81-566: The Bendigo Goldfields region of Central Otago is an historic area comprising several former mining settlements in the southern South Island of New Zealand . It was part of the Otago gold rush that occurred during the 1860s, leading to an influx of miners from rushes in California and Victoria, Australia . These miners brought with them a rich diversity of cultures from England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, Sweden, China, Australia, Canada, and
162-480: A clear indication of likely hybrid origin. Hybridisation continues to be common in the genus, with several hybrids between species in different sections known. There are currently 57 accepted species in the genus. Some of the most easily identifiable fossils of this genus belongs to Poplus wilmattae , which come from the Late Paleocene of North America about 58 million years ago. However, fossils from
243-589: A cut along the face of the lode, gold assays at the time indicated between 9 t oz (280 g) per ton and a staggering 26 t oz (809 g) per ton. A modest plant consisting of a crusher, ball mill , Wilfley table , and Berdan pan were purchased, but returns were also modest and nothing like the gold assays suggested. Greater returns were to follow, but the lode was lost and operations ceased in April 1937. A newly formed Shine Again Gold Mining Company worked
324-737: A different part of the reef and the battery was reopened in 1886. It closed again because of poor returns in about 1900. Ten stamps were sold and shifted to form the Come in Time Battery, where they remain intact to this day. In all, the Cromwell Reef was said to have produced gold to the value of £500,000 by 1887. All that remains of the Matilda Battery today are the stone and wooden footings and some corrugated iron scraps. The Aurora Company (Edward Barnes and John Perriam) discovered
405-439: A few prospect pits in the area worked by the alluvial sluicers. The Bendigo Gold Light Company began working the lower reaches of Bendigo Creek on 18 May 1935, having procured and moved — at great cost — a gold dredge from Waikaka , Southland . Issues were to plague the short-lived operational life of the project, with the dredge being decommissioned a little over a year later with few gold finds. The Mines Department found that
486-525: A footbridge to access an island in the Clutha River. Following the filling of Lake Dunstan in 1993, the dredge ladder became redundant and was moved to its current resting place overlooking its original Bendigo working area in July 2012. The dredge is accessible to the public. The last resident miner at Bendigo was a World War II veteran, Wattie Thompson, who lived in a hut on the bank of Bendigo Creek near
567-408: A large plywood industry reliant upon poplar. It is graded according to sizes known as "over" (over 24 inches (610 mm)), "under" (18–24 inches (460–610 mm)), and "sokta" (less than 18 inches (460 mm)). Although the wood from Populus is known as poplar wood, a common high-quality hardwood "poplar" with a greenish colour is actually from an unrelated genus Liriodendron . Populus wood
648-515: A month and sunshine 227 hours per month. Autumn is brilliant as the extensive orchards and poplar shelterbelts turn red, yellow and gold. Temperatures range from −3 to 24 °C (26.6 to 75.2 °F). Rainfall averages 30 millimetres (1.2 in) a month with 11 frosts monthly and 150 hours of sunshine. Winter brings a temperature range of −6 to 15 °C (21.2 to 59.0 °F), and average monthly rainfall of 15 millimetres (0.6 in), 25 days with frosts and 107 hours of sunshine per month during
729-421: A particularly resonant tone. Similarly, though typically it is considered to have a less attractive grain than the traditional sitka spruce , poplar is beginning to be targeted by some harp luthiers as a sustainable and even superior alternative for their sound boards : in these cases another hardwood veneer is sometimes applied to the resonant poplar base both for cosmetic reasons, and supposedly to fine-tune
810-627: A positive energy balance and a high energy efficiency . Biofuel is another option for using poplar as bioenergy supply. In the United States, scientists studied converting short rotation coppice poplar into sugars for biofuel (e.g. ethanol) production. Considering the relative cheap price, the process of making biofuel from SRC can be economically feasible, although the conversion yield from short rotation coppice (as juvenile crops) were lower than regular mature wood. Besides biochemical conversion, thermochemical conversion (e.g. fast pyrolysis)
891-520: A reef in May 1869 in the area now known as Aurora Gully. They sank two shafts and extracted ten tons of ore that was sent to Solway Battery to be crushed. The company later purchased a battery from the defunct Criterion Company at Arrow River , and in September 1869 they erected it at the mine site. The company had set up as a water race venture, constructing a race from Devils Creek (south of Bendigo) to
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#1732772842073972-828: A substantial reduction in weight. In addition to the foliage and other parts of Populus species being consumed by animals, the starchy sap layer (underneath the outer bark) is edible to humans, both raw and cooked. In Pakistan, poplar is grown on a commercial level by farmers in Punjab, Sindh, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provinces. However, all varieties are seriously susceptible to termite attack, causing significant losses to poplar every year. Logs of poplar are therefore also used as bait in termite traps for biocontrol of termites in crops. Interest exists in using poplar as an energy crop for biomass , in energy forestry systems, particularly in light of its high energy-in to energy-out ratio, large carbon mitigation potential, and fast growth. In
1053-490: A tributary of the latter, Swipers Creek), and the upper Rise and Shine Creek. The latter was worked by a group of Swedes in the 1860s who, in 1867, brought a water race a considerable distance across the Thomson Range to provide water for sluicing . The early rush for alluvial mining at Bendigo was short-lived, from 1862 to 1866. It was Logan's discovery of the gold-rich Cromwell Reef that made Bendigo famous. Despite
1134-513: Is a lighter, more porous material. Its flexibility and close grain make it suitable for a number of applications, similar to those of willow. The Greeks and Etruscans made shields of poplar, and Pliny the Elder also recommended poplar for this purpose. Poplar continued to be used for shield construction through the Middle Ages and was renowned for a durability similar to that of oak, but with
1215-462: Is the least windy and has 148 frosts annually (only Lake Tekapo, with 149, has more). Ophir, 27 kilometres or 17 miles away, holds the record for the lowest air temperature recorded – −21.6 °C or −6.9 °F in mid-1995 – but it also held the highest reading (35.2 °C or 95.4 °F in 1959) until 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) was recorded at Rangiora, in Canterbury in 1973. Spring warms
1296-417: Is very variable even on a single tree, typically with small leaves on side shoots, and very large leaves on strong-growing lead shoots. The leaves often turn bright gold to yellow before they fall during autumn. The flowers are mostly dioecious (rarely monoecious ) and appear in early spring before the leaves. They are borne in long, drooping, sessile or pedunculate catkins produced from buds formed in
1377-518: The Cromwell Argus newspaper reported that Logantown consisted of four stores, three hotels, two butchers, a bakery, and a drapery. There was also a blacksmith (two, a year later), a saloon, a restaurant, and (by April 1871) seven hotels. This was in addition to miners' tents and Thomas Logan's own residence. At its peak, Logantown and the wider area of Bendigo may have had a population of 400. The rapid growth of Logantown businesses far surpassed
1458-641: The Mount Erebus disaster . Since this point, minor forays have been made in the reprocessing of alluvial gravels at Bendigo, including the Hopgood brothers in 1985 and Alluvial Processing Ltd in 1986. The Rise and Shine reefs have seen a series of modern mineral exploration programs: 1971 (ACI Minerals), 1983 (Placer Pacific), 1985-1989 (BHP), 1989-1991 (Macraes Mining), 1996 (Aurum), 2003-2004 (HPD), 2004-2005 (Oceana JV) and 2005-2008 (Glass Earth). The Rise and Shine area has seen much continued activity up to
1539-621: The Otago Goldfields Heritage Trust and DOC . The first Rise and Shine Reef was discovered in 1872 by the Rise and Shine sluicers that worked the gully. They initially sank a shaft 30 ft (9.1 m), but this was deepened to 80 ft (24 m) by the Eureka Company in 1875. A party of Chinese miners, Hop Fong Li & Company, were apparently working the Rise and Shine Reefs in the late 1870s, but it
1620-589: The Otago Regional Council has overview of environmental matters such as clean air and water resources. Central Otago is the coldest, driest part of New Zealand. The seasons are sharply defined: summers are hot and low in humidity; winter mornings are often misty, the days cloudless and windless and the nights freezing. Alexandra, for example, has the lowest average annual rainfall (340 millimetres or 13.4 inches) recorded anywhere in New Zealand,
1701-532: The Bendigo Goldfield. The race commenced operations April 1867, and was providing water for miners to hydro-sluice the alluvial gravels at the goldfield. The company was made up of Barnes, Gerrard and Company, who found a quartz lode reef. A 5-stamp battery was bought, with another five stamps added, which opened in February 1870. There were rich early crushings, but the quality subsided, and the battery
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#17327728420731782-680: The Bendigo Goldfields are managed by the Department of Conservation as both a Scenic Reserve and Historic Reserve . A bonus for visitors is the magnificent view of the Pisa Range across the upper Clutha Valley , and north towards the mountains beyond Lake Hāwea . Visitors are freely able to wander at will, but care should be taken due the nature of the country and deep mine shafts. Children should be well supervised. The Bendigo Goldfields region covers three former settlements:
1863-468: The Bendigo Loop Road, while all that is left of the town are the stone remains of the bakery, some mature poplar trees , and remains of other stone walls. Extensive vineyards now cover the terraces and lower slopes surrounding this area. The early phase of alluvial mining at Bendigo was short-lived, from 1862 to 1866. Prospectors were driven to the source of the gold bound in quartz reefs in
1944-661: The Cretaceous of this genus have been found in Tibet and Heilongjiang, China. Poplars of the cottonwood section are often wetlands or riparian trees. The aspens are among the most important boreal broadleaf trees. Poplars and aspens are important food plants for the larvae of a large number of Lepidoptera species. Pleurotus populinus , the aspen oyster mushroom, is found exclusively on dead wood of Populus trees in North America. Several species of Populus in
2025-625: The Cromwell Quartz Mining Company. They purchased a 12-head stamper battery and water wheel from a defunct Hindon mining company, and erected it at the mouth of Bendigo Gorge as The Solway Battery . The initial returns were a substantial 238 oz (6.7 kg) from the first ten days work. Vincent Pyke , Warden of the goldfields, later described the Cromwell Reef as: ...undoubtedly the richest quartz reef in Otago. Some parts of it yielded as much as six ounces of gold to
2106-613: The Jubilee Syndicate bought and moved the 5-stamp Young Elephant battery from Thomson Gorge and continued to work their original claim. By June 1890 they had abandoned the mine. During the depression years in the early 1930s there was considerable activity at the Rise and Shine. Renewed interest with the Eureka shaft resulted in it being deepened a further 9 ft (2.7 m) by the Bendigo Rise and Shine Company. Running
2187-602: The Lucknow battery to White's Reef near Fruitlands on the Old Man Range . Coal carrier John Kane discovered a gold-bearing quartz reef in a small tributary to the east of the Rise and Shine Creek in June 1880, while on a delivery run from Bannockburn . Kane went into business with William Cameron to mine the quartz reef, purchasing the abandoned Eureka Battery on the slope above and shifting it to its current location. It
2268-493: The Provincial Government was forced to survey and lay out an official town. The town was set out in a simple grid pattern similar to the successful Cromwell Company's Solway Battery. The two primary streets were York and Oxford, the junction of which still remains today with the remainder of the town now being largely covered in vineyards. At its peak, Bendigo supported a population of 130 and by 1869 consisted of
2349-546: The Solway Battery, Goodall's Bendigo Reef Hotel, Mitchinson and Harrison's General Store, a blacksmith, a drapers , a billiards saloon and the huts of men working at the battery. A second hotel, The Solway, was opened in 1870, followed by a bakery and butcher's shop in 1872. Bendigo's popularity was short-lived however; by late 1875, most of the businesses were abandoned in favour of nearby Logantown. Little remains of Bendigo today. York and Oxford Street form part of
2430-500: The United Kingdom and other parts of Europe have experienced heavy dieback ; this is thought in part to be due to Sesia apiformis which bores into the trunk of the tree during its larval stage. Many poplars are grown as ornamental trees , with numerous cultivars used. They have the advantage of growing to a very large size at a rapid pace. Almost all poplars take root readily from cuttings or where broken branches lie on
2511-464: The United Kingdom, poplar (as with fellow energy crop willow) is typically grown in a short rotation coppice system for two to five years (with single or multiple stems), then harvested and burned - the yield of some varieties can be as high as 12 oven-dry tonnes per hectare every year. In warmer regions like Italy this crop can produce up to 13.8, 16.4 oven-dry tonnes of biomass per hectare every year for biannual and triennial cutting cycles also showing
Bendigo Goldfields - Misplaced Pages Continue
2592-482: The United States. The area was named after the goldfield by the same name in Victoria . Mining continued until 1943, when the government mining subsidy was withdrawn. Renewed interest since then has triggered activity in the 1980s, early in the 21st century, and again in the 2020s. The Bendigo Goldfields region is located 17 kilometres (11 mi) to the northeast of Cromwell , at the head of Lake Dunstan . Much of
2673-731: The acoustic properties. Lombardy poplars are frequently used as a windbreak around agricultural fields to protect against wind erosion. Logs from the poplar provide a growing medium for shiitake mushrooms. Poplar represents a suitable candidate for phytoremediation since it has the ability to remove and store harmful pollutants in its trunk while also removing air pollution. This plant has been successfully used to target many types of pollutants including trace element (TEs) in soil and sewage sludge , Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs), Trichloroethylene (TCE), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs). Two notable poems in English lament
2754-752: The area is "A World of Difference". The area is dominated by mountain ranges and the upper reaches of the Clutha River and tributaries. The wide flat plateau of the Maniototo which lies between the upper reaches of the Taieri River and the Clutha's northern tributary the Manuherikia is also part of Central Otago. Characterised by cold winters and hot, dry summers, the area is only lightly populated. First significant European occupation came with
2835-499: The axils of the leaves from the previous year. The flowers are each seated in a cup-shaped disk which is borne on the base of a scale which is itself attached to the rachis of the catkin. The scales are obovate, lobed, and fringed, membranous, hairy or smooth, and usually caducous. The male flowers are without calyx or corolla , and comprise a group of four to 60 stamens inserted on a disk; filaments are short and pale yellow; anthers are oblong, purple or red, introrse, and two-celled;
2916-431: The basis of leaf and flower characters; this classification is followed below. Recent genetic studies have largely supported this, confirming some previously suspected reticulate evolution due to past hybridisation and introgression events between the groups. Some species (noted below) had differing relationships indicated by their nuclear DNA (paternally inherited) and chloroplast DNA sequences (maternally inherited),
2997-482: The businessmen were treating him unfairly, and he subsequently led them to poor ground causing them to eventually withdrawal from the project. This version of events is largely based on the limited data sources that were available to J. C. Parcell, as documented in his book Heart of the Desert. A more recent revision of events, based on a more balanced review of the available literature, suggests that Logan did not swindle
3078-629: The businessmen. Instead, it is quite possible that the inexperience of the mining company was the reason for the Dunedin syndicate's demise. In any event, the Bendigo Quartz Mining Company was only to last a brief four months, ceasing operations in mid-1866. It was not until July 1868 that Logan was able to find appropriate investment to restart work on the reefs he had found. Together with William John 'Jack' Garrett , Brian 'Charcoal Joe' Hebden and George Goodger , he formed
3159-634: The cells open longitudinally. The female flower also has no calyx or corolla, and comprises a single-celled ovary seated in a cup-shaped disk. The style is short, with two to four stigmata, variously lobed, and numerous ovules. Pollination is by wind, with the female catkins lengthening considerably between pollination and maturity. The fruit is a two- to four-valved dehiscent capsule , green to reddish-brown, mature in midsummer, containing numerous minute, light-brown seeds surrounded by tufts of long, soft, white hairs aiding wind dispersal. The genus Populus has traditionally been divided into six sections on
3240-731: The company to purchase a stamper battery from Macraes Flat , and the Colclough Quartz Mining Company was formed. Mining began in earnest in December 1870 but results were poor. September 1871 returns were only 8 dwt (12 g) per ton. The mine persisted on meagre returns for another year before changing hands. Similarly poor returns were experienced for the next six years when the mine went on tribute (February 1877). This too did not last, coming to an end in March 1878. In December 1885, tenders were called to shift
3321-461: The cutting down of poplars, William Cowper 's "The Poplar Field" and Gerard Manley Hopkins ' " Binsey Poplars felled 1879". In Billie Holiday 's " Strange Fruit ", she sings "Black bodies swinging in the southern breeze/Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees…". The Odd Poplars Alley, in Iași , Romania, is one of the spots where Mihai Eminescu sought inspiration in his works (the poem "Down Where
Bendigo Goldfields - Misplaced Pages Continue
3402-574: The defunct five-stamper Jubilee Battery moved next to the claim (where it presently resides) and powered by a diesel engine. Patchy successes resulted in the mine closing by 1906. A third attempt to reopen the mine in 1912 resulted in the erection of an aerial cableway which lowered the quartz ore to the old Come in Time battery. The final attempt to work the Alta Reef (as well as the Come in Time Reef)
3483-454: The discovery of gold at Gabriel's Gully near Lawrence in 1861, which led to the Otago gold rush . Other towns and villages include Alexandra , Bannockburn , Clyde , Cromwell , Millers Flat , Naseby , Omakau , Ranfurly , Roxburgh , St. Bathans , and Wedderburn . Since the 19th century, most of the area's economic activity has centred on sheep, stone fruit , and tourism. In recent years, deer farms and vineyards have increased
3564-460: The greatest rewards would come from the quartz reefs in the nearby hills. Of all the mining claims and leases that were taken up at Bendigo, only that of the Cromwell Quartz Mining Company (Cromwell Company) was profitable. The Cromwell Company's battery at Bendigo started crushing in March 1869 and it was the success of these first crushings that spurred the rush to the Bendigo reefs. Alluvial gold
3645-469: The ground (they also often have remarkable suckering abilities, and can form huge colonies from a single original tree, such as the famous Pando forest made of thousands of Populus tremuloides clones). Trees with fastigiate (erect, columnar) branching are particularly popular, and are widely grown across Europe and southwest Asia. However, like willows , poplars have very vigorous and invasive root systems stretching up to 40 metres (130 ft) from
3726-543: The hills. Within the Bendigo Scenic Reserve there are several walks with a number of interpretative panels, ranging from short wanders to a 5-hour loop trail. Several stone building ruins, vertical shafts, adits , numerous battery sites, water races, pipelines, and the remains of several wooden drays may be seen in the area. Alluvial gold was first discovered in Bendigo Creek as a result of
3807-551: The impending shift toward quartz reef mining, of the 52 claims being worked by mid-1870 only 18 were quartz claims, the rest still being alluvial. Thomas Logan (1836-1897) was born in St Bees, Cumberland . After the gold rush in Victoria he came to Otago and worked as an alluvial miner. In 1863, Logan began to prospect the lower slopes of Bendigo Hill, searching for quartz reefs from which the alluvial gold had been liberated. Logan located several lines of gold-bearing reefs, including
3888-559: The mine to close, and the plant was subsequently sold in January 1875 to the Eureka Company who moved the battery to the bottom of the gully (the site where the present Come in Time Battery now resides). Gold recovered from eight crushings realised a grade between 3.5–19 dwt (5.4–29.5 g) of gold per ton. Additional attempts to reinstate the Alta mine were made in 1897, 1902, 1912, and 1919, all with poor results. The attempt in 1902 saw
3969-521: The nearby hills. It was the discovery of the gold-rich Cromwell Reef by Thomas Logan that made Bendigo famous. This discovery, in 1863, eventually resulted in most Bendigo businesses moving up the hill to be closer to the reefs being mined. By December 1869, a thriving town had built up on an area of flat ground midway between Logan's and Colclough's reefs; this became known as Logantown ( 44°56′5″S 169°22′5″E / 44.93472°S 169.36806°E / -44.93472; 169.36806 ). In 1869
4050-476: The old town. For three years he laboured single-handed at stacking a huge pile of boulders along the bank of the creek with the aim of getting down to the pay dirt at the bottom, only to have it buried beneath a deep layer of stones in a flash flood. A loner and deeply religious man, he lived close to nature. In 1979 he purchased a ticket with his hard-won earnings for a flight over the Antarctic, only to perish in
4131-512: The ore could be processed on location. The defunct Aurora Battery in Aurora Creek was purchased to add to a new 20-stamper battery which was christened "Matilda" after George Goodger's daughter. It was driven by a water turbine and by an eighteen-horsepower steam engine, fuelled with coal from Bannockburn . Poor returns and industrial problems saw the mine close in 1884. A new company drove a 178 m (584 ft)-deep shaft (No.2 Shaft) into
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#17327728420734212-472: The population, and by September 1871 many businesses had started to move to Quartzville and Carricktown in the Carrick Range following quartz reef discoveries there. A community hall was erected in 1874 which doubled as a church and, briefly, as a school. In 1878, the school was moved halfway down the hill toward Bendigo. The site of this building is marked by a remaining concrete chimney. The school
4293-491: The present day. Exploration drilling by Santana Minerals on the crest of the hill above the right bank of Rise and Shine Creek has led to an indicated resource of 0.3 million troy ounces (9.3 tonnes) and an inferred resource of 2.9 million troy ounces (90 tonnes) of gold. Central Otago Central Otago is an area located in the inland part of the Otago region in the South Island of New Zealand . The motto for
4374-640: The reef from January 1938 onward using a 5-stamp battery originally from the Stoneburn near Dunback . A tramway was installed to transport ore, but throughout the life of the mine returns were disappointing, averaging about 3 dwt (4.7 g) per ton. With the closure of the Shine Again mine in August 1942, the last quartz mining venture at Bendigo ended. Very little remains in the Rise and Shine area, although several shafts and adits remain in addition to
4455-537: The reef, purchased a battery from the Ida Valley Company in Rough Ridge and erected the 5-stamp Eureka Battery on the slope above the Rise and Shine Creek, with a race to drive the battery and a long tramway linking the workings. Problems were encountered in trying to recover the gold from the crushed rock, due to the presence of abundant scheelite which made crushing difficult. This eventually forced
4536-527: The region's economic diversification. Central Otago is the world's southernmost commercial wine production region. Recently the cool climate varieties Riesling and Pinot noir have been recognised as being especially suitable, and as the vines age Central Otago wines can be expected to improve even further, as the plantings are new and increasing rapidly. The Central Otago District Council, based in Alexandra, administers territorial authority matters, while
4617-403: The related willows ) the terminal bud present. The leaves are spirally arranged, and vary in shape from triangular to circular or (rarely) lobed, and with a long petiole ; in species in the sections Populus and Aigeiros , the petioles are laterally flattened, so that breezes easily cause the leaves to wobble back and forth, giving the whole tree a "twinkling" appearance in a breeze. Leaf size
4698-613: The remains of houses demolished by the Cromwell Company bear testament to this dark period of Bendigo's history, reminiscent of the Irish Land Wars and Scottish Highland Clearances . Like Logantown and Bendigo before it, the remains of Welshtown have been reduced to the stone walls of several miners cottages and the Pengelly Hotel. Although the first gold to be discovered in Bendigo was alluvial in origin,
4779-401: The rich Cromwell (or Logan's) Reef. Unlike alluvial mining, quartz mining was a costly enterprise and a lack of capital prevented Logan from developing his reefs. It was not until Julian Coates reported the reefs in 1865 to a group of Dunedin businessmen that the Bendigo Quartz Mining Company was formed in order to mine Logan's finds. The generally held belief at this point is that Logan felt
4860-477: The road from Logantown, on the crest of Bendigo Hill, was the settlement of Welshtown ( 44°56′25″S 169°22′10″E / 44.94028°S 169.36944°E / -44.94028; 169.36944 ), so-named due to the predominance of Welsh miners. Welshtown was essentially a cluster of miners' huts, stables, and gardens with the notable exception being William Pengelly's hotel across the gully of Swipers Creek (the western tributary of Aurora Creek). Welshtown
4941-572: The rush to the Dunstan area in September 1862. The initial prospectors arrived in Bendigo Creek, a tributary of the Clutha River , by traversing Thomson's Saddle in the Dunstan Mountains and dropping into Thomson Gorge . With reports of significant quartz finds people flocked to Bendigo ( 44°55′30″S 169°20′40″E / 44.92500°S 169.34444°E / -44.92500; 169.34444 ), but it would not be until 1869 that
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#17327728420735022-482: The short days. The colloquial name for Central Otago is simply "Central". Residents from the surrounding regions may not talk about being in Central Otago or going to Central Otago – instead referring to being or going "up Central" (this usage is mainly limited to residents of Canterbury , Otago and Southland ). The former Otago Central Railway , which ran through most of the major towns of Central Otago,
5103-410: The site. Like the first, it was named the Come in Time Battery. The crushings were disappointing, and by February 1909 the mine was again abandoned. From 1912 to 1920 different parties attempted to obtain better results from various ore sources in the vicinity. All met with meagre results, and the battery and workings were finally abandoned in the 1920s. The Come in Time battery was restored in 2006 by
5184-422: The soil and fruit tree blossom dominates the district's orchard areas. Temperatures range from −3 to 20 °C (26.6 to 68.0 °F) with 10 frosts a month. Average rainfall is 28 millimetres (1.1 in) a month and sunshine 206 hours per month. In summer, daylight lasts as long as 10 P.M.. Temperatures range from 10 to 30 °C (50 to 86 °F) on several days. Rainfall averages 38 millimetres (1.5 in)
5265-457: The test bores for the initial claim had been miscalculated, and that the ground had been mined several times already. The dredge itself also suffered from a faulty tailings elevator, a lack of water to float the dredge, and critically, the bucket ladder could not get down deep enough to process potential virgin ground. The Cromwell Lions Club later took possession of the dredge's 30 m (98 ft)-long dredge (bucket) ladder and used it as
5346-409: The ton, and as the stone was generally friable, great quantities of it could be extracted and put through the stamper daily. A new gold rush began, with Bendigo and Logantown at its centre, while Cromwell developed new prosperity. Thomas Logan sold his shares in the Cromwell Company for £15,000 in 1875. In December 1878, the Solway Battery was moved up the hill to the main shaft of the mine so that
5427-411: The township of Bendigo , and the two unofficial townships of Logantown and Welshtown . Bendigo initially serviced the early alluvial goldminers on the lower reaches of Bendigo Creek (near Goodall's Hotel), Aurora Creek, and the upper Rise and Shine Creek. Logantown and Welshtown would eventually become part of the wider Bendigo site of alluvial mining when quartz miners drove dozens of shafts into
5508-762: The trees; planting close to houses or ceramic water pipes may result in damaged foundations and cracked walls and pipes due to their search for moisture. A simple, reproducible, high-frequency micropropagation protocol in eastern cottonwood Populus deltoides has been reported by Yadav et al. 2009. In India, the poplar is grown commercially by farmers, mainly in the Punjab region. Common poplar varieties are: The trees are grown from kalam or cuttings, harvested annually in January and February, and commercially available up to 15 November. Poplars are most commonly used to make plywood : Yamuna Nagar in Haryana state has
5589-766: Was also referred to as 'the Central'. Areas around the area governed by the Central Otago District Council area are also often simply known as Central, such as Arrowtown, Queenstown and Wānaka. Poplar tree See text Populus is a genus of 25–30 species of deciduous flowering plants in the family Salicaceae , native to most of the Northern Hemisphere . English names variously applied to different species include poplar ( / ˈ p ɒ p l ər / ), aspen , and cottonwood . The western balsam poplar ( P. trichocarpa )
5670-599: Was also studied for making biofuel from short rotation coppice poplar and was found to have higher energy recovery than that from bioconversion. Poplar was the most common wood used in Italy for panel paintings ; the Mona Lisa and most famous early Italian Renaissance paintings are on poplar. The wood is generally white, often with a slightly yellowish colour. Some stringed instruments are made with one-piece poplar backs; violas made in this fashion are said to have
5751-485: Was discovered by Samuel Williams , a quartz miner from Victoria , in December 1869. Although he discovered it, Williams played little part in the subsequent development of the mine, instead moving to the Carrick Range as a principal share holder in the Young Australian Company. Alta Reef lies south of the present Come in Time battery, onb the other side of a ridge. The Alta Company, formed to work
5832-491: Was discovered in May 1869 by Charles Colclough , one of a small number of miners from Cardrona who had come to Bendigo to prospect. Rumours immediately suggested the reef was fantastically rich, yielding as much as 100 t oz (3.1 kg) to the ton, though the reality was that the first crushings from Colclough's Reef at the Aurora battery were between 2.5 and 3 t oz (78 and 93 g) per ton. These returns were encouraging enough for
5913-538: Was first discovered in Bendigo Creek as a result of the rush to the Dunstan area in September 1862. A party of miners used Thomson's Saddle, an old Māori greenstone trail over the Dunstan Mountains, in order to take the ferry across the Clutha River at Wakefield (now known as Crippletown) near Rocky Point, on their way to the Shotover , Arrow , and Cardrona goldfields. Gold in the gravels of Bendigo Gully
5994-405: Was made in 1919 using both the Come in Time battery and the aerial cableway. Results were not encouraging and the reef was finally abandoned. Remains of the Alta Reef include the stamper battery, several adits and shafts, and the tramway (though the rails are long-since removed) from the Alta mine to the aerial cableway winder unit on the Come in Time side of Rise and Shine Creek. Colclough's reef
6075-479: Was not until June 1888 that William Lidston discovered a reef which resulted in serious investment. Lidston formed the Jubilee Syndicate which started with a 2-head battery and a shaft dug 40 ft (12 m) deep before yields dropped to 0.5 t oz (15.5 g) per ton. The Jubilee Syndicate briefly prospected at the head of Thomson Gorge (the Jubilee workings on Mount Moka ), but this too had poor returns. Despite this,
6156-401: Was poor and referred to as a tucker field (that is, there was only enough gold to provide for a miner's subsistence). However, by 1864 with the advent of sluicing companys' water races, up to 150 miners had pegged out claims along the creek with some yielding 5–15 t oz (155–467 g) a week. Most of the alluvial mining on the Bendigo goldfield took place in Bendigo Creek itself, Aurora Creek (and
6237-638: Was renamed the Come in Time Gold Stamper Battery. The first crushing of 350 tons of ore yielded only 120 t oz (3.7 kg) of gold (10.6 g/ton) and the second was equally disappointing. By August 1881 operations ceased, and in 1882 the battery was sold and moved to the Carrick Range. In June 1908 a new Come in Time Mining Company was formed, and half of the 20-stamp Matilda Battery was moved from nearby Logantown to
6318-483: Was shifted again in 1909 to a site near Crippletown, now beside State Highway 8 . Logantown continued as a much smaller settlement through the remainder of the 1870s and by 1878 was reported by the Dunstan Times newspaper to consist of a hotel, a butchery, and a few huts. Today, Logantown contains the walls of numerous stone buildings and a wooden dray outside the former residence of Thomas Logan. Further up
6399-486: Was the first tree to have its full DNA code determined by DNA sequencing , in 2006. The genus has a large genetic diversity, and can grow from 15–50 m (49–164 ft) tall, with trunks up to 2.5 m (8 ft) in diameter. The bark on young trees is smooth and white to greenish or dark gray, and often has conspicuous lenticels ; on old trees, it remains smooth in some species, but becomes rough and deeply fissured in others. The shoots are stout, with (unlike in
6480-401: Was the scene of a bitter dispute between the Cromwell Company and its employees, the latter of whom went on strike for better pay in 1881. It is the only instance of such action in any industrial conflict in New Zealand's history in which each miner whose house, hut, or cottage was built on the 16½ acres of the Cromwell Company lease (half of Bendigo's Welshtown) had their homes destroyed. Some of
6561-421: Was then used for public crushing. By 1871 the mine was on tribute , but within six months they abandoned the underground workings, and it was decided to sluice the gravels of the neighbouring terrace for gold. In 1872 only two men were tributing at the mine. In September 1874, the company was voluntarily wound up, with the battery being purchased by the Cromwell Company and moved to its main shaft. The Alta reef
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