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61-582: Joseph Benson Hardaway (May 21, 1895 – February 5, 1957) was an American storyboard artist, animator, voice actor, gagman , writer and director for several American animation studios during The Golden Age of Hollywood animation . He was sometimes credited as J. B. Hardaway , Ben Hardaway , B. Hardaway and Bugs Hardaway . He fought in World War I in the 129th Field Artillery Regiment , Battery D. Hardaway enlisted in World War I on June 4, 1917, and

122-457: A proposal or other business presentations intended to convince or compel to action are known as presentation boards. Presentation boards will generally be a higher quality render than shooting boards as they need to convey expression, layout, and mood. Modern ad agencies and marketing professionals will create presentation boards either by hiring a storyboard artist to create hand-drawn illustrated frames or often use sourced photographs to create

183-418: A soundtrack are added to the piece to show how a film could be shot and cut together. Increasingly used by advertisers and advertising agencies to research the effectiveness of their proposed storyboard before committing to a 'full up' television advertisement . The Photomatic is usually a research tool, similar to an animatic , in that it represents the work to a test audience so that the commissioners of

244-482: A bulletin board to tell a story in sequence, thus creating the first storyboard. Furthermore, it was Disney who first recognized the necessity for studios to maintain a separate "story department" with specialized storyboard artists (that is, a new occupation distinct from animators ), as he had realized that audiences would not watch a film unless its story gave them a reason to care about the characters. The second studio to switch from "story sketches" to storyboards

305-648: A customer or other characters into a narrative. Design comics are most often used in designing websites or illustrating product-use scenarios during design. Design comics were popularized by Kevin Cheng and Jane Jao in 2006. Occasionally, architectural studios need a storyboard artist to visualize presentations of their projects. Usually, a project needs to be seen by a panel of judges and nowadays it's possible to create virtual models of proposed new buildings, using advanced computer software to simulate lights, settings, and materials. Clearly, this type of work takes time – and so

366-569: A gagman and storyman. He started receiving film credits in 1937. His writing credits include Daffy Duck & Egghead and The Penguin Parade . While at the Schlesinger/Warner Bros. studio during the late 1930s, Hardaway served as a storyman. He co-directed several Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies shorts with Cal Dalton during Friz Freleng 's two-year exodus to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . Producer Leon Schlesinger needed

427-523: A large piece of kraft paper which can be rolled up for easy transport. The initial storyboard may be as simple as slide titles on Post-It notes, which are then replaced with draft presentation slides as they are created. Storyboards also exist in accounting in the ABC System activity-based costing (ABC) to develop a detailed process flowchart which visually shows all activities and the relationships among activities. They are used in this way to measure

488-496: A loose narrative of the idea they are trying to sell. Storyboards can also be used to visually understand the consumer experience by mapping out the customer's journey brands can better identify potential pain points and anticipate their emerging needs. Some consulting firms teach the technique to their staff to use during the development of client presentations, frequently employing the "brown paper technique" of taping presentation slides (in sequential versions as changes are made) to

549-443: A marked impact on this way of filmmaking also leading to the term 'digimatic'. Images can be shot and edited very quickly to allow important creative decisions to be made 'live'. Photo composite animations can build intricate scenes that would normally be beyond many test film budgets. Photomatix was also the trademarked name of many of the booths found in public places which took photographs by coin operation. The Photomatic brand of

610-486: A multiple-step process. They can be created by hand drawing or digitally on a computer. The main characteristics of a storyboard are: If drawing by hand, the first step is to create or download a storyboard template. These look much like a blank comic strip, with space for comments and dialogue. Then sketch a " thumbnail " storyboard. Some directors sketch thumbnails directly in the script margins. These storyboards get their name because they are rough sketches not bigger than

671-426: A presentation of how a film could be shot and cut together. Some feature film DVD special features include production animatics, which may have scratch vocals or may even feature vocals from the actual cast (usually where the scene was cut after the vocal recording phase but before the animation production phase). Animatics are also used by advertising agencies to create inexpensive test commercials. A variation,

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732-420: A replacement for Freleng, and Hardaway's previous experience in the job resulted in his promotion. In 1938, Hardaway co-directed Porky's Hare Hunt , the first film to feature a rabbit. When this unnamed, embryonic rabbit was given a new model sheet for a later short, since, according to Chuck Jones , Hardaway "didn't draw it very well", designer Charlie Thorson inadvertently offered a permanent name by titling

793-473: A stable of storyboard-specific images making it possible to quickly create shots that express the director's intent for the story. These boards tend to contain more detailed information than thumbnail storyboards and convey more of the mood for the scene. These are then presented to the project's cinematographer who achieves the director's vision. Finally, if needed, 3D storyboards are created (called 'technical previsualization '). The advantage of 3D storyboards

854-402: A thumbnail. For some motion pictures, thumbnail storyboards are sufficient. However, some filmmakers rely heavily on the storyboarding process. If a director or producer wishes, more detailed and elaborate storyboard images are created. These can be created by professional storyboard artists by hand on paper or digitally by using 2D storyboarding programs. Some software applications even supply

915-462: A visual layout of events as they are to be seen through the camera lens. In the case of interactive media, it is the layout and sequence in which the user or viewer sees the content or information. In the storyboarding process, most technical details involved in crafting a film or interactive media project can be efficiently described either in a picture or in additional text. During principal photography for live-action films, scenes are rarely shot in

976-435: Is that the production can plan the movie in advance. In this step, things like the type of camera shot, angle, and blocking of characters are decided. The process of visual thinking and planning allows a group of people to brainstorm together, placing their ideas on storyboards and then arranging the storyboards on the wall. This fosters more ideas and generates consensus inside the group. Storyboards for films are created in

1037-471: Is the Storyboards system for designing GUI apps for iOS and macOS . Another example is Boords, an online storyboarding software used for planning video projects. Storyboards are used in linguistic fieldwork to elicit spoken language . An informant is usually presented with a simplified graphical depiction of a situation or story, and asked to describe the depicted situation, or to re-tell

1098-583: Is they show exactly what the film camera will see using the lenses the film camera will use. The disadvantage of 3D is the amount of time it takes to build and construct the shots. 3D storyboards can be constructed using 3D animation programs or digital puppets within 3D programs. Some programs have a collection of low-resolution 3D figures which can aid in the process. Some 3D applications allow cinematographers to create "technical" storyboards which are optically-correct shots and frames. While technical storyboards can be helpful, optically-correct storyboards may limit

1159-403: Is worth extra selling effort. All the colored characters take off on this popular song but with a high-brown beauty shaking hips to all points while beating a song with every note. It is in the better cartoon sphere." Motion Picture Herald (April 28, 1941) commented: "In this color cartoon a lazy group of southern darkies awaken on the arrival of a Harlem miss and proceed to get rhythm in

1220-843: The Kansas City Post as a cartoonist before eventually going into the animation business, working for the Kansas City Film Ad Service. He later worked for the Walt Disney Animation Studios and the Ub Iwerks Studio, after which Hardaway was hired by the Leon Schlesinger studio as a gagman for the Friz Freleng unit. He was promoted to director for seven Buddy animated shorts. Afterwards he resumed working as

1281-455: The NAACP for its racist stereotypes of African-Americans . Hardaway died from cancer at the age of 61 on February 5, 1957, supposedly as a result of a long-term effect of exposure to chemical weapons during World War I. Most obituaries in newspapers misstated his age as 66, even though he was born in 1895; they noted his creations Bugs Bunny and Woody Woodpecker. The last project he worked on

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1342-404: The animators and directors to work out any screenplay , camera positioning, shot list, and timing issues that may exist with the current storyboard. The storyboard and soundtrack are amended if necessary, and a new animatic may be created and reviewed by the production staff until the storyboard is finalized. Editing at the animatic stage can help a production avoid wasting time and resources on

1403-431: The "rip-o-matic", is made from scenes of existing movies, television programs or commercials, to simulate the look and feel of the proposed commercial. Rip, in this sense, refers to ripping-off an original work to create a new one. A Photomatic (probably derived from 'animatic' or photo-animation) is a series of still photographs edited together and presented on screen in a sequence . Sound effects , voice-overs , and

1464-645: The Universal short sales distribution chief, at the New York City office of the studio. McEvoy defended the racist humor of the film. Jones responded that the NAACP was holding an education campaign against this type of humor. McEvoy offered to let the NAACP contact the West Coast offices of the company, but he warned that in consequence for taking action, " niggers " would be prevented from getting work in

1525-402: The animation of scenes that would otherwise be edited out of the film at a later stage. A few minutes of screen time in traditional animation usually equates to months of work for a team of traditional animators, who must painstakingly draw and paint countless frames, meaning that all that labor (and salaries already paid) will have to be written off if the finished scene simply does not work in

1586-543: The artist as needed often scribbled in the margins and the dialogue or captions indicated. John Stanley and Carl Barks (when he was writing stories for the Junior Woodchuck title) are known to have used this style of scripting. In Japanese comics , the word " name " ( ネーム , nēmu , pronounced [neːmɯ] ) is used for rough manga storyboards. Storyboards used for planning advertising campaigns such as corporate video production, commercials,

1647-575: The booths was manufactured by the International Mutoscope Reel Company of New York City . Earlier versions took only one photo per coin, and later versions of the booths took a series of photos. Many of the booths would produce a strip of four photos in exchange for a coin. Some writers have used storyboard type drawings (albeit rather sketchy) for their scripting of comic books , often indicating staging of figures, backgrounds, and balloon placement with instructions to

1708-584: The cartoon himself), with a story by Ben Hardaway , animation by Alex Lovy and Frank Tipper, and voiceover work by Mel Blanc and Nellie Lutcher . The short uses blackface caricatures based upon stereotypes of African Americans in the rural Southern United States . The "Scrub Me Mama" short is today in the public domain . Clips from it are featured in the Spike Lee satirical film about African-American stereotypes, Bamboozled (2000). Boxoffice (March 23, 1941) reported: "To Lazytown, where all

1769-747: The colored folks are snoozing, comes a river boat and a gal. She wakes up everybody, and gets them in the mood with her rendition of the boogie woogie number. The action builds effectively. This one is for the under seat feet shufflers." The Film Daily (March 25, 1941) wrote: "A light brown gal arrives in Lazytown and wakes the locals to the tune of a rhythm number. The music is hot and the former sleeping inhabitants step right out to it in this fast color cartoon. A couple of skirt silhouette shots and some exaggerated body movements make this one questionable for kid matinees." Motion Picture Exhibitor (May 14, 1941) averred: "This will not only provoke laughs but it

1830-773: The correct order. This is more efficient than having to reread the script for each shot (with cast and crew waiting) to refresh their memory as to how they originally visualized they would film that shot. A common misconception is that storyboards are not used in theatre. Directors and playwrights frequently use storyboards as special tools to understand the layout of the scene. The great Russian theatre practitioner Stanislavski developed storyboards in his detailed production plans for his Moscow Art Theatre performances (such as of Chekhov's The Seagull in 1898). The German director and dramatist Bertolt Brecht developed detailed storyboards as part of his dramaturgical method of " fabels ." In animation and special effects work,

1891-410: The cost of resources consumed, identify and eliminate non-value-added costs, determine the efficiency and effectiveness of all major activities, and identify and evaluate new activities that can improve future performance. A " quality storyboard " is a tool to help facilitate the introduction of a quality improvement process into an organization. "Design comics" are a type of storyboard used to include

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1952-402: The cost of the overall production and save time. Often storyboards include arrows or instructions that indicate movement. For fast-paced action scenes, monochrome line art might suffice. For slower-paced dramatic films with an emphasis on lighting, color impressionist style art might be necessary. In creating a motion picture with any degree of fidelity to a script , a storyboard provides

2013-469: The creative process. A film storyboard (sometimes referred to as a shooting board), is essentially a series of frames, with drawings of the sequence of events in a film, similar to a comic book of the film or some section of the film produced beforehand. It helps film directors , cinematographers and television commercial advertising clients visualize the scenes and find potential problems before they occur. Besides this, storyboards also help estimate

2074-409: The depicted story. The speech is recorded for linguistic analysis . One advantage of using storyboards is that it allows (in film and business) the user to experiment with changes in the storyline to evoke stronger reaction or interest. Flashbacks, for instance, are often the result of sorting storyboards out of chronological order to help build suspense and interest. Another benefit of storyboarding

2135-434: The director's creativity. In classic motion pictures such as Orson Welles ' Citizen Kane and Alfred Hitchcock 's North by Northwest , the director created storyboards that were initially thought by cinematographers to be impossible to film. Such innovative and dramatic shots had "impossible" depth of field and angles where there was "no room for the camera" – at least not until creative solutions were found to achieve

2196-419: The entire populace of an all-black "Lazy Town" to spring into action. The visiting urbanite admonishes one of the town's residents: "Listen, Mammy. That ain't no way to wash clothes! What you all need is rhythm!" She then proceeds to sing "Scrub Me Mama with a Boogie Beat", which the townsfolk gradually join her in performing. Thus begins a montage which is the short's centerpiece. The townsfolk are infected by

2257-501: The fields of web development , software development , and instructional design to present and describe, in written, interactive events as well as audio and motion, particularly on user interfaces and electronic pages . Storyboarding is used in software development as part of identifying the specifications for a particular set of software. During the specification phase, screens that the software will display are drawn, either on paper or using other specialized software, to illustrate

2318-514: The film's final cut. In the context of computer animation , storyboarding helps minimize the construction of unnecessary scene components and models, just as it helps live-action filmmakers evaluate what portions of sets need not be constructed because they will never come into the frame. Often storyboards are animated with simple zooms and pans to simulate camera movement (using non-linear editing software ). These animations can be combined with available animatics, sound effects, and dialog to create

2379-450: The film. Storyboarding became popular in live-action film production during the early 1940s and grew into a standard medium for the previsualization of films. Pace Gallery curator Annette Micheloson, writing of the exhibition Drawing into Film: Director's Drawings , considered the 1940s to 1990s to be the period in which "production design was largely characterized by the adoption of the storyboard". Storyboards are now an essential part of

2440-435: The first stage is a draft in the form of a storyboard, to define the various sequences that will subsequently be computer-animated. Storyboards are now becoming more popular with novelists. Because most novelists write their stories by scenes rather than chapters, storyboards are useful for plotting the story in a sequence of events and rearranging the scenes accordingly. More recently the term storyboard has been used in

2501-524: The first storyboards at Disney evolved from comic book-like "story sketches" created in the 1920s to illustrate concepts for animated cartoon short subjects such as Plane Crazy and Steamboat Willie , and within a few years the idea spread to other studios. According to Christopher Finch in The Art of Walt Disney (Finch, 1995), Disney credited animator Webb Smith with creating the idea of drawing scenes on separate sheets of paper and pinning them up on

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2562-548: The form widely known today was developed at the Walt Disney studio during the early 1930s. In the biography of her father, The Story of Walt Disney (Henry Holt, 1956), Diane Disney Miller explains that the first complete storyboards were created for the 1933 Disney short Three Little Pigs . According to John Canemaker, in Paper Dreams: The Art and Artists of Disney Storyboards (1999, Hyperion Press),

2623-449: The ground-breaking shots that the director had envisioned. Scrub Me Mama with a Boogie Beat " Scrub Me Mama with a Boogie Beat " is a 1940 hit boogie-woogie popular song written by Don Raye . A bawdy, jazzy tune, the song describes a laundry woman from Harlem , New York whose technique is so unusual that people come from all around just to watch her scrub. The Andrews Sisters and Will Bradley & His Orchestra recorded

2684-410: The images of scantily clad, dancing young women. They requested the end of distribution for the film and better judgment from Universal. Nine days later, a representative of Universal wrote to the NAACP. He pointed out that none of the company's theaters had received complaints concerning the film. A few days later, on November 3, 1948, Madison Jones, Jr, who represented the NAACP, met with E.L. McEvoy,

2745-435: The important steps of the user experience. The storyboard is then modified by the engineers and the client while they decide on their specific needs. The reason why storyboarding is useful during software engineering is that it helps the user understand exactly how the software will work, much better than an abstract description. It is also cheaper to make changes to a storyboard than an implemented piece of software. An example

2806-403: The industry. He also claimed the NAACP members were better educated than the average audience member, who would not object to seeing racist images. Jones responded that this was a reason to avoid the racist films, that the audience might think them to be based on fact. McEvoy pointed out that caricatures of Negroes, Jews , Germans, and Irish used to all be top entertainment. He emphasized that

2867-402: The laziest place on Earth. Neither the town's residents (all stereotypes of dark-skinned African-Americans) nor the animals can be bothered to leave their reclining positions to do anything at all. Their pastoral existence is interrupted by the arrival of a riverboat , carrying a svelte, sophisticated, light-skinned black woman from Harlem (resembling Lena Horne ), whose physical beauty inspires

2928-439: The model sheet " Bugs' Bunny " since it was meant for Hardaway's unit. By the time the rabbit was redesigned and refined for the film A Wild Hare , the name was already being used in relation to the character in studio publicity materials. The name Bugs' Bunny shows up in comics and merchandise as late as 1943. When Freleng left MGM to return to Warner Bros. in 1939, Hardaway was demoted back to storyman. In 1940, Hardaway joined

2989-468: The modern manner. It is a subject of especial interest to swing devotees." The short was re-released in 1948. On October 20, the NAACP wrote a letter to Universal Studios . It objected to the "vicious caricature of Negro life in the South", and called the film "insulting, derogatory and offensive". They found the short to depict Black people as lazy and only activated by swing music. They also objected to

3050-420: The most successful pop versions of the song, but it is today best recognized as the centerpiece of an eponymous and controversial Walter Lantz Studio cartoon from 1941, distributed by Universal Pictures . The short opens to an orchestral rendition of Stephen Foster 's " Old Folks at Home " (1851), immediately setting the scene in the rural South of blackface minstrelsy . The setting is Lazy Town, perhaps

3111-549: The office language at Universal also included the terms " sheenie " and " kike " (both used for Jews). He noted that the film had only been re-released since the Walter Lantz Studio had temporarily shut down (and stopped producing new content). On November 20, 1948, the Los Angeles Tribune published an article on the complaints of the NAACP. In February 1949, Universal withdrew the film, following

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3172-656: The protest. A memo dated February 19 of the same year revealed that the Jewish Labor Committee had co-operated with the NAACP in protesting the film. The controversy was a shock to Walter Lantz, who prided himself on avoiding problems with the censors. He repeatedly stated that his cartoons were never meant to offend anyone. After the 1949 decision, Lantz made a major effort to exclude any offensive caricatures of racial or ethnic groups in his cartoons. He also promised that Scrub Me Mama would never be distributed on television, but according to eyewitness accounts,

3233-431: The sequence in which they occur in the script. It is also sometimes necessary to film individual shots within a scene out of order and on different days, which can be very confusing. (The reasons for this are explained at length in the production board article.) In the latter scenario, directors can use storyboards on set to quickly refresh their memory as to the desired effect when those shots are later edited together in

3294-615: The song's rhythm and proceed to go about playing instruments, and dancing suggestively. By the time the young light-skinned black woman from Harlem is due to get on her riverboat and return home, she has succeeded in turning Lazy Town into a lively community of swing musicians simply by singing. The cartoon concludes with the mammy washerwoman bending over, displaying the words "The End" across the undergarments covering her end . The short version, released on March 28, 1941, by Universal Pictures, features no director credit (although Woody Woodpecker creator Walter Lantz claimed to have directed

3355-598: The staff of Walter Lantz Productions , where he helped Walter Lantz in creating the studio's most famous character, Woody Woodpecker . Hardaway wrote or co-wrote most of the stories for the Woody Woodpecker shorts between late 1940 and early 1951, as well as supplying Woody's voice between 1944 and 1949 (sources claiming that Hardaway was the first person to succeed Mel Blanc as Woody's voice after Blanc signed an exclusive contract with Warner Bros. are incorrect: Danny Webb , Kent Rogers , and Dick Nelson provided

3416-483: The storyboarding stage may be followed by simplified mock-ups called "animatics" to give a better idea of how a scene will look and feel with motion and timing. At its simplest, an animatic is a sequence of still images (usually taken from a storyboard) displayed in sync with rough dialogue (i.e., scratch vocals ) or rough soundtrack, essentially providing a simplified overview of how various visual and auditory elements will work in conjunction to one another. This allows

3477-567: The voice of Woody between Blanc and Hardaway). Shamus Culhane , the director of most of the Woody cartoons between 1944 and 1946, thought Hardaway's humor was crude and formulaic. Nevertheless, the collaboration worked, and many consider this the golden era of Woody cartoons. During his second year at Lantz, he wrote the story for Scrub Me Mama with a Boogie Beat ; in February 1949, Universal withdrew it from reissue due to multiple complaints from

3538-469: The work can gauge its effectiveness. Originally, photographs were taken using a color negative film. A selection would be made from contact sheets and prints made. The prints would be placed on a rostrum and recorded to videotape using a standard video camera . Any moves, pans or zooms would have to be made in-camera. The captured scenes could then be edited. Digital photography , web access to stock photography and non-linear editing programs have had

3599-466: Was Adventures of Pow Wow , although he only wrote four episodes, which have lost audio. Storyboard Many large budget silent films were storyboarded, but most of this material has been lost during the reduction of the studio archives during the 1970s and 1980s. Special effects pioneer Georges Méliès is known to have been among the first filmmakers to use storyboards and pre-production art to visualize planned effects. However, storyboarding in

3660-477: Was Walter Lantz Productions in early 1935; by 1936 Harman-Ising and Leon Schlesinger Productions also followed suit. By 1937 or 1938, all American animation studios were using storyboards. Gone with the Wind (1939) was one of the first live-action films to be completely storyboarded. William Cameron Menzies , the film's production designer , was hired by producer David O. Selznick to design every shot of

3721-611: Was discharged on April 9, 1919, serving for 26 months in total. He was led in the 129th Field Artillery Regiment by future President of the United States Harry S. Truman , in which he attended his reception planned by Forrest Smith at the Shoreham Hotel in 1949 and his inauguration , following him being re-elected . Hardaway served the last 14 months of his service in France . Hardaway started his career at

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