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66-430: The navel (clinically known as the umbilicus ; pl. : umbilici or umbilicuses ; commonly known as the belly button or tummy button ) is a protruding, flat, or hollowed area on the abdomen at the attachment site of the umbilical cord . All placental mammals have a navel, although it is generally more conspicuous in humans. The umbilicus is used to visually separate the abdomen into quadrants. The umbilicus

132-627: A great influence on the development of the Egyptian style and became famous, like Samia Gamal and Taheyya Kariokka , both of whom helped attract eyes to the Egyptian style worldwide. Professional belly dance in Cairo has not been exclusive to native Egyptians, although the country prohibited foreign-born dancers from obtaining licenses for solo work for much of 2004 out of concern that potentially inauthentic performances would dilute its culture. (Other genres of performing arts were not affected.) The ban

198-444: A newborn, it may represent a diaphragmatic hernia . In general, it is indicative of malnutrition . Many gastrointestinal diseases affect the abdominal organs. These include stomach disease , liver disease , pancreatic disease , gallbladder and bile duct disease; intestinal diseases include enteritis , coeliac disease , diverticulitis , and irritable bowel syndrome . Different medical procedures can be used to examine

264-407: A serous membrane known as the parietal peritoneum . This membrane is continuous with the visceral peritoneum lining the organs. The abdomen in vertebrates contains a number of organs belonging to, for instance, the digestive system , urinary system , and muscular system . The abdominal cavity contains most organs of the digestive system , including the stomach , the small intestine , and

330-426: A special regard for the navel. During the early Jōmon period in northern Japan, three small balls indicating the breasts and navel were pasted onto flat clay objects to represent the female body. The navel was exaggerated in size, informed by the belief that the navel symbolized the center where life began. In Arabic- Levantine culture, belly dancing is a popular art form that consists of dance movements focused on

396-578: A strong influence on the Turkish style. Belly dance today is a dance used by various artists among which are Rihanna , Beyoncé , Fergie , however the greatest representative of this dance is the Colombian singer Shakira , who led this dance to position it as her trademark, with her songs Whenever Wherever and Ojos Así , however thanks to the song Hips Don't Lie , her hip dance skills became known worldwide. Also, thanks to Whenever Wherever in 2001,

462-485: A variant with a rope entangling it in her body and dancing to the rhythm of Whenever Wherever. Shakira is the only artist in the music industry who has used belly dance on several occasions in her artistic career. She inspired Beyoncé to explore this type of dance in her Beautiful Liar collaboration where she also acted as choreographer. At the Super Bowl LIV Halftime Show event she returned to

528-521: Is a Middle Eastern dance that originated in Egypt , which features movements of the hips and torso. A Western-coined exonym , it is also referred to as Middle Eastern dance or Arabic dance . It has evolved to take many different forms depending on the country and region, both in costume and dance style; with the styles and costumes of Egypt being the most recognized worldwide due to Egyptian cinema . Belly dancing in its various forms and styles

594-471: Is a prominent scar on the abdomen, with its position being relatively consistent among humans. The skin around the waist at the level of the umbilicus is supplied by the tenth thoracic spinal nerve (T10 dermatome ). The umbilicus itself typically lies at a vertical level corresponding to the junction between the L3 and L4 vertebrae , with a normal variation among people between the L3 and L5 vertebrae. Parts of

660-508: Is believed to have had a long history in the Middle East . Several Greek and Roman sources including Juvenal and Martial describe dancers from Asia Minor and Spain using undulating movements, playing castanets , and sinking to the floor with "quivering thighs", descriptions that are certainly suggestive of the movements that are today associated with belly dance. Later, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries, European travellers in

726-421: Is enclosed in a thick sheath, formed as described above, by fibers from each of the three muscles of the lateral abdominal wall. They originate at the pubis bone , run up the abdomen on either side of the linea alba, and insert into the cartilages of the fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs. In the region of the groin , the inguinal canal , is a passage through the layers. This gap is where the testes can drop through

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792-417: Is important to properly exercise the abdominal muscles together with the back muscles because when these are weak or overly tight they can suffer painful spasms and injuries . When properly exercised, abdominal muscles contribute to improved posture and balance, reduce the likelihood of back pain episodes, reduce the severity of back pain, protect against injury, help avoid some back surgeries, and help with

858-590: Is modern classical (known as "al-jadid"). In the 1870s, Shafiqa al-Qibtiyya was the most famous bellydancer in all of Egypt's theatres and casinos, she was admired by the nation and widely celebrated. The modern Egyptian belly dance style and the modern belly dance costumes of the 19th century were featured by the Awalim . For example, many of the dancers in Badia's Casinos went on to appear in Egyptian films and had

924-515: Is noted for its controlled, precise movements. Although belly dance is traditionally seen as a feminine art, the number of male belly dancers has increased in recent years. Belly dance is referred to in Turkey as Oryantal Dans, or simply 'Oryantal' literally meaning orient . Many professional dancers and musicians in Turkey continue to be of Romani heritage, and the Roma people of Turkey have had

990-777: Is popular across the globe where it is taught by a multitude of schools of dance. "Belly dance" is a translation of the French term danse du ventre . The name first appeared in 1864 in a review of the Orientalist painting The Dance of the Almeh by Jean-Léon Gérôme . The first known use of the term "belly dance" in English is found in Charles James Wills, In the land of the lion and sun: or, Modern Persia (1883). Raqs sharqi ('Eastern Dance' or 'Dance of

1056-620: Is to bend one's back forward (flexion). The main work of the abdominal muscles is to bend the spine forward when contracting concentrically. Social and cultural perceptions of the outward appearance of the abdomen has varying significance around the world. Depending on the type of society, excess weight can be perceived as an indicator of wealth and prestige due to excess food, or as a sign of poor health due to lack of exercise. In many cultures, bare abdomens are distinctly sexualized and perceived similarly to breast cleavage . Being key elements of spinal support, and contributors to good posture, it

1122-453: Is to draw three horizontal and two vertical lines. The two vertical or mid-Poupart lines are drawn from the point midway between the anterior superior spine and the pubic symphysis on each side, vertically upward to the costal margin. The right subcostal margin corresponds to the lower limit of the liver , while the right nipple is about half an inch above its upper limit. The abdomen can be divided into quadrants or regions to describe

1188-507: Is universally recognized. The following attempt at categorization reflects the most common naming conventions: In addition to these torso movements, dancers in many styles will use level changes, traveling steps, turns, and spins. The arms are used to frame and accentuate movements of the hips, for dramatic gestures, and to create beautiful lines and shapes with the body. Other movements may be used as occasional accents, such as low kicks and arabesques, backbends, and head tosses. Belly dancing

1254-521: The Awalim (primarily musicians and poets), Ghawazi . The Maazin sisters may have been the last authentic performers of Ghawazi dance in Egypt, with Khayreyya Maazin still teaching and performing as of 2020. Belly dancing is part of Egyptian culture, and is part of Arabic culture as a whole. Throughout the Middle East and the Arab diaspora , belly dancing is closely associated with Arabic music that

1320-538: The Lepidoptera and the Symphyta (sawflies) have fleshy appendages called prolegs on their abdominal segments (as well as their more familiar thoracic legs), which allow them to grip onto the edges of plant leaves as they walk around. In arachnids (spiders, scorpions and relatives), the term "abdomen" is used interchangeably with " opisthosoma " ("hind body"), which is the body section posterior to that bearing

1386-405: The aorta and inferior vena cava . The urinary bladder , uterus , fallopian tubes , and ovaries may be seen as either abdominal organs or as pelvic organs. Finally, the abdomen contains an extensive membrane called the peritoneum . A fold of peritoneum may completely cover certain organs, whereas it may cover only one side of organs that usually lie closer to the abdominal wall. This is called

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1452-414: The colon with its attached appendix . Other digestive organs are known as the accessory digestive organs and include the liver , its attached gallbladder , and the pancreas , and these communicate with the rest of the system via various ducts. The spleen , and organs of the urinary system including the kidneys , and adrenal glands also lie within the abdomen, along with many blood vessels including

1518-475: The kidneys , the pancreas and the spleen . The abdominal wall is split into the posterior (back), lateral (sides), and anterior (front) walls. The abdominal muscles have different important functions. They assist as muscles of exhalation in the breathing process during forceful exhalation . Moreover, these muscles serve as protection for the inner organs. Furthermore, together with the back muscles they provide postural support and are important in defining

1584-414: The linea alba in the abdominal wall. At about its midpoint sits the umbilicus or navel . The rectus abdominis on each side of the linea alba stands out in muscular people. The outline of these muscles is interrupted by three or more transverse depressions indicating the tendinous intersections . There is usually one about the xiphoid process, one at the navel, and one in between. It is the combination of

1650-410: The lumbosacral joint (the intervertebral disc between L5 and S1 ) to the pubic symphysis and is the edge of the pelvic inlet . The space above this inlet and under the thoracic diaphragm is termed the abdominal cavity. The boundary of the abdominal cavity is the abdominal wall in the front and the peritoneal surface at the rear. In vertebrates, the abdomen is a large body cavity enclosed by

1716-417: The retroperitoneum , and the kidneys and ureters are known as retroperitoneal organs. There are three layers of muscles in the abdominal wall . They are, from the outside to the inside: external oblique , internal oblique , and transverse abdominal . The first three layers extend between the vertebral column , the lower ribs, the iliac crest and pubis of the hip . All of their fibers merge towards

1782-619: The Islamic sex segregation , but female slaves were trained to entertain male guests in singing and other art forms, such as the qiyan slave artists, who became common during the era of slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate . During the era of slavery in Egypt , female slaves were trained in singing and dancing and given as gifts between men. In the Ottoman Empire , belly dance was performed by women and later, by boys, in

1848-568: The Middle East such as Edward Lane and Flaubert wrote extensively of the dancers they saw there, including the Awalim and Ghawazi of Egypt. In his book, Andrew Hammond notes that practitioners of the art form agree that belly dance is lodged especially in Egyptian culture, he states: "the Greek historian Herodotus related the remarkable ability of Egyptians to create for themselves spontaneous fun, singing, clapping, and dancing in boats on

1914-628: The Middle East. Although there were dancers of this type at the 1876 Centennial in Philadelphia, it was not until the 1893 Chicago World's Fair that it gained national attention. The term "belly dancing" is often credited to Sol Bloom , the Fair's entertainment director, but he referred to the dance as danse du ventre , the name used by the French in Algeria. In his memoirs, Bloom states, "when

1980-636: The Nile during numerous religious festivals. It's from somewhere in this great, ancient tradition of gaiety that the belly dance emerged." The courtly pleasures of the Umayyad , Abbasid and Fatimid caliphs included belly dancing, soirée and singing. Belly dancers and singers were sent from all parts of the vast empire to entertain. During this era of slavery in the Muslim world , these artists were often slaves. No free Muslim woman could perform in public due to

2046-599: The Orient') is a broad category of professional forms of the dance, including forms of belly dance popularly known today, such as Raqs Baladi, Sa'idi, Ghawazee, and Awalim. The informal, social form of the dance is known as Raqs Baladi ('Dance of the Country' or 'Folk Dance') in Egyptian Arabic and is considered an indigenous dance. Belly dance is primarily a torso-driven dance, with an emphasis on articulations of

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2112-437: The abdominal muscles, at the front and to the sides, and by part of the vertebral column at the back. Lower ribs can also enclose ventral and lateral walls. The abdominal cavity is continuous with, and above, the pelvic cavity. It is attached to the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm. Structures such as the aorta , inferior vena cava and esophagus pass through the diaphragm. Both the abdominal and pelvic cavities are lined by

2178-412: The abdominal organs. This is associated with a higher risk of heart disease , asthma and type 2 diabetes. Abdominal trauma is an injury to the abdomen and can involve damage to the abdominal organs. There is an associated risk of severe blood loss and infection . Injury to the lower chest can cause injuries to the spleen and liver. A scaphoid abdomen is when the abdomen is sucked inwards. In

2244-413: The adult navel include the "umbilical cord remnant" or "umbilical tip", which is the often protruding scar left by the detachment of the umbilical cord. This is located in the center of the navel, sometimes described as the belly button . Around the cord remnant is the "umbilical collar", formed by the dense fibrous umbilical ring . Surrounding the umbilical collar is the periumbilical skin. Directly behind

2310-565: The belly dance fever began popularizing it in a large part of Latin America and later taking it to the United States. Over time in her presentations Shakira added this dance mixing it with Latin dances, like Salsa and Afro-Colombian, and she also she expressed that she began to dance these movements since she was little thanks to her Lebanese grandmother. Nowadays the belly dance is a characteristic dance of this singer which presented

2376-574: The belly dance with rope during the transition from Ojos así thus to Whenever Wherever . Belly dance was popularized in the West during the Romantic movement of the 18th and 19th centuries, when Orientalist artists depicted romanticized images of harem life in the Ottoman Empire . Belly dancing has become popular outside the Arab world , and American, European, and Japanese women who have become professional belly dancers dance all over Europe and

2442-500: The bulbous gaster . The petiole and gaster (abdominal segments 2 and onward) are collectively called the metasoma . Unlike other arthropods, insects possess no legs on the abdomen in adult form, though the Protura do have rudimentary leg-like appendages on the first three abdominal segments, and Archaeognatha possess small, articulated "styli" which are sometimes considered to be rudimentary appendages. Many larval insects including

2508-464: The common honey bee . In the Collembola (springtails), the abdomen has only six segments. The abdomen is sometimes highly modified. In Apocrita (bees, ants and wasps), the first segment of the abdomen is fused to the thorax and is called the propodeum . In ants , the second segment forms the narrow petiole . Some ants have an additional postpetiole segment, and the remaining segments form

2574-440: The concavity of the ileum. However, the term is in common usage. Abdominal organs can be highly specialized in some mammals. For example, the stomach of ruminants , (a suborder of mammals that includes cattle and sheep ), is divided into four chambers – rumen , reticulum , omasum and abomasum . In arthropods , the abdomen is built up of a series of upper plates known as tergites and lower plates known as sternites ,

2640-493: The dance, and dancers were sometimes arrested and fined. The dance was nicknamed the " hoochie coochie ", or the shimmy and shake. A short film, "Fatima's Dance", was widely distributed in the Nickelodeon theaters. It drew criticism for its "immodest" dancing, and was eventually censored. Belly dance drew men in droves to burlesque theaters, and to carnival and circus lots. Thomas Edison made several films of dancers in

2706-446: The dancers were uncorseted and gyrated their hips was shocking to Victorian sensibilities. There were no soloists, but it is claimed that a dancer nicknamed Little Egypt stole the show. Some claim the dancer was Farida Mazar Spyropoulos , but this fact is disputed. The popularity of these dancers subsequently spawned dozens of imitators, many of whom claimed to be from the original troupe. Victorian society continued to be affronted by

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2772-404: The digestive tract is placed and so most of the absorption and digestion of food occurs here. The alimentary tract in the abdomen consists of the lower esophagus , the stomach , the duodenum , the jejunum , ileum , the cecum and the appendix , the ascending , transverse and descending colons , the sigmoid colon and the rectum . Other vital organs inside the abdomen include the liver ,

2838-439: The form. When the glottis is closed and the thorax and pelvis are fixed, they are integral in the cough , urination , defecation , childbirth , vomit , and singing functions. When the pelvis is fixed, they can initiate the movement of the trunk in a forward motion. They also prevent hyperextension . When the thorax is fixed, they can pull up the pelvis and finally, they can bend the vertebral column sideways and assist in

2904-418: The healing of back problems, or after spine surgery. When strengthened, the abdominal muscles provide flexibility as well. The abdominal muscles can be worked by strength and fitness exercises, and through practicing disciplines of general body strength such as Pilates , yoga , tai chi , and jogging . Abdominal obesity is a condition where abdominal fat or visceral fat, has built up excessively between

2970-518: The hips. Unlike many Western dance forms, the focus of the dance is on isolations of the torso muscles, rather than on movements of the limbs through space. Although some of these isolations appear similar to the isolations used in jazz ballet, they are sometimes driven differently and have a different feeling or emphasis. In common with most folk dances, there is no universal naming scheme for belly dance movements. Many dancers and dance schools have developed their own naming schemes, but none of these

3036-408: The ilium to the spine of the pubis . These lower limits are marked by visible grooves. Just above the pubic spines on either side are the external abdominal rings, which are openings in the muscular wall of the abdomen through which the spermatic cord emerges in the male, and through which an inguinal hernia may rupture. One method by which the location of the abdominal contents can be appreciated

3102-409: The internal oblique and the underlying transverse fascia . It originates from the inguinal ligament, costal cartilages 7-12, the iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia. Inserts into the conjoint tendon, xiphoid process , linea alba and the pubic crest. The rectus abdominis muscles are long and flat. The muscle is crossed by three fibrous bands called the tendinous intersections . The rectus abdominis

3168-512: The legs and head (the prosoma or cephalothorax ). Belly dance Features Types Types Features Clothing Genres Art music Folk Prose Islamic Poetry Genres Forms Arabic prosody National literatures of Arab States Concepts Texts Fictional Arab people South Arabian deities Belly dance ( Arabic : رقص شرقي , romanized :  Raqs sharqi , lit.   'oriental dance')

3234-424: The linea alba and the tendinous intersections which form the abdominal "six-pack" sought after by many people. The upper lateral limit of the abdomen is the subcostal margin (at or near the subcostal plane ) formed by the cartilages of the false ribs (8, 9, 10) joining one another. The lower lateral limit is the anterior crest of the ilium and Poupart's ligament , which runs from the anterior superior spine of

3300-406: The location of an organ or structure. Classically, quadrants are described as the left upper, left lower, right upper, and right lower. Quadrants are also often used in describing the site of an abdominal pain. The abdomen can also be divided into nine regions. These terms stem from "hypo" meaning "below" and "epi" means "above", while "chondron" means "cartilage" (in this case, the cartilage of

3366-454: The male and female midriff and bare navel was considered taboo at times in the past in Western cultures , being considered immodest or indecent . Female navel exposure was banned in some jurisdictions, but community perceptions have changed to this now being acceptable. The crop top is a shirt that often exposes the belly button and has become more common among young people. Exposure of

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3432-475: The male navel has rarely been stigmatised and has become particularly popular in recent years, due to the strong resurgence of the male crop top and male navel piercing . The navel and midriff are often also displayed in bikinis , or when low-rise pants are worn. While the West was relatively resistant to navel-baring clothing until the 1980s, it has long been a fashion with Indian women, often displayed with saris or lehengas . The Japanese have long had

3498-440: The midline and surround the rectus abdominis in a sheath before joining up on the opposite side at the linea alba . Strength is gained by the criss-crossing of fibers, such that the external oblique runs downward and forward, the internal oblique upward and forward, and the transverse abdominal horizontally forward. The transverse abdominal muscle is flat and triangular, with its fibers running horizontally. It lies between

3564-460: The navel can be involved in umbilical sinus or fistula, which in rare cases can lead to menstrual or fecal discharge from the navel. Menstrual discharge from the umbilicus is a rare disorder associated with umbilical endometriosis . To minimize scarring, the navel is a recommended site of incision for various surgeries, including transgastric appendicectomy , gall bladder surgery, and the umbilicoplasty procedure itself. The public exposure of

3630-508: The navel is a thick fibrous cord formed from the umbilical cord, called the urachus , which originates from the bladder . The belly button is unique to each individual due to it being a scar, and various general forms have been classified by medical practitioners. Outies are sometimes mistaken for umbilical hernias ; however, they are a completely different shape with no health concern, unlike an umbilical hernia. The navel (specifically abdominal wall) would be considered an umbilical hernia if

3696-436: The organs of the gastrointestinal tract. These include endoscopy , colonoscopy , sigmoidoscopy , enteroscopy , oesophagogastroduodenoscopy and virtual colonoscopy . There are also a number of medical imaging techniques that can be used. Surface landmarks are important in the examination of the abdomen . In the mid-line, a slight furrow extends from the xiphoid process above to the pubic symphysis below, representing

3762-409: The protrusion were 5 centimeters or more. The diameter of an umbilical hernia is usually 1/2-inch or more. Navels that are concave are nicknamed "innies". While the shape of the human navel may be affected by long term changes to diet and exercise, unexpected change in shape may be the result of ascites . In addition to change in shape being a possible side effect from ascites and umbilical hernias,

3828-482: The public learned that the literal translation was "belly dance", they delightedly concluded that it must be salacious and immoral ... I had a gold mine." Authentic dancers from several Middle Eastern and North African countries performed at the Fair, including Syria, Turkey and Algeria—but it was the dancers in the Egyptian Theater of The Street in the Cairo exhibit who gained the most notoriety. The fact that

3894-486: The rib) and "gaster" means stomach. The reversal of "left" and "right" is intentional, because the anatomical designations reflect the patient's own right and left .) The "right iliac fossa" (RIF) is a common site of pain and tenderness in patients who have appendicitis . The fossa is named for the underlying iliac fossa of the hip bone , and thus is somewhat imprecise. Most of the anatomical structures that will produce pain and tenderness in this region are not in fact in

3960-464: The spine. They also stabilize the spine when upright. The rectus abdominis muscle is not the most superficial abdominal muscle. The tendonous sheath extending from the external obliques cover the rectus abdominis. The rectus abdominis is the muscle that very fit people develop into "six-pack" abs, though there are five vertical sections on each side. The two bottom sections are just above the pubic bone and usually not visible. The rectus abdominals' function

4026-527: The sultan's palace. Belly dance in Egypt has two distinct social contexts: as a folk or social dance. As a social dance, belly dance (also called Raqs Baladi or Raqs Shaabi in this context) is performed at celebrations and social gatherings by ordinary people (male and female, young and old), in their ordinary clothes. In more conservative or traditional societies, these events may be gender segregated, with separate parties where men and women dance separately. Historically, professional dance performers were

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4092-486: The torso and navel. Buddhism and Hinduism refer to the chakra of the navel as the manipura . In qigong , the navel is seen as the main energy centre, or dantian . In Hinduism , the Kundalini energy is sometimes described as being located at the navel. Abdomen In humans, the abdomen stretches from the thorax at the thoracic diaphragm to the pelvis at the pelvic brim . The pelvic brim stretches from

4158-469: The trunk's rotation. The transverse abdominis muscle is the deepest muscle; therefore, it cannot be touched from the outside. It can greatly affect the body's posture. The internal obliques are also deep and also affect body posture. Both of them are involved in rotation and lateral flexion of the spine and are used to bend and support the spine from the front. The external obliques are more superficial and are also involved in rotation and lateral flexion of

4224-409: The wall and where the fibrous cord from the uterus in the female runs. This is also where weakness can form, and cause inguinal hernias . The pyramidalis muscle is small and triangular. It is located in the lower abdomen in front of the rectus abdominis. It originates at the pubic bone and is inserted into the linea alba halfway up to the navel . Functionally, the human abdomen is where most of

4290-415: The whole being held together by a tough yet stretchable membrane. In insects , the abdomen contains the insect's digestive tract and reproductive organs, it consists of eleven segments in most orders of insects though the eleventh segment is absent in the adult of most higher orders. The number of these segments does vary from species to species with the number of segments visible reduced to only seven in

4356-511: Was lifted in September 2004, but a culture of exclusivity and selectivity remained. The few non-native Egyptians permitted to perform in an authentic way invigorated the dance circuit and helped spread global awareness of the art form. American-born Layla Taj is one example of a non-native Egyptian belly dancer who has performed extensively in Cairo and the Sinai resorts. Egyptian belly dance

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