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95-702: Belitung Malay is a vernacular Malay variety that shares linguistic features with peninsular Malay , Eastern Sumatra Malay, and the Malay variety of West Kalimantan . Belitung Malay exhibits a closer resemblance to the Malay spoken in Sumatra and Kalimantan than to standard Jakarta Indonesian , particularly in terms of phonology and lexicon . The language has received significant influence from other languages, such as Hakka , Dutch and Arabic , as well as Javanese and standard Indonesian. Belitung Malay has absorbed Javanese loanwords due to Belitung's historical rule by

190-520: A Portuguese officer and daughter of La Putebulu from Suppa was exposed as they married secretly in Malacca, which would result in the birth of Manuel Godinho de Erédia . The Portuguese vessel had to rapidly left Sulawesi to avoid severe violence and they did not dared to travel back to the island until 1559. One member of the voyage, Manuel Pinto, decided to remain in South Sulawesi, he recorded

285-788: A collection of states in Peninsular Malaysia situated towards the western coast generally facing the Strait of Malacca which is a component of the Indian Ocean , as opposed to the East Coast. The West Coast is partitioned further into three regions: Although Johor has a coastline facing the South China Sea on the Pacific Ocean , it is not generally regarded as an East Coast state, since the main coastline of

380-474: A distinct regional language called Bugis ( Basa Ugi ) in addition to Indonesian . The Bugis language belongs to the South Sulawesi language group ; other members include Makassarese , Torajan , Mandarese and Massenrempulu . The name Bugis is an exonym which represents an older form of the name; (To) Ugi is the endonym . The earliest inhabitant of South Sulawesi is potentially related to

475-647: A greater autonomy in contrast to a nearby kingdom like Bone, which would likely dominate them. The war concluded in 1565 and a peace negotiation followed afterwards. The two states agreed in the Tengka River as their respective spheres of influence under the Treaty of Caleppa. The citizens of Bone and Gowa were also awarded equal rights in each other's jurisdiction. The ambitions for dominance continued in South Sulawesi. Between 1570 and 1591, several military operations were conducted by Gowa, in which oftentimes with

570-508: A maritime border with Singapore to the south. Across the Strait of Malacca to the west lies the island of Sumatra , and across the South China Sea to the east lie the Natuna Islands of Indonesia . At its southern tip, across the Strait of Johor , lies the island country of Singapore . Most of Peninsular Malaysia's interior is forested, mountainous and rural; the majority of Malaysia's population and economy are concentrated on

665-416: A number of affixes that can join with the base word to form an affixed word. In Belitung Malay, like other Malayic languages, there are four types of affixes: prefixes , infixes , suffixes and circumfix . Prefixes are affixes attached at the beginning of a word, suffixes are affixes added at the end, and infixes are affixes inserted in the middle. A circumfix or discontinuous affix partly attaches to both

760-607: A person's beauty or character, to the surrounding natural environment. Parables in Belitung Malay oral literature usually begin with the word 'ki' meaning 'like'. Example of parables are: Wise words are words or sentences containing advice spoken by someone (usually older) to another person so that the person being advised behaves kindly towards others. Examples of wise words are: There are various forms of folk poetry in Belitung Malay, including campaq, pantun , and mantra . Campaq in Belitung Malay means 'discard'; it involves

855-635: A proselytization mission facilitated by Sultan of Johor. After their new attempts to introduce the Islamic teaching once more met with opposition, they left for Luwu . This was because Luwu was the spiritual center of South Sulawesi and its indigenous belief of Dewata SewwaE had some similarities with Islam. They successfully converted the Pattiarase, Datu of Luwu and in February 1605 he took the name of Sultan Muhammad. The group then revisited Makassar and

950-510: A radical change throughout the political landscape of lowland South Sulawesi Peninsula . The trade in South Sulawesi was based on the export of rare commodities, a business which was easily dominated by an exclusive ruling class . The administrative structure is fairly basic, a majority of the states are small and in a form of a local chiefdom. A small population is sufficient to assist the elite with food, physical work and military assistance to preserve their state's independence. However, by

1045-718: A rich tradition of oral literature . Oral literature in Belitung Malay encompasses a variety of elements, including traditional expressions, folk poetry, and folk prose tales. Traditional expressions can be divided into proverbs , idioms , parables , and wise sayings. Proverbs are metaphors used to say something precisely in a short sentence with the aim of interrupting someone's conversation. Examples of proverbs in Belitung Malay are: Idioms are figurative expressions spoken using short sentences. Idioms in Belitung Malay are called perbase . Examples of idioms in Belitung are: Similes are sentences that compare or liken something, such as

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1140-452: A simple clothing. The women potentially wore a skirt ; while for the men, a loincloth and possibly a headcloth. Remains of bronze and gold ornaments have also been retrieved based on archeological evidence. Pottery is evident, although bamboo containers were more extensively used together with the usage of bamboo knives. The weapons were sourced from iron and stones together with helmets and shields made from rattan . Theologically,

1235-548: A sparsely populated communities, they were not living in an absolute isolation with the outside world. Instead, trade and commerce were held high and regarded to be of pivotal importance in the society. The archeological findings near Bantaeng and Ara unearthed ancient artifacts dating from 300 to 100 BC, denoting evidence that the southern part of Sulawesi has played an integral role in the axis of early insulindian trade . There are also traces of imported Chinese and other continental Southeast Asian ceramics and stoneware found in

1330-409: A standardized phonological system. Nevertheless, many of the phonological system designed for Belitung Malay is loosely based on standard Indonesian orthography . Like Indonesian and Standard Malay , Belitung Malay possesses 6 phonemic vowels /i, ə, e, a, o, u/ . Notes: Belitung Malay has 19 consonants . Affricate Notes: Belitung Malay features five diphthongs , typically found at

1425-511: Is "historical linguistic evidence of some late Holocene immigration of Austronesian speakers to South Sulawesi from Taiwan "—which means that the Bugis have "possible ultimate ancestry in South China", and that as a result of this immigration, "there was an infusion of an exogenous population from China or Taiwan ." Migration from South China by some of the paternal ancestors of the Bugis

1520-421: Is a standardized form of Malay, Belitung Malay is also related to it, and the two are generally mutually intelligible . However, Belitung Malay possesses unique characteristics, particularly in its phonology and lexicon, that distinguish it from Indonesian and other Malay varieties. Belitung Malay is exclusively spoken on Belitung and its outlying islands. Administratively, this area consists of two regencies in

1615-399: Is also supported by studies of Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups . Christian Pelras, an anthropologist , hypothesized that the proto-Bugis were potentially arrived from abroad, possibly from Borneo , to the western seaboard of South Sulawesi. Their arrival was largely drawn to control the mineral and natural resources in the hinterland. As the group began to spread towards the interior of

1710-468: Is exclusive, while kite is inclusive. Like Indonesian and Standard Malay , there are two demonstrative pronouns in Belitung Malay, ini 'this' and itu 'that'. The usage of these words are shown below： Examples of interrogative pronouns in Belitung Malay include ape 'what', sape 'who', kiape 'how', berape 'how much', sebile 'when', kemane 'where' and ngape 'why'. The usage of these words are shown below： The vocabulary of Belitung Malay

1805-402: Is likely that despite being benefited with the trade relationship, they would resist external assimilation . Thus, outside elements are almost absent in the development of native religion and the indigenous states. The intensity on the early insulindian trade has led to a gradual shift in terms of the economic development, social construct, political interest and the balance of power amongst

1900-999: Is notably distinct from Indonesian and Standard Malay . While many words are similar, Belitung Malay includes unique lexicon not found in Indonesian or other Malayic languages . For example, words such as umaq 'mother', bundie 'they', and ngayak 'very' are unique to Belitung Malay and not found in Indonesian. Due to the legacy of the Palembang Sultanate 's rule in Belitung , Belitung Malay has also received influence from Palembang Malay . Through Palembang Malay, Belitung Malay has also absorbed several loanwords from Javanese . Words such as gawe 'to work', jungor 'mouth', and kuping 'ear' are examples of loanwords indirectly borrowed from Javanese via Palembang Malay. Lastly, similar to other regional languages in Indonesia,

1995-969: Is the reduplication of the base form accompanied by the alteration of phonemes within that base form. For example: In Belitung Malay nouns can be divided into human nouns, animal nouns or neither. Human nouns are nouns that use the measuring word urang 'person' as a unit indicator, for example: Animal nouns are nouns that use the measuring word ikoq 'tail' as a unit indicator, for example: Examples of other nouns are: Verbs in Belitung Malay can be categorized into intransitive verbs , ditransitive verbs , and transitive verbs . Transitive verbs are further subdivided into passive and antipassive transitive verbs. Examples of intransitive verbs include: Example of ditransitive verbs include: Example of passive transitive verbs include: Example of antipassive transitive verbs include: Adjectives in Belitung Malay are words that can be preceded by words such as agaq 'somewhat', lebe 'more', paling 'most' or followed by

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2090-525: Is the western part of Malaysia that comprises the southern part of the Malay Peninsula on Mainland Southeast Asia and the nearby islands . Its area totals approximately 132,490 km (51,150 sq mi), which is nearly 40% of the total area of the country; the other 60% is in East Malaysia on the island of Borneo . It shares a land border with Thailand to the north and

2185-556: The Bangka Belitung province : Belitung Regency and East Belitung Regency . It is also spoken by Belitung diasporas living in other parts of Indonesia . Belitung Malay is the mother tongue of the Malay people on the island. The Chinese people primarily use Hakka and Mandarin as their native tongues, though many also understand Belitung Malay as a second language and use it to communicate with Malays and other ethnic groups. On

2280-836: The Bangka-Belitung . Example of Hakka loanwords in Belitung Malay are amoy 'Chinese girls' (from 阿妹 â-moi), tanglong 'lantern' (from 燈籠 tên-lùng) and fannyin 'Malay' (from 番人 fân-ngìn). There are also Dutch loanwords in Belitung Malay. Some Dutch words not commonly found in standard Indonesian include uto 'car', potlot 'pencil', and perlop 'work leave'. Lastly, Arabic-derived words are mostly Islamic-related terms, such as jakat ' zakat ' (from زكاة zakāt ), aji ' hajj ' (from حَجّ ḥajj ) and nazar 'motive' (from نظر nazar ). Below are examples of commonly used Belitung Malay vocabulary in various dialects, along with their Indonesian and English translations: Similar to Bangka Malay and Palembang Malay , Belitung Malay historically

2375-590: The Federation of Malaya during the formation of expanded federation. [REDACTED] Media related to Peninsular Malaysia at Wikimedia Commons Bugis The Bugis people , also known as Buginese , are an Austronesian ethnic group—the most numerous of the three major linguistic and ethnic groups of South Sulawesi (the others being Makassarese and Torajan ), in the south-western province of Sulawesi , third-largest island of Indonesia . The Bugis in 1605 converted to Islam from Animism . Although

2470-399: The Malay Peninsula , which includes lands that are a part of Myanmar and Thailand . Peninsular Malaysia (States of Malaya) comprises the states of Johor , Kedah , Kelantan , Malacca , Negeri Sembilan , Pahang , Penang , Perak , Perlis , Selangor , and Terengganu , as well as the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya . Malaya comprises Peninsular Malaysia and

2565-595: The Malaysia Agreement merged with the Crown Colony of North Borneo , the Crown Colony of Sarawak , and the self-governing State of Singapore to form the new Federation called Malaysia . The merger was initially proposed in order to reunify Singapore with its hinterland in the Federation as they were originally associated under British Malaya but later separated and were governed separately after

2660-611: The Malaysian Islamic Party . The distinction between West and East Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak) goes beyond the sphere of geography . Being separate regions administratively before the formation of the Malaysia, there exists more autonomy than the original States of Malaya, e.g. in having a different judicial court structure and separate immigration regulations. These rights were granted as part of Sarawak's 18-point agreement and Sabah's 20-point agreement with

2755-472: The Palembang Sultanate , where the court language, Palembang Malay , was influenced by Javanese. Additionally, Indonesian, as the official language, has also become a source of loanwords. While Belitung Malay includes words not found in standard Indonesian, the two languages are generally mutually intelligible . Belitung Malay is a Malayic language . Speakers of Malayic language are spread from Brunei , Indonesia, Malaysia , Singapore, Southern Thailand , to

2850-515: The Republic of Singapore . Malay Peninsula comprises the southern tip of Myanmar , Peninsular Malaysia, and Southern Thailand . Ethnicity in Peninsular Malaysia (2020) The majority of people in Peninsular Malaysia are ethnic Malays , predominantly Muslims . Large Chinese and Indian populations exist. The Orang Asli are the indigenous people of Peninsular Malaysia; in 2022, they numbered around 209,575 and mostly lived in inland parts of

2945-657: The Wajak Man , of the Proto-Australoid origin. There are a few flake materials found in Walanae River valley and Maros , likely dating between 40,000 and 19,000 BC. The hunter-gatherer culture in South Sulawesi is also known as Toalean culture , and largely based on blade, flake and microlith complex. They are probably of Melanesoid or Australoid stock, hence related to the contemporary population of New Guinea or to Australian aborigines . In 2015,

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3040-468: The archipelago where they have migrated en masse, starting in the late seventeenth century. The third president of Indonesia, B. J. Habibie , and a former vice president of Indonesia, Jusuf Kalla , are Bugis descent. In Malaysia , the reigning Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia), Sultan Ibrahim and eighth prime minister , Muhyiddin Yassin , have Bugis ancestry. Most Bugis people speak

3135-444: The consumption of pork ; other behaviors including consuming alcohol and opium, offerings to sacred places, worshipping at regalia, lending money with interest ( Riba ) and gambling were also condemned. As Islamization was slowly taking root among the society in the peninsula, mosques were built in each of the states and domains. Thus, appointments were made for the newly established positions of qadi , imam and khatib throughout

3230-585: The status as a bastion for Islamic faith. However, as far as the mid 16th century, South Sulawesi persist to be one of the few remaining significant domains in the regional native trading network where Islam has yet to take hold. While early contacts with Islam had been made since 1490 with the trading relationship between Siang and Malacca, most Bugis were still believer of the native patturioloang religion. In year 1540, two aristocrats from Makassar were baptized in Ternate . They later embarked on another visit

3325-509: The 15th century, a major economic revolution taken place, and agricultural become an important economic foundation. To continue their powers in the agrarian-based society , the ruling elites are now required to handle the near unprecedented growth on the rice -producing territories to accommodate a major population boom . Hence, in order adapt with the economic and societal change, a new system and intermediaries are needed. Trade and commerce however, still retains its essential importance for

3420-401: The 16th century, the Bugis life is noted by a burgeoning tolerance towards foreign influences , overseas products were no longer limited to the ruling class, but also among the commoners as well. The method of home construction, remains the same. Sketches from few western sources in the first half of 17th century illustrates tall and strong wooded home raised on piles. Nonetheless, inside of

3515-500: The 19th century, while Dutch loanwords on the other hand entered Belitung Malay through colonization . Arabic loanwords on the other hand entered Belitung Malay through the spread of Islam in Indonesia and the historical rule of the Palembang Sultanate in Belitung. Similar to Bangka Malay , Belitung Malay has absorbed a significant number of loanwords from Hakka due to the substantial presence of Chinese communities in

3610-631: The Bugis and Bajo were amongst the people who arrived in Melaka to trade, although they are small in numbers. Conversely, the Muslim-Malay traders from Patani , Pahang , and Ujung Tanah in the Malay Peninsula ; as well as from Champa in Indochina ; and Minangkabau in Sumatra settled throughout the port cities in the western coast, including Suppa’, Pancana-Tanete, Siang, Tallo, Sanrabone and Gowa. Due to this extensive bilateral connection,

3705-625: The Dutch during the colonial era . Today, the usage of the Jawi script in Belitung is extremely rare. Belitung Malay is now predominantly written in the Latin script. When written, like other regional languages in Indonesia, Belitung Malay usually follow the Indonesian orthography , which is the official spelling system used in the Indonesian language . Like other Malayic languages , Belitung Malay has

3800-590: The Federation of Malaya. In exchange, Singapore received an underproportioned representation in the House of Representatives of Parliament . Singapore within Malaysia was seen as having a special status (similar to Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom ) and was thus not grouped with the other non-autonomous states in the Peninsula. Although this arrangement was brief and Singapore was ultimately expelled from

3895-660: The Federation two years later in 1965, becoming a fully sovereign country, the Interpretation Act 1965 of the Parliament of Singapore still defines Malaya as comprising the States of Malaya and Singapore in a geographical sense. Today, the States of Malaya are colloquially referred to as Peninsular Malaysia and West Malaysia, excluding the Borneo States and Singapore . The term should also not be confused with

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3990-490: The Makassarese. Both kingdoms are pursuing dominance in the entirety of the Peninsula together with the important trade routes. Thus, the two growing kingdoms are bound for a major collision course and a war finally broke out in 1562. Gowa was assisted by Luwu; and also by Wajo and Soppeng, the latter two would probably preferred in favour of a distant sovereign like Luwu or Gowa, as they would furnish Wajo and Soppeng with

4085-576: The Malay-Muslim community of Macassar were awarded special privileges by the ruler of Gowa according to Lontarak Patturiolonga . However, in 1575, during the visit by Abdul Makmur (Dato' ri Bandang), one of the Minangkabau proselytizers of Islam, he noted that there are several difficulties to convert the locals — the superfluous liking towards dried boar flesh , raw deer liver diced with blood (lawa) and palm liquor. He then embarked to promulgate

4180-645: The Portuguese did not consider Bugis as their prime concern. Not until 1584 did the Portuguese send four Franciscans fathers to the area, and their stay was a short one. Also not known were the fates of the four Bugis men sent for education in Indian Goa . Subsequently, no new attempts to baptized Sulawesi were taken after the period, nor Portuguese military support against invasion by King of Gowa-Tallo, Karaeng Lakiyung Tunipalangga, which annexed and vassalized Siang alongside other Ajatappareng states. During

4275-437: The South Sulawesi economy. Rice become a major source of export; and at the same time, the economy is stimulated by the import of prestige goods from other parts of archipelago. The area potentially experienced exceptional growth following the rise of Malacca as a regional entrepôt . Conversely, the wealth for the elite families in South Sulawesi would also consequently rose due to this intensive commercial transactions, despite

4370-402: The South Sulawesi people, which has fundamentally led to the Bugis states, dynasties and polities began to flourish. The progress of inter-insular commercial activities and the increasing interactions with Maritime Silk Road were potentially among the main factors contributing to the economic prosperity for a few leading South Sulawesi communities. The period between 1200 and 1600 witnessed

4465-600: The Walannae Depression in the south-west peninsula of Sulawesi. It was here that the ancestors of the present-day Bugis settled, probably in the mid- to late second millennium B.C. The area is rich in fish and wildlife and the annual fluctuation of Lake Tempe (a reservoir lake for the Bila and Walannae rivers) allows speculative planting of wet rice, while the hills can be farmed by swidden or shifting cultivation , wet rice, hunting and gathering. Around A.D. 1200,

4560-436: The addition of affixes. For example: Reduplication of base forms in complex words is the repetition of affixed words where only the base form is repeated. This type of reduplication in Belitung Malay occurs in affixed words such as: Repetition with affixation involves repetition of the base form occurs with the addition of affixes, usually circumfixes or separate affixes. For example: Reduplication with phoneme substitution

4655-476: The adoption of few Portuguese games notably dice , card game and marbles. The Portuguese and Spaniards also introduced new food and produce in the local diet, mainly from the New World crops : sweet potato and tobacco , and also other important items — manioc , maize and chilies . During the period, the women don under a baggy trousers and pants; the usage of short tunics and sleeves were also noted by

4750-751: The area, often choose to speak Belitung Malay between people from different ethnic groups. Belitung Malay is not used in formal situations in Belitung; it is not taught in schools or used in governmental offices. Instead, Indonesian , the official language of Indonesia , is learned at school. Children are exposed to Indonesian from birth through television, the internet, national ceremonial speeches, magazines, newspapers, books, and other media. Nonetheless, Belitung Malay retains its dominance as an everyday language. Increasing usage of Indonesian has led many Belitung Malay speakers to code-switch and code-mix between standard Indonesian and Belitung Malay. Belitung Malay, like many other regional languages in Indonesia , lacks

4845-516: The availability of prestigious imported goods including Chinese and South-East Asian ceramics and Gujarati print-block textiles, coupled with newly discovered sources of iron ore in Luwu stimulated an agrarian revolution which expanded from the great lakes region into the lowland plains to the east, south and west of the Walennae depression. This led over the next four hundred years to the development of

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4940-418: The coastal western half, which is where the country's prominent urban areas are located. Peninsular Malaysia consists of 11 out of the 13  states , and two out of the three federal territories of Malaysia, which includes the national capital of Kuala Lumpur . The states are listed as the following: Originally comprising the states and territories of the Federation of Malaya , the then Federation under

5035-538: The domain of Soppeng had slowly grown into prominence and slowly seemed to be resistant to accept Luwu's dominance in the area. In cooperation with a few Bugis kingdoms in the western coast — Sawitto', Alitta, Suppa' and Bacukiki'; as well as Rappang in the interior, they formed a loose confederation known as Aja'tappareng ('the lands west of the lake'). Conversely, the neighbouring Bugis territory of Wajo also possessed an aspiration for an autonomy against Luwu, and it too started to extend their influence and dominance in

5130-411: The early Bugis potentially practiced ancestor worshipping . There were also ancient rituals related to agriculture and fertility. They generally buried their corpses, although there were several cases where the deceased body were being disposed by immersion in the sea or lakes, or positioned in trees. Other mortuary practices includes cremation , especially for the rulers. Despite being located in

5225-418: The end of words: /ei̯/, /au̯/, /ai̯/, /oi̯/, and /ui̯/. Examples of these diphthongs in use are shown below: Along with Indonesian , standard Malay , and other Malayic languages , the word order in Belitung Malay is typically subject-verb-object (SVO). While there are notable exceptions, the grammar structure of Belitung Malay shares many similarities with Indonesian and Standard Malay. Belitung Malay has

5320-562: The exception of Toraja highlands) have accepted Islam. Bone, subsequently would continue to Islamize its two vassal states located in the edge of the Torajan realm — namely Enrekang and Duri. The Islamisation in most of South Sulawesi have provided a platform for a faith and ideological revolution. Islamic laws and principles were observed and absorbed into the Makassar, Bugis and Mandar cultures. Dato' ri Bandang directed first towards

5415-432: The fact that trade is now not solely regarded as their single source of riches. In the 1500s, Luwu was the major political force in the Bugis heartland, with its authority proclaimed throughout a large section of the peninsula. Nevertheless, new geopolitical players that would resist its dominance were already beginning to take shape by the end of the century. The impact following the rise of Malacca were more visible in

5510-510: The following year and bought many of the region's previous materials, including gold, sandalwood and iron weapons. Antonio de Paiva, a Portuguese trader, made multiple voyages between Sulawesi and Malacca from 1542, potentially intrigued by the potential riches of the region. During his expedition to the Bugis states of Suppa' and Siang, he was involved in a theological discussion and was requested to baptize La Putebulu, Datu of Suppa' and his family, followed by king of Siang in 1544. The baptism

5605-541: The formation of the Malayan Union . Even when the Malayan Union transformed into the Federation of Malaya, Singapore was not a part of it. Although politically distinct, Malaya was then seen geographically as comprising the States of the Federation of Malaya in the Peninsula and Singapore. In order to facilitate the merger, the Borneo States (which initially also included Brunei ) were brought in as well as it

5700-462: The foundation of Sharia principles on the land, having emphasis on the importance of religious service at the circumcision ceremony , marriage and funerals . However, with the exception of funeral rites which were absolutely Islamized; other rites of passage based on the Islamic understanding were simply incorporated with the existing traditional practices, norms and customs. As for prohibition, there are also strong enforcement against adultery and

5795-577: The free married women. For the affluent male, there were potentially also a favour towards western shirts and hats; and sometimes being paired together with a plume , and a jacket . The slave class and the male commoners however, would usually go topless . The aftershocks following the Fall of Malacca were potentially being strongly felt in South Sulawesi. As noted from Tomé Pires in Suma Oriental, few traders from ‘The Macassar Islands’, including

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5890-575: The front and back of the base form. Like other Malayic languages, Belitung Malay words consist of a root or a root plus derivational affixes. The root, typically bisyllabic in the shape CV(C)CV(C), serves as the core lexical unit and is usually a noun or verb. Affixes are applied to roots to modify or expand their meaning, creating new words. In Belitung Malay, various prefixes alter the meaning of base words differently. The following are examples of common prefixes in Belitung Malay, their meanings, and words: Like prefixes, suffixes in Belitung Malay also alter

5985-575: The increasing peril imposed by the neighboring Makassarese states of Gowa-Tallo. Further baptism continued in 1545 by a priest, Father Vicente Viegas, which was involved the Christianization of Bugis rulers in Alitta and Bacukiki', according to Manuel Godinho de Erédia , kings of Sawitto and Sidenreng also participated, all were allies of Suppa' part of Ajatappareng alliance . Relations with Portuguese were still good, until an elopement between

6080-483: The introduction of Indonesian as the national language has influenced the vocabulary of Belitung Malay. As Indonesian influence grows, many people in Belitung have gradually embraced Indonesian and replaced certain words in Belitung Malay with their Indonesian equivalents. In addition, the lexicon of Belitung Malay has been influenced by other languages, such as Hakka , Arabic and Dutch . Hakka entered Belitung Malay due to influx of Chinese migrants from Guangdong in

6175-462: The languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities. Belitung Malay is closely related to other Malayic languages spoken in neighboring regions, such as Bangka Malay and Palembang Malay , as well as various Malay varieties found in West Kalimantan , the eastern coast of Sumatra , and outlying islands. Since Indonesian

6270-695: The major kingdoms of South Sulawesi, and the social transformation of chiefly societies into hierarchical proto-states. The lifestyle of ancient Bugis people were, to some extent, preserved by the pagan Torajan people until the dawn of the 20th century. Their homes were mainly constructed on stilts and the communities were likely to be scattered along the river banks, sea or lake shores. The main undertakings during this period were farming rice , millet , adlay and other edible crops, catching fish and shellfish, obtaining forest produce and hunting wild animals. Buffaloes were imported and used for important occasions. The earliest inhabitants potentially clad under

6365-422: The majority of Bugis are Muslim, a small minority adhere to Christianity as well as a pre-Islamic indigenous belief called Tolotang . The Bugis, whose population numbers around six million and constitutes less than 2.5% of the Indonesian population , are influential in the politics in the country; and historically influential on the Malay Peninsula , Sumatra , Borneo , Lesser Sunda Islands and other parts of

6460-911: The meaning of base words in various ways. The following are examples of common suffixes in Belitung Malay, their meanings, and some words: In Belitung Malay, infixation of a base word typically signifies 'many or multiple' of that particular base word. The following are some examples of common infixes used in Belitung Malay: There are several circumfixes in Belitung Malay, each with its own specific meanings. The following are some examples of common circumfixes used in Belitung Malay: There are several types of reduplication in Belitung Malay: full reduplication, reduplication of base forms in complex words, reduplication with affixation , and reduplication with phoneme replacement. Reduplication in Belitung Malay serves various purposes depending on

6555-483: The more wealthy homes, some foreign furnitures, namely tables and chairs began to emerge, and basic wall opening sometimes become real windows with shutters . The Bugis names for these objects signaled their Portuguese connection , Jandela (window) deriving from Janela , Kadera (chairs) from Cadeira ; and Mejang (table) from Mesa . A gradual change is also noted in the household tools and utensils, including glasses and Iberian-style jugs and trays. There were also

6650-427: The original elements derived from the indigenous people together with the introduction of revolutionary techniques, items and ideas bought by the new settlers, including weaving , metal arts and theological doctrine. The society however, remains largely divided between two separate classes, the prevailing nobility and the common people. The homeland of the Bugis is the area around Lake Tempe and Lake Sidenreng in

6745-448: The other hand, migrants in Belitung from other parts of Indonesia speak Belitung Malay in addition to their native languages , especially in the market. Belitung Malay is a spoken language used by Belitung speakers when talking with family members, friends, and co-workers on informal occasions in markets, shops, stalls, and so forth. It also functions as a lingua franca ; non-Malay people, such as Chinese and Bugis , among others in

6840-402: The pantun, often encountered in the social interactions of young people. Below are some examples of pantuns that originated from Belitung along with its Indonesian and English translation: Pelite itu besumbu kain. Jangan sukaq bemain cinte. Peninsular Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia , historically known as Malaya , also known as West Malaysia or the "Malaysian Peninsula" ,

6935-687: The people of South Sulawesi were generally well aware on the political-religious changes taken place in the western half of the archipelago. It can be inferred that following the Conquest of Malacca by the Portuguese Conquistadors , the trading links intensified between South Sulawesi to other commercial powerhouse: namely Johor and Patani in the peninsula , Acheh in Sumatra , Banjarmasin in Borneo and Demak in Java — all having

7030-580: The political development and involved in discussions with several Bugis-Makassar rulers in the region before returning to Malacca (via Java). However Datu of Suppa and its population alongside other Ajatappareng states remain largely Christians according to Manuel Godinho de Erédia . Following the restoration of economic relations with the Portuguese Malacca in 1559, there were repeated requests made from South Sulawesi primarily Ajatappareng states for priests, however not many were available and

7125-484: The pre-Islamic cemeteries. However, in contrast to much of Southeast Asia, the indicators of Hindu and Buddhist materials are rather sparse in South Sulawesi cultures. Their writing system , and some of their names and words, along with few Buddhist bronze images found in Mandar and Bantaeng only suggest that the existence of trade relations made with the western archipelago and the presence of foreigners alike. It

7220-433: The present-day Bugis heartland, they become increasingly diverged from their neighbouring Makassarese , Mandarese and Torajan brethren; simultaneously, the proto-Bugis too would assimilated the former Austronesian tribes in the sparsely-populated area, a process whereby the native populations would gradually adopt the language of the new arrivals. Hence, a redesigned hybrid-identity through ethnogenesis emerged, binding

7315-505: The recitation of pantun during the campaq dance, a traditional dance native to Bangka-Belitung . There are two types of campaq: campaq darat, or 'land campaq', predominantly performed by native Malays of Belitung, and campaq laut, or 'sea campaq', traditionally performed by the Orang Laut , sea nomads inhabiting the coastal regions of Belitung. Similar to other Malay dialects, traditional oral literature in Belitung Malay also includes

7410-442: The region. As of 2012, Peninsular Malaysia oil production stood at 520,000 barrel of oil equivalent per day. The term East Coast ( Malay : Pantai Timur ; Jawi : ڤنتاي تيمور) is particularly used in Malaysia to describe the following states in Peninsular Malaysia facing the South China Sea , a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean : The term West Coast ( Malay : Pantai Barat ; Jawi : ڤنتاي بارت) refers informally to

7505-645: The remains of Bessé´ , a young woman was unearthed Leang Panninge, South Sulawesi. Dated over 7,200 years old, half of her DNA was identified to be connected to the indigenous Australians, the people in New Guinea and the Western Pacific; together with a previously unknown and unique human lineage that diverged approximately 37,000 years ago. Her DNA provided important evidence pertaining to the understanding on ancient human migration. Their Austronesian ancestors settled on Sulawesi around 2500 B.C. There

7600-463: The resumption of Portuguese-South Sulawesi relations in 1559, the political dynamic of the region have effectively morphed. The Makassarese state of Gowa had exerted his influence towards the north, and absorbed many Bugis states that have had a friendly relations towards the Portuguese. Simultaneously, the Kingdom of Bone also commenced its southward expansion, and soon come into a direct contact with

7695-962: The southernmost part of the Philippines . Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Taiwan , Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia. Malagasy , a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian language . There are many cognates found in

7790-529: The state is located on the Straits of Johor of the Indian Ocean . The East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia is socioculturally different in terms of overall racial composition and political affiliations compared to the West Coast – the states' demographics in the former are overwhelmingly Malay and its people lean towards social conservative and Islamist values, their electoral representation dominated by

7885-560: The support of Luwu. Although a distant power, Gowa tend to be rather hard towards its Bugis vassals of Wajo and Soppeng, this made these two states become inclined to the invitation by Bone to restore their autonomy . In 1590, the three kingdoms (Wajo, Soppeng and Bone) entered an alliance known as Tellumpocco'e , 'the Three Summits' or 'the Big Three'. In 1590, Daeng Mammeta embarked on another campaign to annihilate Wajo, but he

7980-727: The surrounding areas. By 1490, they entered an agreement with Luwu, and in the agreement they would no longer be considered as "its servant" but as a "Luwu's child". By 1498, the Wajorse enthroned Arung Matoa Puang ri Ma'galatung as their ruler, he would later turn the domain as one of the major Bugis Kingdom. The lower western seaboard, the Bugis Kingdom of Bone under the rule of King Kerrampelua' (c.1433–83) had also enacted an expansion plan to absorb parts of neighboring Luwu territories into its vassalage. Thus, by two centuries later, it has become an area for intense confrontation between

8075-883: The teaching of Islam in the Kingdom of Kutei , eastern Borneo, in which he was more triumphant. In 1580, the Sultan of Ternate, Babullah, advised the ruler of Gowa to embrace the teaching of Islam, the king declined. However, as a gesture of kindness, he awarded the Makassar-Malay community the consent to construct a mosque . Abdul Makmur returned to Makassar with Sulaiman (Dato' ri Pa'timang) and Abdul Jawad (Dato' ri Tiro). All three of them are from Minangkabau and likely to have been educated in Aceh, before they visited Johor-Riau to study South Sulawesi culture from Bugis-Makassar sailors, followed by study under Wali Songo of Java , in

8170-582: The three of them later managed promoted Islam to the Gowan ruler, to become Muslim under the name of Sultan Ala’uddin. In November 1607, the first public prayers were promulgated in the newly constructed Tallo' Mosque. Conversion began slowly and adapted with native Ammatoa practitioners centered in Bulukumba. The twin kingdom of Gowa and Tallo persuaded other South Sulawesi Kingdoms to emulate their move on adopting Islam as their religion. When this invitation

8265-551: The two kingdoms. While the Makassarese , traditionally occupied the deep down in the south and the western coast of the peninsula were mainly concentrated their political rule in Siang and Bantaeng (the latter was potentially still under Luwu's nominal control). However, the small twin states of Gowa and Tallo (better known by foreigners as a single state of Makassar) were started to gain its importance during this period. By

8360-401: The type of word. For nouns , it indicates pluralization or resemblance to something. Verbs use reduplication to denote reciprocal actions, repetitive actions, leisurely actions, or intensity. Adjectives use it to signify a high degree or intensity. Lastly, numerals use reduplication to express collectivity. In full reduplication, the entire base form is repeated without phoneme changes or

8455-399: The western coast of South Sulawesi, an area with a high concentration of Malay and Minangkabau merchants arriving from the west. It slowly gained the attention of the kingdoms of Soppeng and Sindereng, with the pursuit to include the area in their territorial expansions, these Bugis states have already lost their direct sea access in the west coast by Luwu. Sidenreng, a tributary under

8550-568: The word amat 'very'. For example: Numerals can be divided into definite and indefinite numerals. Example of definite numerals are: Examples of indefinite numerals are: Pronouns in Belitung Malay can be divided into personal pronouns , demonstrative pronouns and interrogative pronouns . This table shows an overview over the most commonly and widely used personal pronouns in Belitung Malay. The pronouns aku and saya both mean 'I', with saya typically used in more formal contexts. The pronouns kameq and kite both mean 'we', but kameq

8645-532: Was also concluded with a military alliance with both states. De Paiva's return to Malacca was not only together with official gifts to the Kingdom of Portugal , but also accompanied with four young Bugis men who would later attend the Jesuit college in Indian Goa . The two Bugis Kings also requested priests and a possible military support from the Portuguese Malaccan governor, potentially to curb

8740-469: Was believed that with the inclusion of the various ethnic groups in Borneo, the racial arithmetic would be offset such that the influx of ethnic Chinese from Singapore would not politically overwhelm Malaya, satisfying the Malay ultras . Ultimately, both Malaysia and Singapore agreed that after a merger, Singapore would retain autonomy in labour, education and health, among others, unlike the other states in

8835-477: Was declined, they launched a series of military actions known as "the Islamic wars". In 1608, the west coast states of Bacukiki', Suppa', Sa wino' and Mandar; and in the east coast, Akkotengeng and Sakkoli' submitted; followed by subjugation of Sidenreng and Soppeng in 1609, Wajo in 1610. Pursuant to the submission from the Bugis state of Bone in 1611, most of the South Sulawesi Peninsula (with

8930-545: Was killed during an amok . A truce was followed soon after in 1591, the peace negotiation, under the Treaty of Caleppa was thus renewed. In the later half of the 16th century, the contest between Islam and Christianity was still largely undecided in South Sulawesi Peninsula. Most of the surrounding kingdoms in Sulawesi have already become Muslims under the sway of Ternate -Gorontalo in 1525 and Buton in 1542. There were already individual converts in South Sulawesi. In 1550,

9025-520: Was written in the Jawi script , also known as Arab-Melayu or Gundul script. Jawi entered Belitung during the rule of the Palembang Sultanate , as part of the spread of Islam in the Indonesian archipelago . Manuscripts and other artifacts discovered in Belitung from the past were predominantly written in Jawi. However, the usage of the Jawi script has declined following the introduction of the Latin script by

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