65-638: Ben Shneiderman (born August 21, 1947) is an American computer scientist , a Distinguished University Professor in the University of Maryland Department of Computer Science, which is part of the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences at the University of Maryland, College Park , and the founding director (1983-2000) of the University of Maryland Human-Computer Interaction Lab . He conducted fundamental research in
130-652: A PhD , M.S. , Bachelor's degree in computer science, or other similar fields like Information and Computer Science (CIS), or a closely related discipline such as mathematics or physics . Computer scientists are often hired by software publishing firms, scientific research and development organizations where they develop the theories and computer model that allow new technologies to be developed. Computer scientists are also employed by educational institutions such as universities . Computer scientists can follow more practical applications of their knowledge, doing things such as software engineering. They can also be found in
195-527: A PhD in 1973. Shneiderman started his academic career at the State University of New York at Farmingdale in 1968 as instructor at the Department of Data Processing. In the last year before his graduation he was an instructor at the Department of Computer Science of Stony Brook University (then called State University of New York at Stony Brook). In 1973 he was appointed assistant professor at
260-481: A complete thought possibly defined in terms of other thoughts as yet undefined. A model is needed which prevents unrestricted transfers of control and has a control structure closer to languages amenable to structured programming. We present an attempt at such a model. The new model technique for structured programming they presented has become known as the Nassi–Shneiderman diagram ; a graphical representation of
325-615: A key component of Spotfire , which was acquired by TIBCO in 2007. His work continued on visual analysis tools for time series data, TimeSearcher , high dimensional data, Hierarchical Clustering Explorer , and social network data, SocialAction. Shneiderman contributed to the widely used social network analysis and visualization tool NodeXL . Current work deals with visualization of temporal event sequences, such as found in Electronic Health Records, in systems such as LifeLines2 and EventFlow . These tools visualize
390-794: A mixed-use district including residential apartments and condos (100,000 ft ), retail (300,000 ft ), dining, office space (100,000 ft ), hotels, entertainment, public art and fountains, forming the new core of revitalized downtown Bethesda. Retail stores include an Apple Store , Anthropologie , and Bethesda Bagels. Bethesda is located in the Montgomery County Public School District . Public primary schools located in Bethesda include: Public middle schools located in Bethesda include: Public high schools located in Bethesda include: Private schools located in Bethesda include: Bethesda
455-466: A more skeptical opinion of the utility of detailed flowcharts under modern programming conditions. We repeatedly selected problems and tried to create test conditions which would favor the flowchart groups, but found no statistically significant differences between the flowchart and non-flowchart groups. In some cases the mean scores for the non-flowchart groups even surpassed the means for the flowchart groups. We conjecture that detailed flowcharts are merely
520-531: A national center for medical research. According to the 2020 census , the community had a total population of 68,056. It takes its name from a local church, the Bethesda Meeting House (1820, rebuilt 1849), which in turn took its name from Jerusalem 's Pool of Bethesda . Bethesda is located in the traditional territory of the indigenous Native Piscataway and Nacotchtank at the time of European colonization . Fur trader Henry Fleet became
585-659: A number of other military medical and research institutions. Other federal institutions include the Consumer Product Safety Commission and the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division . The headquarters of defense conglomerate Lockheed Martin , managed health care company Coventry Health Care and hotel and resort chains Marriott International and Host Hotels & Resorts, Inc. are located in Bethesda. Software company Bethesda Softworks
650-600: A nursing school. National Intelligence University is also in Bethesda. The Washington Japanese Language School, a supplementary weekend Japanese school , holds its classes at the Stone Ridge School of the Sacred Heart in Bethesda. The WJLS maintains its school office in North Bethesda , adjacent to Garrett Park . The institution, giving supplemental education to Japanese-speaking children in
715-485: A programming methodology which has since become standard practice in the computer programming field. Furthermore, Shneiderman had conducted experiments which suggested that flowcharts were not helpful for writing, understanding, or modifying computer programs. At the end of their 1977 paper, Shneiderman et al. concluded: Although our original intention was to ascertain under which conditions detailed flowcharts were most helpful, our repeated negative results have led us to
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#1732794151335780-464: A public debate on Direct Manipulation vs. Interface Agents at CHI'97 and IUI 1997 (with the IUI Proceedings showing two separate papers but no remaining internet trace of the panel.) Those events helped define the two current dominant themes in human-computer interaction: direct human control of computer operations via visual user interfaces vs delegation of control to interface agents that know
845-411: A redundant presentation of the information contained in the programming language statements. The flowcharts may even be at a disadvantage because they are not as complete (omitting declarations, statement labels, and input/output formats) and require many more pages than do the concise programming language statements. In 1986, he published the first edition (now on its sixth edition) of his book "Designing
910-626: A rural way station after the development of the Washington and Rockville Turnpike , which carried tobacco and other products between Georgetown and Rockville , and north to Frederick . The Bethesda Meeting House, a Presbyterian church, was built in 1820. The church burned in 1849 and was rebuilt the same year about 100 yards (91 m) south, and its former location became the Cemetery of the Bethesda Meeting House. In 1852,
975-558: Is about two and one-half miles from Washington, D.C.'s western boundary, making Bethesda a close-in suburb of the nation's capital. Other focal points of downtown Bethesda include the Woodmont Triangle, bordered by Old Georgetown Road (Maryland Route 187), Woodmont and Rugby Avenues, and the Bethesda Row, centered at the intersection of Woodmont Avenue and Bethesda Avenue. Much of the dense construction in that area followed
1040-768: Is home to a federally funded and operated health science university, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU). The primary mission of USU is to prepare graduates for service in the Medical Corps of the U.S. Army , Navy , and Air Force , and the Public Health Service . The university consists of the F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, a medical school, and the Graduate School of Nursing,
1105-866: Is one of the Madonna of the Trail monuments, erected by the National Old Trails Association with the Daughters of the American Revolution ; U.S. President Harry S. Truman presided over the dedication of the Bethesda monument, on April 19, 1929. Nearby is the Bethesda Post Office. Also starting in the heart of downtown Bethesda is the Capital Crescent Trail , which follows the old tracks of
1170-507: Is the theoretical study of computing from which these other fields derive. A primary goal of computer scientists is to develop or validate models, often mathematical, to describe the properties of computational systems ( processors , programs, computers interacting with people, computers interacting with other computers, etc.) with an overall objective of discovering designs that yield useful benefits (faster, smaller, cheaper, more precise, etc.). Most computer scientists are required to possess
1235-613: The 2011 U.S. Open , won by Rory McIlroy . The National , a golf tournament hosted by Tiger Woods , was played at Congressional seven times between 2007 and 2016. Bethesda is also home of the exclusive Burning Tree Club , Bethesda Country Club, and the Bethesda Big Train , a summer collegiate baseball team. A number of ambassador residences are in Bethesda, including those of Bangladesh , Haiti , Cape Verde , Guyana , Honduras , Lesotho , Morocco , Nicaragua , Uruguay , and Zimbabwe . Also located in downtown Bethesda
1300-587: The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad from Georgetown in Washington, D.C. , to Silver Spring. Walter Reed Medical Center and the Bethesda Theater are two important Art Deco architectural structures in the suburbs of Washington, D.C. Federal Realty Investment Trust has developed much of the west side of downtown Bethesda into an area called Bethesda Row , incorporating principles of new urbanism and
1365-761: The IEEE Visualization Career Award in 2012 and was inducted into the IEEE VIS Academy in 2019. In 2021 he received the InfoVis Conference Test of Time Award with co-authors Ben Bederson and Martin M. Wattenberg . He received Honorary Doctorates from the University of Guelph (Canada) in 1995, the University of Castile-La Mancha (Spain) in 2010, Stony Brook University in 2015, the University of Melbourne in 2017, Swansea University (in Wales, UK) in 2018, and
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#17327941513351430-658: The Indiana University , Department of Computer Science. In 1976 he moved to the University of Maryland. He started out as assistant professor in its Department of Information Systems Management, and became associate professor in 1979. In 1983 he moved to its Department of Computer Science as associate professor, and was promoted to full professor in 1989. In 1983 he was the Founding Director of its Human-Computer Interaction Lab , which he directed until 2000. In 2002 his book Leonardo's Laptop: Human Needs and
1495-542: The Senecas and Susquehannock resulted in the creation of the Maryland division of Rangers in 1694 to patrol the frontier . Most settlers in colonial Maryland were tenant farmers who paid their rent in tobacco, and colonists continued to expand farther north in search of fertile land. Henry Darnall (1645–1711) surveyed a 710-acre (290-hectare) area in 1694 which became the first land grant in Bethesda. Tobacco farming
1560-638: The Stone Ridge School ), Luke I. Wilson ("Tree Tops", 1926), Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor ("Wild Acres", 1928–29), and George Freeland Peter ("Stone House", 1930). In 1930, Armistead Peter 's pioneering manor house "Winona" (1873) became the clubhouse of the Woodmont Country Club on land that is now part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) campus. Merle Thorpe 's mansion "Pook's Hill" (1927, razed 1948) became
1625-531: The U.S. Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 13.2 square miles (34 km ), of which 13.1 square miles (34 km ) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km ) (0.38%) is water. The main commercial corridor that passes through Bethesda is Maryland Route 355 (known as Wisconsin Avenue in Bethesda and as Rockville Pike and Hungerford Drive in more northern communities), which, to the north, connects Bethesda with
1690-574: The University of Pretoria (in South Africa) in 2018. Shneiderman resides in Bethesda, Maryland . He is the nephew of photographer David Seymour . In the 1973 article "Flowchart techniques for structured programming" presented at a 1973 SIGPLAN meeting Isaac Nassi and Shneiderman argued: With the advent of structured programming and GOTO-less programming a method is needed to model computation in simply ordered structures, each representing
1755-727: The Washington, D.C., area , was founded in 1958, making it the oldest Japanese government-sponsored supplementary school in the U.S. The Writer's Center in Bethesda publishes Poet Lore , the longest continuously running poetry journal in the United States. Notable companies based in Bethesda include: Downtown Bethesda is managed by the Bethesda Urban Partnership, a non-profit organization established in 1994 by Montgomery County. Washington Metro 's Red Line services two primary locations in Bethesda:
1820-581: The treemap concept for hierarchical data. Treemaps are implemented in most information visualization tools including Spotfire , Tableau Software , QlikView , SAS , JMP , and Microsoft Excel . Treemaps are included in hard drive exploration tools, stock market data analysis, census systems, election data, gene expression, and data journalism. The artistic side of treemaps are on view in the Treemap Art Project. He also developed dynamic queries sliders with multiple coordinated displays that are
1885-445: The 1940s. In 1947 Goldstein and von Neumann [7] presented a system of describing processes using operation, assertion, and alternative boxes. They felt that "coding begins with the drawing of flow diagram." Prior to coding, the algorithm had been identified and understood. The flowchart represented a high level definition of the solution to be implemented on a machine. Although they were working only with numerical algorithms, they proposed
1950-590: The 1984 expansion of Metrorail with a station in Bethesda. The Bethesda Metro Center was built over the Red line metro rail, which opened up further commercial and residential development in the immediate vicinity. In the 2000s, the strict height limits on construction in the District of Columbia led to the development of mid-and high-rise office and residential towers around the Bethesda Metro stop. According to
2015-455: The 2000 census, Bethesda was the best-educated city in the United States of America, with a population of 50,000 or more. 79% of residents 25 or older have bachelor's degrees, and 49% have graduate or professional degrees. According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the CDP was $ 117,723, and the median income for a family was $ 168,385. Males had a median income of $ 84,797 versus $ 57,569 for females. The per capita income for
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2080-593: The Bradley Woods subdivision of Bethesda said, "No part of the land hereby conveyed, shall ever be used, or occupied by or sold, demised, transferred, conveyed, unto, or in trust for, leased, or rented, or given to negroes, or any person or persons of negro blood or extraction or to any person of the Semitic Race, blood, or origin, which racial description shall be deemed to include Armenians, Jews, Hebrews, Persians, Syrians, Greeks and Turks, or to any person of
2145-631: The CDP was $ 58,479. About 1.7% of families and 3.3% of the population were below the poverty line , including 1.8% of those under age 18 and 4.1% of those age 65 or over. Many commute to Washington, D.C. , for work. The average price of a four-bedroom, two-bath home in Bethesda in 2010 was $ 806,817 (which ranks it as the twentieth most expensive community in America). Bethesda is often associated with its neighboring communities, Potomac , Chevy Chase , Great Falls , Virginia , and McLean , Virginia, for their similar demographics. The ethnic makeup in 2020
2210-531: The Health Sciences . As of the census of 2000, there were 55,277 people, 23,659 households, and 14,455 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 4,205.8 inhabitants per square mile (1,623.9/km ). There were 24,368 housing units at an average density of 1,854.1 per square mile (715.9/km ). The racial makeup of the CDP was 85.86% White , 2.67% Black or African American , 0.17% Native American , 7.92% Asian , 0.05% Pacific Islander , 1.23% from other races , and 2.11% from two or more races. 5.43% of
2275-511: The Mongolian Race, blood, or origin, which racial description shall be deemed to include Chinese, Japanese, and Mongolians, except that this paragraph shall not be held to exclude partial occupancy of the premises by domestic servants of the purchaser or purchasers." In practice, covenants excluding "Semitic races" were generally used to exclude Jews as Montgomery County did not have notable Armenian, Greek, Syrian, or Turkish populations at
2340-590: The Montgomery Farm Woman's Cooperative Market and the Bethesda Central Farmer's Market. In summer 2021, Fox Television Stations moved the broadcast facilities of its Washington-area television stations, WTTG and WDCA , to Bethesda. Bethesda is the home of Congressional Country Club , which is recognized as one of the world's most prestigious private country clubs. Congressional has hosted four major golf championships, including
2405-563: The New Computing Technologies was Winner of an IEEE-USA Award for Distinguished Contributions Furthering Public Understanding of the Profession . His 2016 book, The New ABCs of Research: Achieving Breakthrough Collaborations , encourages applied and basic research to be combined. In 2019, he published Encounters with HCI Pioneers: A Personal History and Photo Journal , and Human-Centered AI in 2022. Shneiderman
2470-1095: The User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction". Included in this book is his most popular list of "Eight Golden Rules of Interface Design", which read: These guidelines are frequently taught in courses on Human-Computer Interaction. In 2003, Ben Bederson and Shneiderman coauthored the book "The Craft of Information Visualization: Readings and Reflections". Included in Chapter 8: Theories for Understanding Information Visualization in this book are five goals of theories for HCI practitioners and researchers, which read: The typical goals of theories are to enable practitioners and researchers to: These goals are frequently taught in courses on Human-Computer Interaction and cited in works by authors such as Yvonne Rogers , Victor Kaptelinin, and Bonnie Nardi . Shneiderman's cognitive analysis of user needs led to principles of direct manipulation interface design in 1982: (1) continuous representation of
2535-1167: The categorical data that make up a single patient history and they present an aggregated view that enables analysts to find patterns in large patient history databases. In 2012, Jeffrey Heer and Shneiderman coauthored the article "Interactive Dynamics for Visual Analysis" in Association for Computing Machinery Queue vol. 10, no. 2. Included in this article is a taxonomy of interactive dynamics to assist researchers, designers, analysts, educators, and students in evaluating and creating visual analysis tools. The taxonomy consists of 12 task types grouped into three high-level categories, as shown below. Filter out data to focus on relevant items. Sort items to expose patterns. Derive values or models from source data. Navigate to examine high-level patterns and low-level detail. Coordinate views for linked, multi-dimensional exploration. Organize multiple windows and workspaces. Annotate patterns to document findings. Share views and annotations to enable collaboration. Guide users through analysis tasks or stories. He also defined
2600-470: The church. A streetcar line was established in 1890 and suburbanization increased in the early 1900s, and Bethesda grew in population. Communities near railroad lines had grown the fastest during the 19th century. In 1910, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad completed its Georgetown Branch line from Silver Spring to Georgetown , including a storage yard there and multiple sidings serving industries in Bethesda. B&O successor CSX ceased train service on
2665-696: The communities of North Bethesda and Rockville , ending, after several name changes, in Frederick . Toward the South, Rockville Pike becomes Wisconsin Avenue near the NIH Campus and continues beyond Bethesda through Chevy Chase , Friendship Heights and into Washington, D.C. , ending in Georgetown . The area commonly known as Downtown Bethesda is centered at the intersection of Wisconsin Avenue, Old Georgetown Road and East-West Highway. This intersection
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2730-416: The design of structured software. In the 1970s Shneiderman continued to study programmers, and the use of flow charts . In the 1977 article "Experimental investigations of the utility of detailed flowcharts in programming" Shneiderman et al. summarized the origin and status quo of flowcharts in computer programming : Flowcharts have been a part of computer programming since the introduction of computers in
2795-613: The downtown area at the Bethesda station , and the area near the National Institutes of Health and the Walter Reed Medical Center at the Medical Center station . The Maryland Transit Administration 's Purple Line , a light rail line currently under construction, will provide a direct connection from Bethesda to Silver Spring , the University of Maryland , College Park , and New Carrollton . The Purple Line will allow riders from Bethesda to move between
2860-789: The field of human–computer interaction , developing new ideas, methods, and tools such as the direct manipulation interface , and his eight rules of design. Born in New York, Shneiderman, attended the Bronx High School of Science , and received a BS in Mathematics and Physics from the City College of New York in 1968. He then went on to study at the State University of New York at Stony Brook , where he received an MS in Computer Science in 1972 and graduated with
2925-463: The field of information technology consulting , and may be seen as a type of mathematician, given how much of the field depends on mathematics. Computer scientists employed in industry may eventually advance into managerial or project leadership positions. Employment prospects for computer scientists are said to be excellent. Such prospects seem to be attributed, in part, to very rapid growth in computer systems design and related services industry, and
2990-544: The first European to visit the area, reaching it by sailing up the Potomac River . He stayed with the Piscataway tribe from 1623 to 1627, either as a guest or prisoner (historical accounts differ). Fleet eventually secured funding for another expedition to the region and was later granted proprietary rights to 2,000 acres of land in the nascent colony and became a member of Maryland's colonial legislature. Raids from
3055-531: The home-in-exile of the Norwegian royal family during World War II . Before the passage of the Fair Housing Act of 1968 , restrictive covenants were used in Bethesda to exclude racial and ethnic minorities—primarily African-Americans, but also Asian-Americans and ethnic groups regarded as "Semitic", including Armenians, Jews, Iranians, Greeks, Turks, and Syrians. One 1938 restrictive covenant in
3120-662: The line in 1985, so the county transformed it into a trail in the rails-to-trails movement. The tracks were removed in 1994, and the first part of the trail was opened in 1998; it has become the most used rail-trail in the United States, averaging over one million users per year. Subdivisions began to appear on old farmland in the late 19th century, becoming the neighborhoods of Drummond, Woodmont, Edgemoor, and Battery Park. Farther north, several wealthy men made Rockville Pike famous for its mansions. These included Brainard W. Parker ("Cedarcroft", 1892), James Oyster ( "Strathmore", 1899 ), George E. Hamilton ("Hamilton House", 1904; now
3185-416: The objects and actions, (2) rapid, incremental, and reversible actions, and (3) physical actions and gestures to replace typed commands, which enabled designers to craft more effective graphical user interfaces. He applied those principles to design innovative user interfaces such as the highlighted selectable phrases in text, that were used in the commercially successful Hyperties. Hyperties was used to author
3250-775: The opening of the Bethesda station on the Red Line of the Washington Metro rapid transit system, also located at this intersection and the centerpiece of the Bethesda Metro Center development. The Medical Center Metro stop lies about 0.7 miles north of the Bethesda stop, Medical Center , which serves the NIH Campus, the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center , and the Uniformed Services University of
3315-436: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 23,659 households, out of which 28.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.4% were married couples living together, 6.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.9% were non-families. 32.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
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#17327941513353380-412: The postmaster general established a post office in the area and appointed Rev. A. R. Smith its first postmaster. By 1862, a small settlement had grown around a store and tollhouse along the turnpike known as "Darcy's Store" for the store's owner, William E. Darcy. It consisted of a blacksmith shop, a church and school, and a few houses and stores. In 1871, postmaster Robert Franck renamed the settlement for
3445-834: The power of AI while remaining in control. Shneiderman emphasizes the need for technologies that "augment, amplify, empower, and enhance humans rather than replace them". List of articles: Computer scientist A computer scientist is a scientist who specializes in the academic study of computer science . Computer scientists typically work on the theoretical side of computation. Although computer scientists can also focus their work and research on specific areas (such as algorithm and data structure development and design, software engineering , information theory , database theory , theoretical computer science , numerical analysis , programming language theory , compiler , computer graphics , computer vision , robotics , computer architecture , operating system ), their foundation
3510-414: The research area of universal usability to encourage greater attention to diverse users, languages, cultures, screen sizes, network speeds, and technology platforms. The current topic of Shneiderman's Scholarship is Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence Shneiderman proposes an alternative vision of AI which focuses on the need for reliable, safe and trustworthy systems that enable people to benefit from
3575-480: The selection by lifting the finger off the screen. The HCIL team applied direct manipulation principles for touchscreen home automation systems, finger-painting programs, and the double-box range sliders that gained prominence by their inclusion in Spotfire . The visual presentation inherent in direct manipulation emphasized the opportunity for information visualization. In 1997, Pattie Maes and Shneiderman had
3640-437: The software publishing industry, which are projected to be among the fastest growing industries in the U.S. economy. Bethesda, Maryland Bethesda ( / b ə ˈ θ ɛ z d ə / ) is an unincorporated , census-designated place in southern Montgomery County, Maryland , United States. Located just northwest of Washington, D.C. , it is a major business and government center of the Washington metropolitan region and
3705-601: The time. World War II and the subsequent expansion of government fed the rapid growth of Bethesda. Both the National Naval Medical Center (1940–42) and the NIH complex (1948) were built just to the north of the developing downtown, and this drew government contractors, medical professionals, and other businesses to the area. Bethesda became the major urban core and employment center of southwestern Montgomery County. This recent vigorous growth followed
3770-519: The users desires and act on their behalf, thereby requiring less human attention. Their debate continues to be highly cited (with 479 citations in January 2022 for the original CHI debate), especially in user interface design communities where return debates took place at the ACM CHI 2017 and ACM CHI 2021 conferences. His major work in recent years has been on information visualization , originating
3835-472: The world's first commercial electronic book, Hypertext Hands-On! in 1988. Direct manipulation concepts led to touchscreen interfaces for home controls, finger-painting, and the now ubiquitous small touchscreen keyboards. The development of the "Lift-off strategy" by University of Maryland Human–Computer Interaction Lab (HCIL) researchers enabled users to touch the screen, getting feedback as to what will be selected, adjust their finger position, and complete
3900-632: The world's first electronic scientific journal issue, which was the July 1988 issue of the Communications of the ACM with seven papers from the 1987 Hypertext conference. It was made available as a floppy disk accompanying the printed journal. Tim Berners-Lee cited this disk as the source for his "hot spots" in his Spring 1989 manifesto for the World Wide Web . Hyperties was also used to create
3965-415: Was 2.30, and the average family size was 2.92. In the CDP, 21.8% of the population was under the age of 18, 4.6% from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 27.1% from 45 to 64, and 17.2% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.0 males. Bethesda is a very wealthy and well-educated area. According to
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#17327941513354030-413: Was 69.5% non-Hispanic white, 8.9% Hispanic or Latino, 4.9% black, 11.7% Asian, 0.3% American Indian, and 8.2% of two or more races. 24.4% of the population was foreign-born. Important medical institutions located in Bethesda include the National Institutes of Health campus , Walter Reed National Military Medical Center , and the adjoining Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , as well as
4095-604: Was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery in 1997, a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2001, a Member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2010, an IEEE Fellow in 2012, and a Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors in 2015. He is an ACM CHI Academy Member and received their Lifetime Achievement Award in 2001. He received
4160-466: Was originally located in Bethesda but moved to Rockville in 1990. The Discovery Channel also had its headquarters in Bethesda before it moved to Silver Spring in 2004. On the professional services side, numerous banks (PNC, Capital One Bank) brokerage firms (MorganStanley, Merrill Lynch, Charles Schwab, Fidelity) and law firms (Ballard Spahr, JDKatz, Paley Rothman, Lerch Early & Brewer) maintain offices in Bethesda. Bethesda has two farmers markets :
4225-432: Was the primary way of life in Bethesda throughout the 1700s. The city avoided seeing action during the Revolutionary War , although it became a supply region for the fledgling Continental Navy . The establishment of Washington, D.C. , in 1790 deprived Montgomery County of its economic center at Georgetown, although the event had little effect on the small farmers throughout Bethesda. Between 1805 and 1821, Bethesda became
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