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55-572: Andrew Yule & Co. Ltd. is an Indian central public sector undertaking under the ownership of the Ministry of Heavy Industries , Government of India . It is currently headquartered in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), and has offices in the main Indian cities. The majority of the products and services offered by the cpsu's subsidiaries are related to heavy industry and engineering . The business

110-508: A Miniratna and have 4 independent directors on its board before it can be made a Navratna. PSUs in India are also categorized based on their special non-financial objectives and are registered under Section 8 of Companies Act , 2013 (erstwhile Section 25 of Companies Act, 1956). Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) can be classified as Central Public Sector Undertakings (CPSUs) or State Public Sector Undertakings (SPSUs). CPSUs are administered by

165-452: A different method where a plate's non-image areas are protected via a layer of ink-repellent silicon. Waterless offset lithography is newer, invented in the 1960s by 3M. It was later sold and commercialized by Toray. Advantages of offset printing compared to other printing methods include: Disadvantages of offset printing compared to other printing methods include: Every printing technology has its own identifying marks, and offset printing

220-536: A fixed cut-off, unlike rotogravure or flexographic presses, which are variable. Offset printing uses inks that, compared to other printing methods, are highly viscous. Typical inks have a dynamic viscosity of 40–100 Pa·s. There are many types of paste inks available for utilization in offset lithographic printing and each have their own advantages and disadvantages. These include heat-set, cold-set, and energy-curable (or EC), such as ultraviolet - (or UV-) curable, and electron beam- (or EB-) curable. Heat-set inks are

275-430: A large number of sheet sizes and format sizes can be run through the same press. In addition, waste sheets can be used for make-ready (which is the testing process to ensure a quality print run). This allows for lower cost preparation so that good paper is not wasted while setting up the press, for plates and inks. Waste sheets do bring some disadvantages as often there are dust and offset powder particles that transfer on to

330-535: A large reel of paper through a large press machine in several parts, typically for several meters, which then prints continuously as the paper is fed through. Development of the offset press came in two versions: in 1875 by Robert Barclay of England for printing on tin and in 1904 by Ira Washington Rubel of the United States for printing on paper. Rubel's contemporary in Continental Europe

385-439: A metal cylinder instead of a flat stone. The offset cylinder was covered with specially treated cardboard that transferred the printed image from the stone to the surface of the metal. Later, the cardboard covering of the offset cylinder was changed to rubber, which is still the most commonly used material. As the 19th century closed and photography became popular, many lithographic firms went out of business. Photoengraving ,

440-463: A newspaper press to print color pages heat-set and black & white pages cold-set. Web offset presses are beneficial in long run printing jobs, typically press runs that exceed 10,000 or 20,000 impressions. Speed is a determining factor when considering the completion time for press production; some web presses print at speeds of 3,000 feet (910 meters) per minute or faster. In addition to the benefits of speed and quick completion, some web presses have

495-438: A press via a suction bar that lifts and drops each sheet onto place. A lithographic ("litho" for short) press uses principles of lithography to apply ink to a printing plate, as explained previously. Sheet-fed litho is commonly used for printing of short-run magazines, brochures, letter headings, and general commercial (jobbing) printing. In sheet-fed offset, "the printing is carried out on single sheets of paper as they are fed to

550-443: A process that used halftone technology instead of illustration, became the primary aesthetic of the era. Many printers, including Ira Washington Rubel of New Jersey , were using the low-cost lithograph process to produce copies of photographs and books. Rubel discovered in 1901—by forgetting to load a sheet—that printing from the rubber roller, instead of the metal, made the printed page clearer and sharper. After further refinement,

605-515: A revenue of about ₹24,430,000,000,000 + ₹1,000,000,000,000 during the financial year 2018–19. When India achieved independence in 1947, it was primarily an agrarian entity, with a weak industrial base. There were only eighteen state-owned Indian Ordnance Factories , previously established to reduce the dependency of the British Indian Army on imported arms. The British Raj had previously elected to leave agricultural production to

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660-429: A self-sufficient, largely agrarian, communal village-based existence for India in the first half of the 20th century. Other contemporary criticisms of India's public sector targeted the lack of well-funded schools, public libraries, universities, hospitals and medical and engineering colleges; a lack seen as impeding an Indian replication of Britain's own industrialization in the previous century. Post-Independence,

715-901: A series of equity share acquisitions (49% in 1974 and 2% in 1979). As of 2011, the shareholders are the Indian government (97.46%), Financial Institutions (0.33%), and the remainder publicly traded (2.21%). Andrew Yule & Co. is a central public sector undertaking under the ownership of Ministry of Heavy Industries . The engineering division is located in Kalyani, West Bengal , and produces industrial fans and blowers, air pollution control equipment, water treatment plants, heavy machinery, and engineering turnkey contracts. The electrical division produces power and distribution transformers , high voltage switching gear, low voltage control gear, flame proof switch gear, voltage regulators and rectifiers , plant communication, and fire alarm and detection systems. The switchgear and electrical systems group

770-470: A set of "chill rolls" positioned after the dryer lowers the paper temperature and sets the ink. The speed at which the ink dries is a function of dryer temperature and length of time the paper is exposed to this temperature. This type of printing is typically used for magazines, catalogs, inserts, and other medium-to-high volume, medium-to-high quality production runs. This is also a subset of web offset printing, typically used for lower quality print output. It

825-494: A wavelength of 830 nm, but vary in their energy usage depending on whether they are used to expose or ablate material. Violet CTP lasers have a much shorter wavelength, 405 nm–410 nm. Violet CTP is "based on emulsion tuned to visible light exposure". Another process is the computer-to-conventional plate (CTCP) system in which conventional offset plates can be exposed, making it an economical option. Sheet-fed refers to individual sheets of paper or rolls being fed into

880-521: Is best suited for economically producing large volumes of high quality prints in a manner that requires little maintenance. Many modern offset presses use computer-to-plate systems as opposed to the older computer-to-film work flows, which further increases their quality. There are two types of offset printing: wet offset and waterless offset . Wet offset lithography uses a mix of wetting fluids (dampening solutions) to manage ink adhesion and to protect non-image areas. Waterless offset lithography employs

935-609: Is denoted in %, as of 30 September 2024 ): Currently there are 43 Regional Rural Banks in India, as of 1 April 2020: Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Offset printing The modern "web" process feeds

990-411: Is further classified into Strategic Sector and Non-Strategic Sector. Depending on their financial performance and progress, CPSUs are granted the status of Maharatna , Navaratna , and Miniratna (Category I and II). Following India's independence in 1947, the limited pre-existing industries were insufficient for sustainable economic growth . The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 , adopted during

1045-483: Is highly sought after in India due to high pay and its job security , with most preferring candidates with a GATE score. In 1951, there were five PSUs under the ownership of the government. By March 2021, the number of such government entities had increased to 365. These government entities represented a total investment of about ₹ 16,410,000,000,000 as of 31 March 2019. Their total paid-up capital as of 31 March 2019 stood at about ₹200.76 lakh crore. CPSEs have earned

1100-448: Is known as slur. Web-fed refers to the use of rolls (or "webs") of paper supplied to the printing press. Offset web printing is generally used for runs in excess of five or ten thousand impressions. Typical examples of web printing include newspapers, newspaper inserts or ads, magazines, direct mail, catalogs, and books. Web-fed presses are divided into two general classes: cold-set (or non-heat-set ) and heat-set offset web presses,

1155-586: Is located in Kolkata , while the transformer & switchgear unit is located in Chennai . The tea division comprises fifteen tea estates, listed below. Five of these are in West Bengal and ten in Assam. The business development group produces CAD & GIS applications, digitization, archiving, vectorization, and scanning of drawings, among other services. This division produces lubricants and greases under

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1210-402: Is no exception. In text reproduction, the type edges are sharp and have clear outlines. The paper surrounding the ink dots is usually unprinted. The halftone dots can be hexagonal though there are different screening methods. Several variations of the printing process exist: Blanket-to-blanket presses are also called perfecting or duplex presses because they print on both sides of the sheet at

1265-559: Is typical of newspaper production. In this process, the ink dries by absorption into the underlying paper. A typical coldset configuration is often a series of vertically arranged print units and peripherals. As newspapers seek new markets, which often imply higher quality (more gloss, more contrast), they may add a heatset tower (with a dryer) or use UV (ultraviolet) based inks which "cure" on the surface by polymerization rather than by evaporation or absorption. Sheet-fed presses offer several advantages. Because individual sheets are fed through,

1320-564: Is under the ownership of the Government of India or state governments .These type of firms can also be a joint venture of multiple PSUs. These entities perform commercial functions on behalf of the government. Depending on the level of government ownership, PSUs are officially classified into two categories: Central Public Sector Undertakings ( CPSUs ), owned by the central government or other CPSUs; and State Public Sector Undertakings ( SPSUs ), owned by state governments. CPSU and SPSU

1375-540: Is where the plates containing all of the imaging are mounted. Finally, the blanket and impression cylinders are used to transfer the image to the substrate running through the press. The delivery system is the final destination in the printing process while the paper runs through the press. Once the paper reaches delivery, it is stacked for the ink to cure in a proper manner. This is the step in which sheets are inspected to make sure they have proper ink density and registration. Production or impact of double image in printing

1430-556: The Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises . The Department of Public Enterprises (DPE), Ministry of Finance is the nodal department for all the Central Public Sector Undertakings (CPSUs). As of October 2021, there are 13 Maharatnas, 14 Navratnas and 72 Miniratnas (divided into Category 1 and Category 2). Currently there are 12 Nationalised Banks in India (Government Shareholding power

1485-609: The Planning Commission was formed by a cabinet resolution in March 1950 and the Industrial (Development and Regulation) Act was enacted in 1951 with the objective of empowering the government to take necessary steps to regulate industry. The first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru , promoted an economic policy based on import substitution industrialisation and advocated a mixed economy . He believed that

1540-674: The Private sector , with tea processing firms, jute mills (such as the Acland Mill ), railways , electricity utilities, banks, coal mines, and steel mills being just some of the economic entities largely owned by private individuals like the industrialist Jamsetji Tata . Other entities were listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange . Critics of private ownership of India's agricultural and industrial entities—most notably Mahatma Gandhi's independence movement—instead advocated for

1595-702: The Second Five-Year Plan , laid the framework for PSUs. The government initially prioritized strategic sectors, such as communication, irrigation, chemicals, and heavy industries , followed by the nationalisation of corporations . PSUs subsequently expanded into consumer goods production and service areas like contracting, consulting, and transportation. Their goals include increasing exports, reducing imports, fostering infrastructure development, driving economic growth, and generating job opportunities. Each PSU has its own recruitment rules and employment in PSUs

1650-451: The Chief and Davidson lines made by A.T.F.-Davidson . Offset duplicators are made for fast and quick printing jobs; printing up to 12,000 impressions per hour. They are able to print business forms, letterheads, labels, bulletins, postcards, envelopes, folders, reports, and sales literature. The feeder system is responsible for making sure paper runs through the press correctly. This is where

1705-818: The Potter Press printing Company in New York produced a press in 1903. By 1907 the Rubel offset press was in use in San Francisco . The Harris Automatic Press Company also created a similar press around the same time. Charles and Albert Harris modeled their press "on a rotary letter press machine". Newspaper publisher Staley T. McBrayer invented the Vanguard web offset press for newspaper printing, which he unveiled in 1954 in Fort Worth, Texas . One of

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1760-533: The Veedol brand. The cpsu currently owns 26.23% of Tide Water Oil Co. Ltd. Descon provided consultant services in the power and energy sector, engineering drawing, GIS , management consultancy , and software development . It was started its operation in the mid of 90's. Initially it was the stakeholder of DPSC or India Power. But after DPSC was taken over by SREI Group, Descon tied up with JSW Group . On 30 June 2014 Descon closed down its major operations as company

1815-529: The blankets and plate cylinders, creating imperfections on the printed sheet. This method produces the highest quality images. Web-fed presses, on the other hand, are much faster than sheet-fed presses, with speeds up to 80,000 cut-offs per hour (a cut-off is the paper that has been cut off a reel or web on the press; the length of each sheet is equal to the cylinder's circumference). The speed of web-fed presses makes them ideal for large runs such as newspapers, magazines, and comic books. However, web-fed presses have

1870-763: The central government established the higher Maharatna category, which raises a public sector unit's investment ceiling from ₹1,000 crore to ₹5,000 crores. The Maharatna public sector units can now decide on investments of up to 15 per cent of their net worth in a project while the Navaratna companies could invest up to ₹1,000 crore without explicit government approval. Two categories of Miniratnas afford less extensive financial autonomy. Guidelines for awarding Ratna status are as follows: The average annual Net worth of ₹10,000 crores for three years, OR Average annual Turnover of ₹20,000 crore for three years (against Rs 25,000 crore prescribed earlier) A PSU must first be

1925-423: The crisis, the government began divesting its ownership of several PSUs to raise capital and privatize companies facing poor financial performance and low efficiency. The public sector undertakings are headed by the head of board of directors also known as chairperson cum managing director cum chief executive officer and a vice chairperson cum deputy managing director cum co-chief executive officer along with

1980-456: The difference being how the inks dry. Cold web offset printing dries through absorption into the paper, while heat-set utilizes drying lamps or heaters to cure or "set" the inks. Heat-set presses can print on both coated (slick) and uncoated papers, while cold-set presses are restricted to uncoated paper stock, such as newsprint. Some cold-set web presses can be fitted with heat dryers, or ultraviolet lamps (for use with UV-curing inks), thus enabling

2035-575: The establishment of basic and heavy industry was fundamental to the development and modernisation of the Indian economy. India's second five year plan (1956–60) and the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 emphasized the development of public sector enterprises to meet Nehru's national industrialisation policy. His vision was carried forward by V. Krishnamurthy , a figure known as the "Father of Public sector undertakings in India". Indian statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis

2090-509: The global market so as to "support [them] in their drive to become global giants". Financial autonomy was initially awarded to nine PSUs as Navratna status in 1997. Originally, the term Navaratna meant a talisman composed of nine precious gems. Later, this term was adopted in the courts of the Gupta emperor Vikramaditya and Mughal emperor Akbar , as the collective name for nine extraordinary courtiers at their respective courts. In 2010,

2145-549: The important functions in the printing process is prepress production. This stage makes sure that all files are correctly processed in preparation for printing. This includes converting to the proper CMYK color model , finalizing the files, and creating plates for each color of the job to be run on the press. Offset lithography is one of the most common ways of creating printed materials. A few of its common applications include: newspapers, magazines, brochures, stationery, and books. Compared to other printing methods, offset printing

2200-436: The inline ability to cut, perforate, and fold. This subset of web offset printing uses inks which dry by evaporation in a dryer typically positioned just after the printing units; it is typically done on coated papers, where the ink stays largely on the surface, and gives a glossy high contrast print image after the drying. As the paper leaves the dryer too hot for the folding and cutting that are typically downstream procedures,

2255-725: The members of the board of directors also known as executive director cum c-level officer who are Group 'A' gazetted officers appointed by the President of India in case of central public sector undertakings, its subsidiaries & its divisions and appointed by the Governor of States of India in case of state public sector undertakings, its subsidiaries & its divisions. All of the public sector undertakings have been awarded additional financial autonomy. Public Sector Undertakings are government establishments that have comparative advantages", giving them greater autonomy to compete in

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2310-541: The most common variety and are "set" by applying heat and then rapid cooling to catalyze the curing process. They are used in magazines, catalogs, and inserts. Cold-set inks are set simply by absorption into non-coated stocks and are generally used for newspapers and books but are also found in insert printing and are the most economical option. Energy-curable inks are the highest-quality offset litho inks and are set by application of light energy. They require specialized equipment such as inter-station curing lamps, and are usually

2365-528: The most expensive type of offset litho ink. Offset lithography became the most popular form of commercial printing from the 1950s ("offset printing"). Substantial investment in the larger presses required for offset lithography was needed, and had an effect on the shape of the printing industry, leading to fewer, larger, printers. The change made a greatly increased use of colour printing possible, as this had previously been much more expensive. Subsequent improvements in plates, inks, and paper have further refined

2420-495: The national consensus turned in favor of rapid industrialisation of the economy, a process seen as the key to economic development, improved living standards and economic sovereignty. Building upon the Bombay Plan , which noted the necessity of government intervention and regulation in the economy, the first Industrial Policy Resolution announced in 1948 laid down in broad strokes such a strategy of industrial development. Later,

2475-527: The paper size to be printed. Two main materials are used: Computer-to-plate (CTP) is a newer technology which replaced computer-to-film (CTF) technology, and that allows the imaging of metal or polyester plates without the use of film. By eliminating the stripping, compositing, and traditional plate making processes, CTP altered the printing industry, which led to reduced prepress times, lower costs of labor, and improved print quality. Most CTP systems use thermal CTP or violet technologies. Both technologies have

2530-714: The press one at a time". Sheet-fed presses use mechanical registration to relate each sheet to one another to ensure that they are reproduced with the same imagery in the same position on every sheet running through the press. In the United States, an offset press with paper size up to 12 in × 18 in (300 mm × 460 mm), is classified as a duplicator instead of a press. Offset duplicators are used for fast, good quality reproduction of one-color and two-color copies in sizes up to 12 in × 18 in (300 mm × 460 mm). Popular models were made by A. B. Dick Company , Multilith , and

2585-494: The printing plates were produced from limestone . In fact the word "lithograph", which comes from Greek (λιθογραφία), means "an image from stone" or "written in stone". The first rotary offset lithographic printing press was created in England and patented in 1875 by Robert Barclay. This development combined mid-19th century transfer printing technologies and Richard March Hoe 's 1843 rotary printing press —a press that used

2640-441: The same characteristics in terms of quality and plate durability (for longer runs). However, the violet CTP systems are often cheaper than thermal ones, and thermal CTP systems do not need to be operated under yellow light. Thermal CTP involves the use of thermal lasers to expose or remove areas of coating while the plate is being imaged. This depends on whether the plate is negative, or positive working. These lasers are generally at

2695-535: The same time. There is no impression cylinder because the opposite blanket cylinders act as impression cylinders to each other during print production. This method is most used on offset presses designed for envelope printing. There are also two plate cylinders per colour on the press. Web and sheet-fed offset presses are similar in that many of them can also print on both sides of the paper in one pass, making it easier and faster to print duplex. The plates used in offset printing are thin, flexible, and usually larger than

2750-408: The substrate is loaded and then the system is correctly set up to the certain specifications of the substrate to the press. The Printing Unit consists of many different systems. The dampening system is used to apply dampening solution to the plates with water rollers. The inking system uses rollers to deliver ink to the plate and blanket cylinders to be transferred to the substrate. The plate cylinder

2805-497: Was Kašpar Hermann , the author of the offset machine prototype (1904), holder of a patent for an offset disc machine (two rubber transfer rollers facing each other) – rolling-press. In 1907, he successfully started printing in Germany on his Triumph sheetfed offset press. Lithography was initially created to be an inexpensive method of reproducing artwork. This printing process was limited to use on flat, porous surfaces because

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2860-431: Was founded by Andrew Yule in 1863 and incorporated as a private company in 1919. During British Raj the company was a large conglomerate. The company had varied and diversified business interests ranging from jute , cotton, coal, tea, engineering, electrical, power, chemicals, insurance, railways, shipping, paper, printing apart from maintaining a zamindari and managing house of several companies in India. The company

2915-482: Was instrumental to its formulation, which was later termed the Feldman–Mahalanobis model . In 1969, Indira Gandhi 's government nationalised fourteen of India's largest private banks, and an additional six in 1980. This government-led industrial policy, with corresponding restrictions on private enterprise, was the dominant pattern of Indian economic development until the 1991 Indian economic crisis . After

2970-520: Was managed by Andrew Yule and his brother George Yule and later by David Yule . The Bengal Coal Co was part of Andrew Yule group holding collieries in Bengal & Bihar. The company was turned into a public company in 1948, after India's independence from the British Empire. It became a central public sector enterprise (CPSE) (schedule B company) in 1979, after the Indian government completed

3025-981: Was suffering from huge loss for last three years. Webfil is a telecommunications provider, offering a digital micro radio telecommunication network, fibre-optic communication systems, multiplexers and message switching systems, and telecommunication network services. Additionally it manufactures filaments for GLS lamps, and cathodes for fluorescent Lamps. This cpsu provides loan syndication , capital restructuring, financial re-engineering, management of insurance for medium-sized capital business units, and corporate advisory services. This subsidiary provides multi-colour offset printing . It has regional offices in New Delhi , Mumbai and Chennai Public sector undertakings in India Public Sector Undertakings ( PSU ) in India are government-owned entities in which at least 51% of stake

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