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90-413: The Palestine Exploration Fund 's Survey of Western Palestine in 1883 described Beit Jimal (alt. sp. Beit el Jemâl ) as possessing a natural spring three-quarters of a mile to the east, while to the south were caves. Natural brushwood consisting mainly of oak, buckthorn and mastic trees can be seen on the adjacent hill country lying to its south. To the east of Beit Jimal at a few hours' walking distance

180-605: A Palestinian Authority -controlled area. In 2013, the monastery suffered from a "price tag" attack , when the hallway of the monastery was firebombed and the slogans "price tag," "death to the Gentiles," and "revenge" were sprayed on its walls. The monastery was vandalized several times in subsequent years. A meteorological station was established in Beit Jimal in 1919 which is still in operation today. Palestine Exploration Fund The Palestine Exploration Fund

270-550: A tabula ansata . The writing on it was eventually deciphered by Emile Puech, expert in ancient writing from the Ecole Biblique. The writing ran, ΔΙΑΚΟΝΙΚΩΝ ΣΤΕΦΑΝΟΥ ΠΡΩΤΟΜΑΡΤΥΡΟΣ , " Diaconicon of Stephen the Protomartyr". A diaconicon of a Byzantine church was one of the two spaces or chapels flanking the sanctuary, which often housed holy relics . This is therefore solid evidence for identifying Beit Jimal with

360-442: A farm servant. At 12, he found life at home unbearable because of the continuous quarrels with Antonio. Having to face life by himself at such a young age may have developed his later sympathies to help abandoned boys. After begging unsuccessfully for work, he ended up at the wine farm of Louis Moglia. Although he could pursue some studies by himself, he was not able to attend school for two more years. In 1830, he met Joseph Cafasso ,

450-643: A library containing books pertaining to the diverse interests of itself and its members. The journal of the PEF devoted to the study of the history, archaeology and geography of the Levant has appeared under two successive titles: For more see below under Further reading . Don Bosco John Melchior Bosco , SDB ( Italian : Giovanni Melchiorre Bosco ; Piedmontese : Gioann Melchior Bòsch ; 16 August 1815  – 31 January 1888), popularly known as Don Bosco ( IPA : [ˈdɔm ˈbɔsko, bo-] ),

540-456: A mission. Adopting a way of evangelization that would not expose his missionaries to wild, uncivilized tribes, he proposed setting up bases in safe locations at which missionary efforts were to be launched. Negotiations started after Archbishop Aneiros of Buenos Aires had indicated that he would be glad to receive the Salesians. In a ceremony held on 29 January 1875, Bosco was able to convey

630-814: A missionary if his director, Joseph Cafasso , had not opposed the idea. Bosco nevertheless eagerly read the Italian edition of the Annals of the Propagation of the Faith and used this magazine to illustrate his Cattolico Provveduto (1853) and his Month of May booklets (1858). When Bosco founded the Salesian Society, the thought of the missions still obsessed him but completely lacked the financial means. For three years he collected information about different countries. A request from Argentina turned him towards

720-504: A nearby Church." His childhood experiences are thought to have inspired him to become a priest . Being a priest was then more commonly a profession for the privileged classes than for farmers. Some biographers portray his older brother, Antonio, as the main obstacle for Bosco's ambition to study, as Antonio protested that John was just "a farmer like us!" On a cold morning in February 1827, John left his home and went to look for work as

810-790: A people without a land ," which was to become widely used by advocates of Jewish settlement in Palestine. And, he added: "But let it return into the hands of the Israelites..." In 1878, the Treasurer's statement listed over 130 local associations of the PEF in the United Kingdom (including Ireland). There were also branches in Canada and Australia, and Gaza City and Jerusalem . Expenditure in 1877 amounted to £2,959 14s 11d. Notable persons associated with PEF: The first 21 years of

900-457: A population of 37 households, all Muslims . They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33.3% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, olive trees, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 3,500 akçe . In 1838, Beit el-Jemal was noted as a Muslim village in the Er-Ramleh area. It was further noted to be in "ruins". Victor Guérin visited in 1863, and reported that

990-649: A population of 59; 56 Christians and 3 Muslims , where the Christians were 29 Roman Catholics, 24 Melkites and 2 Maronites . By the 1931 census this had increased to 168; 78 Christians and 90 Muslims, in a total of 22 houses. In the 1945 statistics the population of Beit Jimal consisted of 240; 120 Muslims and 120 Christians and the land area was 4,878 dunams , according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 715 dunams were designated for plantations and irrigable land, 2,899 for cereals, while 1,264 dunams were classified as non-cultivable land. During

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1080-437: A profound impression on him for the rest of his life" according to his memoirs. Bosco apparently saw a multitude of very poor boys playing and blaspheming, and a man, who "appeared, nobly attired, with a manly and imposing bearing", and said to him, "You will have to win these friends of yours not with blows, but with gentleness and kindness. So begin right now to show them that sin is ugly and virtue beautiful." Bosco, when he

1170-420: A religious order to keep the oratory going after its founder's death. Bosco had been thinking about that problem too and had been slowly organizing his helpers into a loose Congregation of St. Francis de Sales. He was also training select older boys for the priesthood. Another supporter of the idea of establishing a religious order to carry out Bosco's vision was the reigning pope, Pope Pius IX . Bosco disliked

1260-570: A repressive system of education. On 12 March 1877, Bosco gave an opening address on the systems of education during the day for the opening of the St. Peter's Youth Center in the new quarters of the Patronage de Saint Pierre in Nice in which he first mentioned the term "Preventive System". Upon his return to Turin , Bosco wrote down the address as a polished essay under the title The Preventive System in

1350-550: A series of dreams about "great funerals at court" that referred to politicians or members of the Savoy court. In November 1854, Bosco sent a letter to King Victor Emmanuel II and admonished him to oppose the confiscation of church property and suppression of the orders; the King failed to respond. His actions, which had been described by the Italian historian Roberto Petoia as having "manifest blackmailing intentions", ended only after

1440-473: A unique insight into the lives of two of the women comprising the PEF workforce. Subsequent directors only referred to the women in their employ as anonymous labourers, sometimes complaining that they brought too much gossip—though in Bliss' journals, he recounts more familial and romantic tension that caused trouble on site among the men. For some years, the fund's office was located north of Wigmore Street in

1530-610: A young priest who identified some natural talent and supported his first schooling. Bosco's mother, Margherita, managed to earn enough money to finance his education. In 1835, Bosco entered the seminary at Chieri , next to the Church of the Immacolata Concezione . In 1841, after six years of study, he was ordained a priest on the eve of Trinity Sunday by Archbishop Franzoni of Turin. He was twenty-six years old. After ordination, Bosco went to Turin, where Cafasso headed

1620-743: Is a British society based in London . It was founded in 1865, shortly after the completion of the Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem by Royal Engineers of the War Department. The Fund is the oldest known organization in the world created specifically for the study of the Levant region, also known as Palestine . Often simply known as the PEF , its initial objective was to carry out surveys of the topography and ethnography of Ottoman Palestine – producing

1710-521: Is held before an lecture. Each year the Palestine Exploration Fund offers grants for travel and research related to topics connected with its founding aims. "to promote research into the archaeology and history, manners and customs and culture, topography, geology and natural sciences of biblical Palestine and the Levant" The committee welcomes interdisciplinary applications relating to the fund's aims, as well as those relating to

1800-464: Is located in a region that was called Castelnuovo d'Asti, which was later renamed Castelnuovo Don Bosco in honour of the saint. He was the youngest son of Francesco Bosco (1784–1817) and Margherita Occhiena (1788–1856). He had two older brothers, Antonio and Giuseppe (1813–1862). The Boscos of Becchi were farmhands of the Moglian Family. He was born in a time of great shortage and famine in

1890-443: Is one woman employed to work on an excavation with Bliss, at Tell el-Hesi . He first writes about her in 1891, noting that she is a capital worker though "a bolder, wilder girl I never saw". He describes her capacity to run all over the site and clear the trenches for excavation with wonder, also commenting on her good looks and marriage prospects. He writes about her cousin, Rizq, as well, and her abilities to haul earth. Bliss provided

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1980-624: Is the land from which comes news of our Redemption. It is the land towards which we turn as the fountain of all our hopes; it is the land to which we may look with as true a patriotism as we do in this dear old England, which we love so much." Speech at the first meeting of the PEF: William Thomson , the Archbishop of York and first President of the PEF Following the completion of the Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem ,

2070-654: The 1948 Arab–Israeli War , the village was occupied by Egyptian troops, before being evicted by the Har'el Brigade in Operation Ha-Har . The large campus is in the possession of the Society of St Francis de Sales (Salesians of Don Bosco), who have a monastery. Besides this, there are two other monasteries, one for men (since 2000) and one for women (since 1987), belonging to the Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of

2160-473: The Association of Salesian Cooperators , with the same educational mission to the poor. Bosco established a network of organizations and centres to carry on his work. Bosco's sainthood cause was opened after his death, and following his beatification in 1929, he was canonized by Pope Pius XI in 1934. John Bosco was born on the evening of 16 August 1815 in the hillside hamlet of Becchi, Italy. Becchi

2250-569: The Biblical archaeologists and clergymen who supported the survey financed the creation of the fund. It was founded on 22 June 1865 with initial funding of £300. The most notable of the founders were Arthur P. Stanley , the Dean of Westminster , and George Grove , who later founded the Royal College of Music and was responsible for Grove's Dictionary of Music . Its founders established

2340-526: The Earl of Shaftesbury , a prominent social reformer, told the Annual General Meeting of the PEF that "We have there a land teeming with fertility and rich in history, but almost without an inhabitant – a country without a people, and look! scattered over the world, a people without a country." It was one of the earliest usages by a prominent politician of the phrase " A land without a people for

2430-647: The Marylebone section of the City of Westminster , London, but in early 2019, the PEF moved to 5-6 Dreadnought Walk, Greenwich , London. Chief Executive and Curator of the PEF, Felicity Cobbing, told The Jordan Times that the Ottoman's Palestine region included historical Palestine, Jordan, southern Syria, Lebanon, the Sinai Peninsula and the island of Cyprus. The PEF's "goal was – and remains – to study

2520-467: The PEF Survey of Palestine . Its remit was considered to fall between an expeditionary survey and military intelligence gathering. There was also strong religious interest from Christians; William Thomson , Archbishop of York, was the first president of the PEF. As a result, the PEF had a complex relationship with Corps of Royal Engineers of the War Department. The PEF members sent back reports to

2610-797: The Salesian Preventive System . A follower of the spirituality and philosophy of Francis de Sales , Bosco was an ardent devotee of the Virgin Mary under the title Mary Help of Christians . He later dedicated his works to de Sales when he founded the Salesians of Don Bosco , based in Turin. Together with Maria Domenica Mazzarello , he founded the Institute of the Daughters of Mary Help of Christians , now commonly known as

2700-652: The Salesians founded by Don Bosco at Turin. In 1899, there were about 30 orphans housed at the Beit Jimal Orphanage, along with nuns and brothers of the society. After the war's end, the Ottoman Empire was partitioned and Mandatory Palestine was accorded to the United Kingdom by the League of Nations . In a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Bait Jamal had

2790-484: The Archbishop of York, publicly read the original prospectus at this meeting; [O]ur object is strictly an inductive inquiry. We are not to be a religious society; we are not about to launch controversy; we are about to apply the rules of science, which are so well understood by us in our branches, to an investigation into the facts concerning the Holy Land. "No country should be of so much interest to us as that in which

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2880-569: The Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno (or simply Monks and Sisters of Bethlehem). The nuns do not belong to Salesian Sisters who left the place in 1985. These monks and nuns spend time in silence, prayer and work. Next to the Salesian house there is also a small and well-appointed church, called St. Stephen , built in 1930 on the ruins of a 5th-century Byzantine church discovered on

2970-705: The British Museum Department of Middle East, the Palestine Exploration Fund hosts free lectures that reflect the diverse interests of their membership. The PEF also co-ordinates joint lectures with the Council for British Research in the Levant, the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society, the Society for Arabian Studies, and the Egypt Exploration Society. Once a year, an Annual General Meeting (AGM)

3060-608: The Camel" or "Village of the Recompense", and purportedly so named for Gamaliel , president of the ancient Jewish legislative body, the Sanhedrin . The Christian tradition believes that Gamaliel was buried here, as was Saint Stephen , the first Christian martyr, and Nicodemus . In 415 their remains were disclosed in a dream and discovered by the priest Lucian, and removed at the orders of John, Bishop of Jerusalem, for depositing in

3150-577: The Church of Hagia Sion on Mount Zion , at the site of today's Abbey of the Dormition . Thanks to the excavations carried out by Andrzej Strus on site, it is now largely accepted that in Byzantine times this was considered to be the burial site of St Stephen, Gamaliel, Nicodemus and Gamaliel's son Abibos. In 2003, near a circular structure uncovered by Strus, was found a stone architrave or lintel with

3240-463: The Cremisan monastery winery just south of Jerusalem. The monastery has a small shop that offers its locally made olive oil and red wines. An alternative suggests that the cave site may have contained a mikveh belonging to a wealthy Jewish family. The name Beit Jamal appears to preserve the toponym Kfar Gamala (Gamala Village), which in turn suggests a link to rabbi Gamaliel. The agricultural school

3330-624: The Education of the Youth , which was published in 1877 and in which he included in the initial draft of the Rule for the Salesian Order. It espoused the values of reason, religion, and loving kindness with a goal of producing "good Christians and honest citizens". That was one type of Bosco's systematic exposition of his educational system. His preferred way to explain his educational approach

3420-650: The Fall of the Roman Empire , which was translated and continued to the present by John Daniel Morell and was noted by scholars for its cultural importance on the knowledge base of ancient to modern civilization. He was also a skilled biographer. His two most well-known biographies were on his mentor, Joseph Cafasso , and one of his students, Dominic Savio , which would later be instrumental in his canonization . Following are Bosco's works in roughly chronological order. Saint Bosco died on 31 January 1888. His funeral

3510-462: The Fund to carry baskets of soil from the excavations to the dump. These women also cut back brush and dug. The majority of these women remain nameless, as they were hired to perform hard labour on behalf of the trained archaeologists. Bliss took an active interest in the lives of his workers—though not necessarily in their well-being—recording a few names and stories. In his diary, Bliss wrote that most of

3600-577: The Indians of Patagonia , and a study of its people convinced him that the country and its inhabitants were the ones that he had seen in his dream. In late 1874, Bosco received letters from the Argentine consul at Savona requesting that he accept an Italian parish in Buenos Aires and a school for boys at San Nicolas de Los Arroyos. Bosco regarded it as a sign of Providence and started to prepare

3690-495: The Institute of Saint Francis of Assisi, which provided higher education for the diocesan priests. Turin then had a population of 117,000 inhabitants. The city reflected the effects of industrialization and urbanization. Numerous poor families lived in the slums of the city and had come from the countryside in search of a better life. During his studies, Bosco accompanied Cafasso in visiting the prisons and became concerned regarding

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3780-518: The PEF's archival collections. The PEF grants are open to all members of the PEF or someone who is becoming a member. The PEF's offices also house collections of photographs, maps, specimens, manuscripts, and paintings. At their location in London, there are collections over 6,000 artefacts that range in date from 40,000 B.C. to the 19th century. The archives contain over 40,000 photographs of Palestine , Jordan , and Syria . Objects come from sites in

3870-763: The Philippines, Pakistan, Lebanon and the United States. Several institutions in Engadine, New South Wales , were also named for Bosco, including St John Bosco Parish, St John Bosco Primary School, and St John Bosco College . Bosco was the subject of the 1935 biopic Don Bosco , directed by Goffredo Alessandrini , and was played by the actor Gian Paolo Rosmino . Bosco was also the subject of two Italian movies: Don Bosco (1988) and Saint John Bosco: Mission to Love (2004). A borough in Quilmes , Argentina,

3960-670: The Piedmontese countryside, following the devastation wrought by the Napoleonic Wars and drought in 1817. When Bosco was little more than two years old, his father died, which left the support of three boys to his mother. She played a strong role in Bosco's formation and personality, and was an early supporter of her son's ideals. In 1825, when he was nine, Bosco had the first of a series of dreams that would play an influential role in his outlook and work. This first dream "left

4050-514: The Salesian Congregation. Among the first members were Michael Rua, John Cagliero (who later became a Cardinal), and John Baptist Francesca. In 1857 Bosco drew up a set of rules for his helpers. This rule was approved definitively in 1873 by Pope Pius IX as the Rule of the Society of Saint Francis de Sales. In 1859, Bosco selected the experienced priest Vittorio Alasonatti, 15 seminarians, and one high school boy and formed them into

4140-538: The Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco, a religious congregation of nuns dedicated to the care and education of poor girls. He taught Dominic Savio , of whom he wrote a biography that helped the young boy be canonized . He is one of the pioneers of mutual aid societies that were initiated as collaborative financial support to young migrant Catholic workers in the city of Turin. In 1850, he drew up regulations to assist apprentices and their companions when any of them

4230-416: The Society of St. Francis de Sales. That was the nucleus of the Salesians, the religious order that would carry on his work. When the group had its next meeting, it voted on the admission of Joseph Rossi as a lay member, the first Salesian brother. The Salesian Congregation was divided into priests, seminarians, and coadjutors (the lay brothers). Bosco then worked with Mary Mazzarello and a group of girls in

4320-490: The South Levant, in particular from Jerusalem, Tell el Hesi, and Samaria. The material comes almost exclusively from PEF excavations carried out between the 1860s to the 1930s. Items on display include artefacts from excavations by Charles Warren , Sir William Flinders Petrie , Frederick Jones Bliss , and John Crowfoot . The PEF also has a collection of casts from original items that now reside in different areas around

4410-410: The UK on the need to salvage and modernise the Levant region. "This country of Palestine belongs to you and me, it is essentially ours. It was given to the Father of Israel in the words: "Walk through the land in the length of it, and in the breadth of it, for I will give it unto thee". We mean to walk through Palestine in the length and in the breadth of it, because that land has been given unto us. It

4500-456: The accumulation of rubbish and ruins on which those villages stand ... The PEF conducted many early excavations of biblical and post-biblical sites around the Levant , as well as studies involving natural history, anthropology, history and geography. In 1867, Charles Warren led PEF's biggest expedition. Warren and his team improved the topography of Jerusalem and discovered the ancient water systems that lay beneath this city. The water system

4590-426: The ancient Kfar Gamla, the traditional burial site of Saint Stephen. In 2017, extensive remains of a sixth-century Byzantine monastery were excavated; finds included a large mosaic featuring birds, foliage and pomegranates. Beit Jimal, like the rest of Palestine , was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the tax registers of 1596, it was a village in the nahiya of Gaza, Sanjak of Gaza , with

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4680-424: The art of printing and publishing in view of future employment. Bosco had been popularly known as the patron saint of illusionists. On 30 January 2002, Silvio Mantelli petitioned Pope John Paul II to declare Bosco formally to the patron of stage magicians . Catholic stage magicians who practice gospel magic venerate Bosco by offering free magic shows to underprivileged children on his feast day. Bosco's work

4770-426: The benefit of underprivileged youth, especially orphans in 1873. By 1881, a Latin Convent was being built there, known as the Latin Hospice and Orphanage. The land was purchased by the Marquis of Bute , and given by him to Don Belloni for the construction of an Agricultural School, similar to the one established by him in Bethlehem. In 1892, Don Belloni transferred the Orphanage and School to a religious society known as

4860-540: The city, Bosco found the traditional methods of parish ministry to be inefficient. He decided that it was necessary to try another form of apostolate, and he began to meet the boys where they worked and gathered in shops and marketplaces. They were pavers, stonecutters, masons, and plasterers who had come from far away, as he recalled in his brief Memoires . The Oratorio was not simply a charitable institution, and its activities were not limited to Sundays. For Don Bosco, it became his permanent occupation. He looked for jobs for

4950-471: The country, its people and its natural, ancient and cultural heritage," she added. The new Greenwich headquarters provides more space for PEF collections and its specialist library. "Now we can welcome many more scholars and we can look forward to developing collaborative projects with other institutions both in the UK and internationally," Cobbing said. The PEF holds regular events and lectures and provides annual grants for various projects. In partnership with

5040-405: The different types of stonework he encountered at different levels and other features, such as Robinson's Arch on the western side and the Herodian street below it. ... in 1884 the PEF published a large portfolio of 50 of Warren's maps, plans and drawings titled Plans, Elevations, Sections, etc., Shewing the Results of the Excavations at Jerusalem, 1867–70 (now known as the 'Warren Atlas')." In 1875,

5130-414: The documents of our Faith were written, and the momentous events they describe enacted. At the same time no country more urgently requires illustration ... Even to a casual traveller in the Holy Land the Bible becomes, in its form, and therefore to some extent in its substance, a new book. Much would be gained by ...bringing to light the remains of so many races and generations which must lie concealed under

5220-406: The efforts and contracts, the situation of the apprentices of the time remained difficult. One influential friend was the Piedmontese justice minister Urbano Rattazzi . He was anticlerical in his politics but saw some value in Bosco's work. While Rattazzi was pushing a bill through the Sardinian legislature to suppress religious orders, he advised Bosco on how to get around the law. He found

5310-493: The excavations of Flinders Petrie and Frederick Jones Bliss at Tell el Hesi (1890–1892), the excavations of R.A.S. Macalister at Gezer (1902–06), Duncan Mackenzie 's excavations at Ain Shems-Beth Shemesh in 1910–1912, C. L. Woolley and T. E. Lawrence on the Wilderness of Zin Survey (1913–14), and many others. In addition to these items, the PEF also maintains a collection of photographs of expeditions, coins, natural history, models, and historic forgeries. The PEF also houses

5400-580: The first contracts of apprenticeship to be found in Turin. All of them are signed by the employer, the apprentice, and Don Bosco. In those contracts, Don Bosco touched on many sensitive issues. Some employers customarily made servants and scullery boys of the apprentices. Don Bosco obliged them to agree to employ the boys only in their acknowledged trade. Employers used to beat the boys, and Don Bosco required them to agree that corrections be made only verbally. He cared for their health and demanded that they be given rest on feast days and an annual holiday. Despite all

5490-457: The following activities have been reported: The Palestine Exploration Fund was also involved in the foundation of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem in 1919. The School worked with the Fund in joint excavations at Jerusalem's Ophel in the 1920s. The school's second director, John Winter Crowfoot , was Chairman of the PEF from 1945 to 1950. Through the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, women were frequently employed by

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5580-467: The fund "for the purpose of investigating the Archaeology, Geography, manners, customs and culture, Geology and Natural History of the Holy Land ". The roots of the Palestine Exploration Fund lie in a literary society founded by British Consul James Finn and his wife Elizabeth Anne Finn . Many photographs of Palestine have survived from this period. Frederick J. Bliss wrote of the foundation that "[a]s far as its aims were concerned this organization

5670-498: The fund are summarised in PEF (1886). Its chapters and persons mentioned include the following: In his opening address ( p.8 ), Archbishop Thomson laid down three basic principles for the Society: Regarding the latter, great emphasis was placed upon the nomenclature "Holy Land", so the notion of religion could never have been far away. Also ( p.10 ) stress was laid upon the fact that "The Society numbers among its supporters Christians and Jews". (Muslims were not mentioned.) Elsewhere

5760-568: The great news to the oratory. On 5 February, he announced the fact in a circular letter to all Salesians asking volunteers to apply in writing. He proposed for the first missionary departure to start in October. There were many volunteers. In the years that Bosco had spent running his oratory and giving spiritual and practical instruction to the boys he had housed there, he relied on a different approach to education and general instruction, which he believed to be superior to traditional educational methods, such as school discipline , which he labelled as

5850-504: The hill town of Mornese . In 1871, he founded a group of religious sisters to do for girls what the Salesians were doing for boys. They were called the Daughters of Mary Help of Christians . In 1874, he founded yet another group, the Salesian Cooperators , who were mostly lay people who would work for young people like the Daughters and the Salesians but would not join a religious order. The first Salesians departed for Argentina in 1875. After his ordination, Bosco himself would have become

5940-470: The ideals that had been exported by Revolutionary France, as part of the process of dechristianization of France during the French Revolution , and called Rousseau and Voltaire "two vicious leaders of incredulity". He favoured an ultramontane view of politics that acknowledged the supreme authority of the pope. In 1854, when the Sardinia-Piedmont was about to pass a law suppressing monastic orders and confiscating ecclesiastical properties, Bosco reported

6030-425: The inhabitants suffered from fevers. An Ottoman village list of about 1870 showed that Bayt Jimal had a population of 21, with a total of 8 houses, though the population count included men, only. The Palestine Exploration Fund 's Survey of Western Palestine described Beit Jimal in the 1870s as a small village. The Land was purchased in 1869 by Fr. Antonio Belloni, who set up the Beit Gemal School of Agriculture for

6120-530: The intervention of the then prime minister, Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour . The king's family suffered several deaths in a short period. From January to May 1855, the king's mother Maria Theresa of Austria (aged 54), his wife Adelaide of Austria (aged 32), their newborn son Vittorio Emanuele, Count of Genoa (nearly four months old), and his only brother, Prince Ferdinando, Duke of Genoa (aged 32), all died. Opposition to Bosco and his work came from various quarters. Traditionalist clergy accused him of stealing

6210-400: The king that Bosco was not to be disturbed. Several attempts were also made on Bosco's life, including a near-stabbing, bludgeoning, and a shooting. Early biographers put that down to the growing influence of the Waldensians in opposition to Catholic clergy. Some of the boys helped by Don Bosco decided to do what he was doing: working in the service of abandoned boys. That was the origin of

6300-515: The noise coming from the boys at play. A formal complaint was lodged against them with the municipality. Rumours also circulated that the meetings conducted by the priest with his boys were dangerous; their recreation could be turned into a revolution against the government. The group was evicted. In the archives of the Salesian Congregation is a contract of apprenticeship, dated November 1851; another one on stamped paper costing 40 cents, dated 8 February 1852; and others have later dates. They are among

6390-403: The performance. The money that he needed to prepare the shows was taken from selling the birds that he hunted and given to him by his mother. Poverty prevented any serious attempt at schooling. His early years were spent as a shepherd, and he received his first instruction from Don Calosso who "was impressed by John’s memory and understanding of the sermons he had heard at a parish mission in

6480-701: The recidivism of young offenders. He began to work with orphaned and abandoned boys, teaching them catechism and helping them find work. Upon completion of his studies, Cafasso secured for Bosco an appointment as almoner of the Rifugio (Refuge), a girls' boarding school founded in Turin by the Marchioness Giulia di Barolo, so that he could remain in Turin. His other ministries included visiting prisoners, teaching catechism , and helping out at many country parishes. Because of population growth and migration to

6570-474: The site discovered in 1916, during works to enlarge the monastery garden. The mosaics on the external walls are those excavated from the Byzantine church. Tradition holds that St. Stephen was buried by Gamaliel in his own private tomb in Caphargamala. Fine mosaics from the period were also brought to light. The monastery produces and markets its own honey, olive oil and wine, the last of which is processed at

6660-487: The subscribers of his Salesian Bulletin , which he founded in August 1877, he wrote frequently and voluminously. Though Don Bosco was described as more of a man of action than a scholar, he wrote, adapted and published many works on religion, history, catechesis and Catholic church. The full list of his publications is available in a dedicated website salesian.online . He penned the 1881 A Compendium of Italian History from

6750-461: The unemployed. Some of the boys did not have sleeping quarters and slept under bridges or in bleak public dormitories. Twice, he tried to provide lodgings in his house. The first time, they stole the blankets; the second, time, they emptied the hayloft. He did not give up, and in May 1847, he gave shelter to a young boy from Valencia in one of the three rooms he was renting in the slums of Valdocco, where he

6840-598: The veneration of the Most Holy Sacrament and Mary Help of Christians (Don Bosco, Association of the Devotees of Mary Help of Christians, San Benigno Canavese, 1890, page 33). In 1875, Bosco began to publish the Salesian Bulletin . The Bulletin has remained in continuous publication, and is currently published in 50 different editions and 30 languages. In 1876, he founded a movement of laity,

6930-541: The workers were from Bureir , a village six miles away from the Tell. Most of the men slept at camp, "digging little shallow graves for a bed", but "the women and girls had the long walk both before and after work. Six miles' walk before 6.30a.m., and six miles' walk after 5p.m., with a hard day's work of carrying earth-piled baskets on the head in between". He comments that this does not seem like an easy life, but more women and girls applied for work than he could employ. Heuda

7020-594: The world. Also at the PEF is an archive of maps that is composed mainly of documents, letters, reports, plans and maps compiled by the explorers and scholars who worked for the PEF. These explorers include Charles Warren in Jerusalem and Palestine (1867–1870), Claude Conder and Horatio Kitchener on the Survey of Western Palestine (1872–1878), the Survey of Eastern Palestine (1880–81) and the Wady Arabah (1883–4),

7110-497: The young and old people away from their own parishes. Nationalist politicians, including some clergy, saw his several hundred young men as a recruiting ground for revolution. The Marquis de Cavour, the chief of police in Turin, regarded the open-air catechisms as overtly political and a threat to the state and was highly suspicious of Bosco's support for the powers of the papacy. Bosco was interrogated on several occasions; no charges were made. Closure may have been prevented by orders from

7200-426: Was an Italian Catholic priest, educator and writer of the 19th century. While working in Turin , where the population suffered many of the ill effects of industrialization and urbanization , he dedicated his life to the betterment and education of street children , juvenile delinquents , and other disadvantaged youth. He developed teaching methods based on love rather than punishment, a method that became known as

7290-692: Was attended by thousands. The Archdiocese of Turin investigated, and witnesses were called to determine if Bosco was worthy to be declared a saint. The Salesians, Daughters, and Cooperators gave supportive testimonies. Pope Pius XI had known Bosco and pushed the cause forward. Pius XI beatified Bosco on 2 June 1929 and canonised him on Easter Sunday (1 April) 1934, when he was given the title of "Father and Teacher of Youth". Pope Pius XII proclaimed him patron saint of Catholic publishers in 1949. His repertoire of writings and publications consists of over 220 titles collected in 38 volumes. They were printed at his own peerless paper-to-print workshop, where boys learned

7380-624: Was but a re-institution of a Society formed about the year 1804 under the name of the Palestine Association ... it is interesting to note that the General Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund recognized an organic connection with the earlier Society." The preliminary meeting of the Society of the Palestine Exploration Fund took place in the Jerusalem Chamber of Westminster Abbey . William Thomson ,

7470-509: Was carried on by an early pupil, collaborator, and companion, Michael Rua , who was appointed rector major of the Salesian Society by Pope Leo XIII in 1888. He is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on 31 January. Bosco is the patron saint of Brasília , which he supposedly foresaw in a dream concerning an extraordinary new civilization that would flourish in central Brazil. Many educational institutions are named after him, in countries as diverse as Australia, India,

7560-535: Was closed by authorities in 1967. A statue erected in 2000 commemorating Saint Stephen's martyrdom is the work of Israeli artist Igael Tumarkin . There is a small concert hall, where concerts are played on some weekends. On February 23, 2010, Neta Sorek an Israeli woman from Zikhron Ya'akov was murdered while walking alone in Beit Jimal Monastery gardens by members of a Palestinian terrorist cell who illegally infiltrated into Israel from Surif ,

7650-529: Was involuntarily without work or fell ill. On 18 April 1869, one year after the construction of the Basilica of Mary Help of Christians in Turin , Bosco established the Association of Mary Help of Christians (ADMA) connecting it with commitments easily fulfilled by most common people, to the spirituality and the mission of the Salesian Congregation (CG 24 SDB, 1996, NR. 80). The ADMA was founded to promote

7740-488: Was later named Warren's Shaft , after his work. They also made the first excavations of Tell es-Sultan , site of the biblical city of Jericho . A 2013 publication, The Walls of the Temple Mount , provides more specifics about Warren's work, as summarized in a book review: "... he concentrated on excavating shafts down beneath the ground to the level of the lower parts of the external Temple Mount walls, recording

7830-432: Was living with his mother. He and his mother began taking in orphans. The boys sheltered by Don Bosco numbered 36 in 1852, 115 in 1854, 470 in 1860, and 600 in 1861, reaching a maximum of 800 sometime later. Bosco and his oratory moved around town for several years; he was turned out of several places in succession. After only two months based in the church of St. Martin, the entire neighbourhood expressed its annoyance with

7920-443: Was ten years old started watching his classmates' attitudes, and in every fight was the referee. The older boys were scared of him because he knew their strengths and their weaknesses. When travelling entertainers performed at a local feast in the nearby hills, he watched and studied the jugglers' tricks and the acrobats' secrets. He would then put on shows of his skills as a juggler, magician, and acrobat, with prayers before and after

8010-622: Was the Arab village, Bayt Nattif . The monastery is located in the Judaean Mountains next to the city of Beit Shemesh . Ancient cisterns have been found here. In Arabic and Hebrew the site is now known as Beit Jimal – the monastery is sometimes referenced as Beit Gemal or Beit Jimal . The name of the site is said to be from its original name (in years past) as the Jewish village of Kfar Gamla ( כפר גמלא ‎), meaning "Village of

8100-487: Was through educational novels and narrative pedagogy. Though some of the ideas were not innovative, Bosco having drawn the inspiration for his system through the contemporary criticisms of the punitive and outdated educational systems prevalent in Europe during his time, and he was one of the first to combat it and to put his criticisms into practice. Though Bosco's written works were little known outside of his own order and

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