IL-10
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#17327943539371562-710: Is frequently used for pain from myocardial infarction , kidney stones , and during labor . Its maximum effect is reached after about 20 minutes when administered intravenously and 60 minutes when administered by mouth, while the duration of its effect is 3–7 hours. Long-acting formulations of morphine are sold under the brand names MS Contin and Kadian , among others. Generic long-acting formulations are also available. Common side effects of morphine include drowsiness , euphoria , nausea , dizziness , sweating , and constipation . Potentially serious side effects of morphine include decreased respiratory effort , vomiting , and low blood pressure . Morphine
1633-409: Is highly addictive and prone to abuse . If one's dose is reduced after long-term use, opioid withdrawal symptoms may occur. Caution is advised for use of morphine during pregnancy or breast feeding , as it may affect the health of the baby. Morphine was first isolated in 1804 by German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner . This is believed to be the first isolation of a medicinal alkaloid from
1704-506: Is important to note that this study reveals that COAT patients have no domain-specific deficits, which supports the notion that chronic opioid use has minor effects on psychomotor , cognitive , or neuropsychological functioning. Morphine is a highly addictive substance. Numerous studies, including one by The Lancet , ranked morphine/heroin as the #1 most addictive substance, followed by cocaine at #2, nicotine #3, barbiturates at #4, and ethanol at #5. In controlled studies comparing
1775-437: Is not being produced. This increased production of IL-12 causes increased T-cell immune response. Further studies on the effects of morphine on the immune system have shown that morphine influences the production of neutrophils and other cytokines . Since cytokines are produced as part of the immediate immunological response ( inflammation ), it has been suggested that they may also influence pain. In this way, cytokines may be
1846-406: Is produced most predominantly early in the life cycle of the plant. Past the optimum point for extraction, various processes in the plant produce codeine, thebaine , and in some cases negligible amounts of hydromorphone , dihydromorphine , dihydrocodeine , tetrahydro-thebaine, and hydrocodone (these compounds are rather synthesized from thebaine and oripavine). In the brain of mammals, morphine
1917-640: Is roughly the same as multiple administrations of immediate release (or "regular") morphine. Extended-release morphine can be administered together with "rescue doses" of immediate-release morphine as needed in case of breakthrough pain, each generally consisting of 5% to 15% of the 24-hour extended-release dosage. Morphine and its major metabolites, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide, can be detected in blood, plasma, hair, and urine using an immunoassay . Chromatography can be used to test for each of these substances individually. Some testing procedures hydrolyze metabolic products into morphine before
1988-451: Is synthesized through addition of DOPAL and dopamine. CYP2D6 , a cytochrome P450 isoenzyme is involved in two steps along the biosynthetic pathway, catalyzing both the biosynthesis of dopamine from tyramine and of morphine from codeine. Urinary concentrations of endogenous codeine and morphine have been found to significantly increase in individuals taking L-DOPA for the treatment of Parkinson's disease . Biosynthesis of morphine in
2059-450: Is very rarely fatal. Morphine withdrawal is considered less dangerous than alcohol, barbiturate, or benzodiazepine withdrawal. The psychological dependence associated with morphine addiction is complex and protracted. Long after the physical need for morphine has passed, addicts will usually continue to think and talk about the use of morphine (or other drugs) and feel strange or overwhelmed coping with daily activities without being under
2130-614: The Grand Bazaar of İstanbul. In 1983, when Dündar Kılıç and İsmail Hacısüleymanoğlu started to put pressure on the non-Muslim and Diyarbakır-born jewelers in the Grand Bazaar in order to take control of gold and diamonds smuggling, he organized the bombing and an armed attack carried out by ASALA in the Grand Bazaar. As of 1983, he was controlling the heroin market in Diyarbakır and sale of heroin abroad. On June 22, 1984, he
2201-536: The Maddox wing test (a measure of the deviation of the visual axes of the eyes). Few studies have investigated the effects of morphine on motor abilities; a high dose of morphine can impair finger tapping and the ability to maintain a low constant level of isometric force (i.e. fine motor control is impaired), though no studies have shown a correlation between morphine and gross motor abilities. In terms of cognitive abilities, one study has shown that morphine may have
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2272-493: The Progressive Youth Association (İGD) and financially supported the rally. In the same year, he received a medical report through bribes from Konya Military Hospital certifying that he was not suitable for military service. In 1977 he started arms trafficking . Between 1981 and 1983, he was involved in the smuggling of gold and diamonds with the help of jewelers of Armenian and Syriac origin in
2343-478: The Tansu Çiller government had supplied Canturk with a military helicopter to move drugs from East Turkey to West Turkey. He was abducted by Turkish mobsters dressed like police on 14 January 1994, and his corpse was found the next day in the vicinity of Sapanca . Morphine Morphine , formerly also called morphia , is an opiate that is found naturally in opium , a dark brown resin produced by drying
2414-568: The WAIS-R Block Design Test) but did show impaired immediate and short-term visual memory (as shown on the Rey Complex Figure Test ;– Recall). These patients showed no impairments in higher-order cognitive abilities (i.e., planning). COAT patients appeared to have difficulty following instructions and showed a propensity toward impulsive behaviour, yet this did not reach statistical significance. It
2485-412: The analyte is morphine and the limit of detection is 1 ng/ml, a 20 mg intravenous (IV) dose of morphine is detectable for 12–24 hours. A limit of detection of 0.6 ng/ml had similar results. Morphine is a pentacyclic 3°amine (alkaloid) with 5 stereogenic centers and exists in 32 stereoisomeric forms . But the desired analgesic activity resides exclusively in the natural product,
2556-536: The assay and tissue being tested; in some situations it is a full agonist while in others it can be a partial agonist or even antagonist . In clinical settings, morphine exerts its principal pharmacological effect on the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract . Its primary actions of therapeutic value are analgesia and sedation. Activation of the MOR is associated with analgesia, sedation, euphoria , physical dependence , and respiratory depression . Morphine
2627-466: The central nervous system resulting in pain relief and analgesia . In the 1970s and '80s, evidence suggesting that opioid drug addicts show increased risk of infection (such as increased pneumonia , tuberculosis , and HIV/AIDS ) led scientists to believe that morphine may also affect the immune system . This possibility increased interest in the effect of chronic morphine use on the immune system. The first step of determining that morphine may affect
2698-401: The codeinone reductase . Researchers are attempting to reproduce the biosynthetic pathway that produces morphine in genetically engineered yeast . In June 2015 the S -reticuline could be produced from sugar and R -reticuline could be converted to morphine, but the intermediate reaction could not be performed. In August 2015 the first complete synthesis of thebaine and hydrocodone in yeast
2769-420: The myenteric plexus in the intestinal tract, reducing gut motility, causing constipation. The gastrointestinal effects of morphine are mediated primarily by μ-opioid receptors in the bowel. By inhibiting gastric emptying and reducing propulsive peristalsis of the intestine, morphine decreases the rate of intestinal transit. Reduction in gut secretion and increased intestinal fluid absorption also contribute to
2840-460: The opium poppy begins with two tyrosine derivatives, dopamine and 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde . Condensation of these precursors yields the primary intermediate higenamine (norcoclaurine). Subsequent action of four enzymes yields the tetrahydroisoquinoline reticuline , which is converted into salutaridine , thebaine , and oripavine . The enzymes involved in this process are the salutaridine synthase , salutaridine:NADPH 7-oxidoreductase and
2911-400: The terminal axons of primary afferents within laminae I and II ( substantia gelatinosa ) of the spinal cord and in the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve . Morphine is a phenanthrene opioid receptor agonist – its main effect is binding to and activating the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) in the central nervous system . Its intrinsic activity at the MOR is heavily dependent on
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2982-474: The (-)-enantiomer with the configuration ( 5R,6S,9R,13S,14R). Morphine is the most abundant opiate found in opium , the dried latex extracted by shallowly scoring the unripe seedpods of the Papaver somniferum poppy. Morphine is generally 8–14% of the dry weight of opium. Przemko and Norman cultivars of the opium poppy, are used to produce two other alkaloids, thebaine and oripavine , which are used in
3053-546: The United States, with more than 4 million prescriptions. It is available as a generic medication . Morphine is used primarily to treat both acute and chronic severe pain . Its duration of analgesia is about three to seven hours. Side effects of nausea and constipation are rarely severe enough to warrant stopping treatment. It is used for pain due to myocardial infarction and for labor pains. However, concerns exist that morphine may increase mortality in
3124-400: The activation of a specific group of neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla , called the "morphine ensemble." This ensemble includes glutamatergic neurons that project to spinal cord, known as RVM neurons. These neurons connect to inhibitory neurons in the spinal cord, called SC neurons, which release the neurotransmitter GABA and the neuropeptide galanin . The inhibition of SC neurons
3195-415: The bones and muscles of the back and extremities occur, as do muscle spasms. At any point during this process, a suitable narcotic can be administered that will dramatically reverse the withdrawal symptoms. Major withdrawal symptoms peak between 48 h and 96 h after the last dose and subside after about 8 to 12 days. Sudden discontinuation of morphine by heavily dependent users who are in poor health
3266-448: The constipating effect. Opioids also may act on the gut indirectly through tonic gut spasms after inhibition of nitric oxide generation. This effect was shown in animals when a nitric oxide precursor, L-arginine , reversed morphine-induced changes in gut motility. Clinical studies consistently conclude that morphine, like other opioids, often causes hypogonadism and hormone imbalances in chronic users of both sexes. This side effect
3337-559: The drugs, he chose smugglers, who supported the PKK financially. On various dates, he collected money in the name of the PKK from drug smugglers named Savaş Buldan , Hüseyin Erez , Hasan Erez , Cahit Kocakaya and Eyüp Kocakaya . But it was later announced that he only paid money to PKK and PKK had no relation to any drug deals. After the Ergenekon trials , some information was revealed that
3408-574: The effect is temporary. As of 2013 , the effect of low-dose or acute use of morphine on the endocrine system is unclear. Most reviews conclude that opioids produce minimal impairment of human performance on tests of sensory, motor, or attentional abilities. However, recent studies have been able to show some impairments caused by morphine, which is not surprising, given that morphine is a central nervous system depressant . Morphine has resulted in impaired functioning on critical flicker frequency (a measure of overall CNS arousal) and impaired performance on
3479-431: The event of non ST elevation myocardial infarction . Morphine has also traditionally been used in the treatment of acute pulmonary edema . However, a 2006 review found little evidence to support this practice. A 2016 Cochrane review concluded that morphine is effective in relieving cancer pain . Morphine is beneficial in reducing the symptom of shortness of breath due to both cancer and non-cancer causes. In
3550-452: The growth of tolerance in the longer run, particularly agents known to have significantly incomplete cross-tolerance with morphine such as levorphanol , ketobemidone , piritramide , and methadone and its derivatives; all of these drugs also have NMDA antagonist properties. It is believed that the strong opioid with the most incomplete cross-tolerance with morphine is either methadone or dextromoramide . Morphine creates analgesia through
3621-409: The highest level. As commonly cited , they are: In advanced stages of withdrawal, ultrasonographic evidence of pancreatitis has been demonstrated in some patients and is presumably attributed to spasm of the pancreatic sphincter of Oddi . The withdrawal symptoms associated with morphine addiction are usually experienced shortly before the time of the next scheduled dose, sometimes within as early as
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#17327943539373692-550: The immune system was to establish that the opiate receptors known to be expressed on cells of the central nervous system are also expressed on cells of the immune system. One study successfully showed that dendritic cells , part of the innate immune system, display opiate receptors. Dendritic cells are responsible for producing cytokines , which are the tools for communication in the immune system. This same study showed that dendritic cells chronically treated with morphine during their differentiation produce more interleukin-12 (IL-12),
3763-556: The immunoassay, which must be considered when comparing morphine levels in separately published results. Morphine can also be isolated from whole blood samples by solid phase extraction (SPE) and detected using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Ingestion of codeine or food containing poppy seeds can cause false positives. A 1999 review estimated that relatively low doses of heroin (which metabolizes immediately into morphine) are detectable by standard urine tests for 1–1.5 days after use. A 2009 review determined that, when
3834-521: The influence of morphine. Psychological withdrawal from morphine is usually a very long and painful process. Addicts often experience severe depression, anxiety, insomnia, mood swings, forgetfulness, low self-esteem , confusion , paranoia , and other psychological problems. Without intervention, the syndrome will run its course, and most of the overt physical symptoms will disappear within 7 to 10 days including psychological dependence. A high probability of relapse exists after morphine withdrawal when neither
3905-637: The last twenty years. Most use for this purpose was in the developed world . About 70% of morphine is used to make other opioids such as hydromorphone , oxymorphone , and heroin . It is a Schedule II drug in the United States, Class A in the United Kingdom, and Schedule I in Canada. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines . In 2022, it was the 139th most commonly prescribed medication in
3976-630: The latex of opium poppies ( Papaver somniferum ). It is mainly used as an analgesic (pain medication). There are numerous methods used to administer morphine: oral; sublingual ; via inhalation; injection into a muscle , injection under the skin , or injection into the spinal cord area; transdermal ; or via rectal suppository . It acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to induce analgesia and alter perception and emotional response to pain. Physical and psychological dependence and tolerance may develop with repeated administration. It can be taken for both acute pain and chronic pain and
4047-402: The manufacture of semi-synthetic and synthetic opioids like oxycodone and etorphine . P. bracteatum does not contain morphine or codeine , or other narcotic phenanthrene -type, alkaloids. This species is rather a source of thebaine . Occurrence of morphine in other Papaverales and Papaveraceae , as well as in some species of hops and mulberry trees has not been confirmed. Morphine
4118-404: The number of cytokines found around the wound in a dose-dependent manner. The authors suggest that morphine administration in the acute post-injury period may reduce resistance to infection and may impair the healing of the wound. Morphine can be taken orally , sublingually , bucally , rectally , subcutaneously , intranasally , intravenously , intrathecally or epidurally and inhaled via
4189-421: The p38 within the dendritic cell expresses TLR 4 (toll-like receptor 4), which is activated through the ligand LPS ( lipopolysaccharide ). This causes the p38 MAPK to be phosphorylated . This phosphorylation activates the p38 MAPK to begin producing IL-10 and IL-12. When the dendritic cells are chronically exposed to morphine during their differentiation process then treated with LPS, the production of cytokines
4260-399: The person does not receive medical attention immediately. Overdose treatment includes the administration of naloxone . The latter completely reverses morphine's effects, but may result in immediate onset of withdrawal in opiate-addicted subjects. Multiple doses may be needed as the duration of action of morphine is longer than that of naloxone. Due to its long history and established use as
4331-404: The physical environment nor the behavioral motivators that contributed to the abuse have been altered. Testimony to morphine's addictive and reinforcing nature is its relapse rate. Abusers of morphine have one of the highest relapse rates among all drug users, ranging up to 98% in the estimation of some medical experts. A large overdose can cause asphyxia and death by respiratory depression if
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#17327943539374402-437: The physiological and subjective effects of heroin and morphine in individuals formerly addicted to opiates, subjects showed no preference for one drug over the other. Equipotent, injected doses had comparable action courses, with heroin crossing the blood–brain barrier slightly quicker. No difference in subjects' self-rated feelings of euphoria , ambition, nervousness, relaxation, or drowsiness. Short-term addiction studies by
4473-451: The prototypical opioid withdrawal syndrome, which, unlike that of barbiturates , benzodiazepines , alcohol , or sedative -hypnotics, is not fatal by itself in otherwise healthy people. Acute morphine withdrawal, along with that of any other opioid, proceeds through a number of stages. Other opioids differ in the intensity and length of each, and weak opioids and mixed agonist-antagonists may have acute withdrawal syndromes that do not reach
4544-440: The receptor conformation), functional decoupling of receptors from G-proteins (leading to receptor desensitization), μ-opioid receptor internalization or receptor down-regulation (reducing the number of available receptors for morphine to act on), and upregulation of the cAMP pathway (a counterregulatory mechanism to opioid effects) (For a review of these processes, see Koch and Hollt ). Cessation of dosing with morphine creates
4615-588: The same researchers demonstrated that tolerance developed at a similar rate to both heroin and morphine. When compared to the opioids hydromorphone , fentanyl , oxycodone , and pethidine , former addicts showed a strong preference for heroin and morphine, suggesting that heroin and morphine are particularly susceptible to abuse and addiction. Morphine and heroin also produced higher rates of euphoria and other positive subjective effects when compared to these other opioids. The choice of heroin and morphine over other opioids by former drug addicts may also be because heroin
4686-504: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Behçet . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behçet&oldid=1159992556 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Turkish-language surnames Turkish masculine given names Masculine given names Hidden categories: Short description
4757-683: The setting of breathlessness at rest or on minimal exertion from conditions such as advanced cancer or end-stage cardiorespiratory diseases, regular, low-dose sustained-release morphine significantly reduces breathlessness safely, with its benefits maintained over time. Morphine is also available as a slow-release formulation for opiate substitution therapy (OST) in Austria, Germany, Bulgaria, Slovenia, and Canada for persons with opioid addiction who cannot tolerate either methadone or buprenorphine . Relative contraindications to morphine include: Like loperamide and other opioids, morphine acts on
4828-476: The syndrome progresses. Severe depression and vomiting are very common. During the acute withdrawal period, systolic and diastolic blood pressures increase, usually beyond premorphine levels, and heart rate increases, which have potential to cause a heart attack, blood clot, or stroke. Chills or cold flashes with goose bumps alternating with flushing (hot flashes), kicking movements of the legs, and excessive sweating are also characteristic symptoms. Severe pains in
4899-415: The σ receptor in the actions of morphine. The effects of morphine can be countered with opioid receptor antagonists such as naloxone and naltrexone ; the development of tolerance to morphine may be inhibited by NMDA receptor antagonists such as ketamine , dextromethorphan , and memantine . The rotation of morphine with chemically dissimilar opioids in the long-term treatment of pain will slow down
4970-857: Was arrested by the Military Court in Ankara for membership of the Kurdistan Workers Party and the Kurdistan Avantguard Workers Party. He and Hüseyin Baybaşin were partners in the smuggling of 3 tons of drugs on the ship MV Kısmetim 1 that sunk in the Mediterranean end of December 1992. In April 1992, along with a person named Iranian Hüsno, he brought six tons of morphine base and five tons of marijuana from Pakistan. While distributing
5041-689: Was reported, but the process would need to be 100,000 times more productive to be suitable for commercial use. Elements of the morphine structure have been used to create completely synthetic drugs such as the morphinan family ( levorphanol , dextromethorphan and others) and other groups that have many members with morphine-like qualities. The modification of morphine and the aforementioned synthetics has also given rise to non-narcotic drugs with other uses such as emetics, stimulants, antitussives, anticholinergics, muscle relaxants, local anaesthetics, general anaesthetics, and others. Morphine-derived agonist–antagonist drugs have also been developed. Morphine
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