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76-696: Benson Glacier was mapped in 1957 by the New Zealand Northern Survey Party of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition (1956–1958), and indicated as a somewhat longer glacier including the present Midship Glacier . It was named by the party after Noel Benson , formerly professor of geology at the University of Otago, New Zealand, whose publications include a major contribution to the petrology of Victoria Land. The Benson Glacier forms in

152-529: A 1989-90 NZARP field party from association with Jetsam Moraine and because all supraglacial moraines are "floating" on the glacier ice, and drift in a manner similar to marine flotsam and jetsam. 76°53′S 161°41′E  /  76.883°S 161.683°E  / -76.883; 161.683 . A snow saddle between Mount Brøgger and Mount Morrison, separating the glacial catchments of the Benson Glacier and Cleveland Glacier. A NZARP field party made

228-593: A federal survey agency, in part to inventory the vast lands added to the United States by the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and the Mexican–American War in 1848. The USGS was authorized on March 3 in a last-minute amendment to an unrelated bill that charged the new agency with the "classification of the public lands, and examination of the geological structure, mineral resources, and products of

304-449: A lack of accuracy and detail in comparison to older generation maps based on aerial photo surveys and field checks. As the digital databases were not designed for producing general-purpose maps, data integration can be a problem when retrieved from sources with different resolutions and collection dates. Human-made features once recorded by direct field observation are not in any public domain national database and are frequently omitted from

380-473: A late-night temporary camp on the saddle in January 1990. The name commemorates the midnight hours kept at this location. 76°52′S 161°48′E  /  76.867°S 161.800°E  / -76.867; 161.800 . A mountain, 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) high, which forms part of the north wall of Cleveland Glacier about 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) north of Referring Peak. Charted by

456-677: A new way to view their entire digitized collection of over 178,000 maps from 1884 to 2006. The site is an interactive map of the United States that allows users to search or move around the map to find the USGS collection of maps for a specific area. Users may then view the maps in great detail and download them if desired. In 2008 the USGS abandoned traditional methods of surveying, revising, and updating topographic maps based on aerial photography and field checks. Today's U.S. Topo quadrangle (1:24,000) maps are mass-produced, using automated and semiautomated processes, with cartographic content supplied from

532-410: A non-metric scale virtually unique to the United States. Each of these maps covers an area bounded by two lines of latitude and two lines of longitude spaced 7.5 minutes apart. Nearly 57,000 individual maps in this series cover the 48 contiguous states , Hawaii , U.S. territories , and areas of Alaska near Anchorage , Fairbanks , and Prudhoe Bay . The area covered by each map varies with

608-528: A number of specific science programs, facilities, and other organizational units: The Earthquake Hazards Program monitors earthquake activity worldwide. The National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) in Golden, Colorado , on the campus of the Colorado School of Mines detects the location and magnitude of global earthquakes. The USGS also runs or supports several regional monitoring networks in

684-846: A number of water-related programs, notably the National Streamflow Information Program and National Water-Quality Assessment Program. USGS Water data is publicly available from their National Water Information System database. The USGS also operates the National Wildlife Health Center , whose mission is "to serve the nation and its natural resources by providing sound science and technical support, and to disseminate information to promote science-based decisions affecting wildlife and ecosystem health. The NWHC provides information, technical assistance, research, education, and leadership on national and international wildlife health issues." It

760-570: A point near Mount Razorback to beyond the far (northeast) side of Black Pudding Peak. Its curved trajectory marks the contact between Benson Glacier ice and that of Midship Glacier. So named by a 1989–1990 NZARP field party from association with Flotsam Moraines and because all supraglacial moraines are "floating" on the glacier ice, and drift similar to flotsam and jetsam. 76°54′S 161°32′E  /  76.900°S 161.533°E  / -76.900; 161.533 . A mountain, 1,895 metres (6,217 ft) high, standing between Midship Glacier and

836-684: A result, some have noted that the U.S. Topo maps currently fall short of traditional topographic map presentation standards achieved in maps drawn from 1945 to 1992. The Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility (HIF) has four sections within its organizational structure; the Field Services Section which includes the warehouse, repair shop, and Engineering Unit; the Testing Section which includes the Hydraulic Laboratory, testing chambers, and Water Quality Laboratory;

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912-662: A ridge running northeast from that mountain, and a like distance east of Mount Whitcombe in Victoria Land. Mapped in 1957 by the New Zealand Northern Survey Party of the CTAE (1956–1958). Named by them for its similarity to the Canterbury, New Zealand, mountain of that name, and in association with Mount Whitcombe. 76°53′S 162°05′E  /  76.883°S 162.083°E  / -76.883; 162.083 . A mountain over 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) high, standing at

988-478: A towing tank, jet tank, pipe flow facility, and tilting flume. In addition, the HIF provides training and technical support for the equipment it stocks. The Engineering Group seeks out new technology and designs for instrumentation that can work more efficiently, be more accurate, and or be produced at a lower cost than existing instrumentation. HIF works directly with vendors to help them produce products that will meet

1064-644: A variety of USGS Report Series that include preliminary results, maps, data, and final results. A complete catalog of all USGS publications is available from the USGS Publications Warehouse. In the mid-1800s, various states set up geological survey institutions; e.g., the Kentucky Geological Survey , established in 1854. In 1879, a report from the National Academy of Sciences prompted Congress to set up

1140-490: A very windy place, which made work outdoors unpleasant. All stores lying in the snow tended to get buried and there was a constant danger of them getting lost. They managed to take a number of journeys to collect seals for the dogs and to scout a route to the south. They used dogs and the Weasel tractor , and four Tucker Sno-Cats . In December 1956, Fuchs returned on Danish Polar vessel Magga Dan with additional supplies, and

1216-514: Is a partnership-driven program that teams scientific researchers with natural and cultural resource managers to help fish, wildlife, waters, and lands across the country adapt to climate change . The National CASC (NCASC), based at USGS headquarters in Reston, Virginia, serves as the national office for the CASC network, while eight regional CASCs made up of federal-university consortiums located across

1292-752: Is headquartered in Reston, Virginia , with major offices near Lakewood, Colorado ; at the Denver Federal Center ; and in NASA Ames Research Park in California. In 2009, it employed about 8,670 people. The current motto of the USGS, in use since August 1997, is "science for a changing world". The agency's previous slogan, adopted on its hundredth anniversary, was "Earth Science in the Public Service". Since 2012,

1368-483: Is mapped at this scale in quadrangles measuring 1° by 1°. USGS topographic quadrangle maps are marked with grid lines and tics around the map collar which make it possible to identify locations on the map by several methods, including the graticule measurements of longitude and latitude, the township and section method within the Public Land Survey System , and cartesian coordinates in both

1444-529: Is the agency primarily responsible for surveillance of H5N1 avian influenza outbreaks in the United States. The USGS also runs 17 biological research centers in the United States, including the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center . The USGS is investigating collaboration with the social networking site Twitter to allow for more rapid construction of ShakeMaps. ShakeMaps are an interactive tool allowing users to visually observe

1520-646: Is the primary source of ice to the east-flowing Benson Glacier at Scuppers Icefalls. One of a group of nautical names in Convoy Range applied by NZGB in 1994. 76°46′00″S 161°20′00″E  /  76.7666667°S 161.3333333°E  / -76.7666667; 161.3333333 . A glacial slope distributary from Flight Deck Névé, 1.2 nautical miles (2.2 km; 1.4 mi) wide, that descends northwest over subdued steps between Dotson Ridge and Dory Nunatak. Named by New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) (1993) in association with other nautical theme place names in

1596-599: The State Plane Coordinate System and the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system . Other specialty maps have been produced by the USGS at a variety of scales. These include county maps, maps of special interest areas, such as the national parks , and areas of scientific interest. A number of Internet sites have made these maps available on the web for affordable commercial and professional use. Because works of

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1672-634: The UCERF California earthquake forecast. As of 2005, the agency is working to create a National Volcano Early Warning System by improving the instrumentation monitoring the 169 volcanoes in U.S. territory and by establishing methods for measuring the relative threats posed at each site. The USGS also operates five volcano observatories throughout the nation: the Alaska Volcano Observatory in Anchorage, Alaska (on

1748-570: The magnetic field at magnetic observatories and distributes magnetometer data in real time. The USGS collaborates with Canadian and Mexican government scientists, along with the Commission for Environmental Cooperation , to produce the North American Environmental Atlas , which is used to depict and track environmental issues for a continental perspective. The USGS operates the streamgaging network for

1824-442: The 15-minute series, was once used to map the contiguous 48 states at a scale of 1:62,500 for maps covering the continental United States, but was discontinued during the last quarter of the twentieth century. Each map was bounded by two parallels and two meridians spaced 15 minutes apart—the same area covered by four maps in the 7.5-minute series. The 15-minute series, at a scale of 1:63,360 (one inch representing one mile), remains

1900-522: The 1957 New Zealand Northern Survey Party of the CTAE, 1956–1958. Feature of the Flight Deck Névé, the main source to Benson Glacier, include: 76°47′S 161°30′E  /  76.783°S 161.500°E  / -76.783; 161.500 . An elevated and unusually flat glacier névé , about 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) by 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi), between Flagship Mountain and Mount Razorback. The feature

1976-439: The 30 x 60-minute quadrangle series. Each of these quadrangles covers the area contained within 32 maps in the 7.5-minute series. The 1:100,000 scale series is unusual in that it primarily employs the metric system . One centimeter on the map represents one kilometer of distance on the ground. Contour intervals , spot elevations, and horizontal distances are also specified in meters. The final regular quadrangle series produced by

2052-647: The Antarctic continent from Shackleton Base via the Pole to Scott Base, following roughly the same route as Fuchs' overland party. United States Geological Survey The United States Geological Survey ( USGS ), founded as the Geological Survey , is an agency of the U.S. Department of the Interior whose work spans the disciplines of biology , geography , geology , and hydrology . The agency

2128-514: The British Antarctic Expedition (1910–1913) which named it for Professor Waldemar C. Brøgger , Norwegian geologist and mineralogist. 76°51′S 161°47′E  /  76.850°S 161.783°E  / -76.850; 161.783 . An extensive moraine in a valley beside the Benson Glacier, between Black Pudding Peak and Mount Brøgger. Named by a 1989–1990 NZARP field party (Trevor Chinn) to commemorate an incident at

2204-649: The British team were separately based at Halley Bay . Fuchs was knighted for his accomplishment. The second overland crossing of the continent did not occur until 1981, during the Transglobe Expedition led by Ranulph Fiennes . Preparations began in London in 1955. Over the austral summer of 1955 to 1956, Fuchs sailed with an advance party from London to Antarctica in the Canadian sealer Theron , with

2280-521: The CTAE after the USS Nespelen , one of the vessels of the American convoy to McMurdo Sound that season. 76°48′S 161°36′E  /  76.800°S 161.600°E  / -76.800; 161.600 . A prominent line of icefalls, 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) long and nearly 400 metres (1,300 ft) high high, between Mount Razorback and Mount Nespelen. The icefalls are

2356-729: The CTAE was a private venture, though it was supported by the governments of the United Kingdom, New Zealand, United States, Australia and South Africa, as well as many corporate and individual donations, under the patronage of Queen Elizabeth II . It was headed by British explorer Vivian Fuchs , with New Zealander Sir Edmund Hillary leading the New Zealand Ross Sea Support team. The New Zealand party included scientists participating in International Geophysical Year research while

Benson Glacier - Misplaced Pages Continue

2432-429: The Convoy Range. 76°47′S 161°18′E  /  76.783°S 161.300°E  / -76.783; 161.300 . An isolated sandstone nunatak, 1.2 nautical miles (2.2 km; 1.4 mi) long, rising above the southwest part of Flight Deck Névé, 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) southwest of Dotson Ridge. One of a group of nautical names in Convoy Range. So named by a 1989–1990 NZARP party because

2508-980: The Information Technology Section which includes computer support and the Drafting Unit; and the Administrative Section. The HIF was given national responsibility for the design, testing, evaluation, repair, calibration, warehousing, and distribution of hydrologic instrumentation. Distribution is accomplished by direct sales and through a rental program. The HIF supports data collection activities through centralized warehouse and laboratory facilities. The HIF warehouse provides hydrologic instruments, equipment, and supplies for USGS as well as Other Federal Agencies (OFA) and USGS Cooperators. The HIF also tests, evaluates, repairs, calibrates, and develops hydrologic equipment and instruments. The HIF Hydraulic Laboratory facilities include

2584-523: The National GIS Database. In the two years from June 2009 to May 2011, the USGS produced nearly 40,000 maps, more than 80 maps per work day. Only about two hours of interactive work are spent on each map, mostly on text placement and final inspection; there are essentially no field checks or field inspections to confirm map details. While much less expensive to compile and produce, the revised digital U.S. topo maps have been criticized for

2660-532: The South Pole, but when he had completed laying supply depots he saw the opportunity to beat the British and continued south, reaching the Pole—where the U.S. Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station had recently been established by air—on 3 January 1958. Hillary's party was just the third—preceded by Roald Amundsen in 1911 and Robert Falcon Scott in 1912—to reach the Pole overland. Hillary's arrival also marked

2736-473: The U.S. government are in the public domain , it is also possible to find many of these maps for free at various locations on the Internet. Georeferenced map images are available from the USGS as digital raster graphics (DRGs) in addition to digital data sets based on USGS maps, notably digital line graphs (DLGs) and digital elevation models (DEMs). In 2015, the USGS unveiled the topoView website,

2812-726: The U.S., U.S. Pacific Islands, and U.S. Caribbean deliver science that addresses resource management priorities of the states within their footprints. Since 1962, the Astrogeology Research Program has been involved in global, lunar , and planetary exploration and mapping . In collaboration with Stanford University , the USGS also operates the USGS-Stanford Ion Microprobe Laboratory, a world-class analytical facility for U-(Th)-Pb geochronology and trace element analyses of minerals and other earth materials. USGS operates

2888-933: The USGS Center for Coastal Geology) has three sites, one for the Atlantic Ocean (located in Woods Hole, Massachusetts ), one for the Pacific Ocean (located in Santa Cruz, California ) and one for the Gulf of Mexico (located on the University of South Florida's St. Petersburg campus). The goal of this department is to conduct research in geology, mapping, hydrology, biology, and related sciences; evaluate hazards associated with floods, droughts, hurricanes, subsidence, human activity, and climate change; map

2964-474: The USGS is the 1:250,000 scale topographic series. Each of these quadrangles in the conterminous United States measures 1 degree of latitude by 2 degrees of longitude. This series was produced by the U.S.  Army Map Service in the 1950s, prior to the maps in the larger-scale series, and consists of 489 sheets, each covering an area ranging from 8,218 square miles (21,285 km ) at 30° north to 6,222 square miles (16,115 km ) at 49° north. Hawaii

3040-503: The USGS science focus has been directed at topical "Mission Areas" that have continued to evolve. Further organizational structure includes headquarters functions, geographic regions, science and support programs, science centers, labs, and other facilities. The USGS regional organization aligns with the U.S. Department of the Interior Unified Interior Regions: USGS operates and organizes within

3116-520: The USGS to rely on donations of time by civilian volunteers in an attempt to update its 7.5-minute topographic map series, and USGS stated outright in 2000 that the program was to be phased out in favor of The National Map (not to be confused with the National Atlas of the United States produced by the Department of the Interior , one of whose bureaus is USGS). An older series of maps,

Benson Glacier - Misplaced Pages Continue

3192-547: The United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) in 1964 for Morris F. Dotson, electrician at McMurdo Station, 1962. 76°43′S 161°58′E  /  76.717°S 161.967°E  / -76.717; 161.967 . A mountain, 1,560 metres (5,120 ft) high, standing at the head of Albrecht Penck Glacier . Discovered by the BrNAE (1901–1904) which named it for a member of

3268-494: The United States under the umbrella of the Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS). The USGS informs authorities, emergency responders, the media, and the public, both domestic and worldwide, about significant earthquakes. It maintains long-term archives of earthquake data for scientific and engineering research. It also conducts and supports research on long-term seismic hazards . USGS has released

3344-912: The United States, with over 7400 streamgages . Real-time streamflow data are available online. As part of the Water Resources Research Act of 1984, the State Water Resources Research Act Program created a Water Resources Research Institute (WRRI) in each state, along with Washington DC, Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Islands, and Guam. Together, these institutes make up the National Institutes for Water Resources (NIWR). The institutes focus on water-related issues through research, training and collaboration. The National and regional Climate Adaptation Science Centers (CASCs)

3420-434: The advance party, led by Ken Blaiklock , were left on the ice, having only tents and a packing crate as shelter. Most of the stores were left on the bay ice, some two miles (3.2 km) from the site of where the base was to be set up. Their first task was to get all these stores from the bay ice to the base and to try to build some permanent shelter for the oncoming winter. Once some food and paraffin had been brought up and

3496-1200: The campus of Alaska Pacific University ), the California Volcano Observatory in Menlo Park, California , the Cascades Volcano Observatory (covering volcanoes in Idaho , Oregon , and Washington ) in Vancouver, Washington , the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory in Hilo, Hawaii , and the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (covering volcanoes in Arizona , Colorado , Montana , New Mexico , Utah , and Wyoming ) in Yellowstone National Park , Wyoming. The USGS Coastal and Marine Science Center (formerly

3572-422: The continental United States, though only for use by members of its defense forces). The next-smallest topographic series, in terms of scale, is the 1:100,000 series. These maps are bounded by two lines of longitude and two lines of latitude. However, in this series, the lines of latitude are spaced 30 minutes apart and the lines of longitude are spaced 60 minutes, which is the source of another name for these maps;

3648-420: The distribution and severity of Shaking resulting from Earthquakes. The USGS produces several national series of topographic maps which vary in scale and extent, with some wide gaps in coverage, notably the complete absence of 1:50,000 scale topographic maps or their equivalent. The largest (both in terms of scale and quantity) and best-known topographic series is the 7.5-minute, 1:24,000 scale, quadrangle ,

3724-399: The dogs safely tethered by the base, the men started to build their hut. This proved to be far more difficult than had been envisaged – not only were the eight men insufficient in number to carry out the heavy tasks easily but the weather at Shackleton was colder and much windier than had been anticipated. When the skeleton of the hut was complete, the men positioned the crates containing

3800-607: The esteemed Joel David Ellis Watkins, —were responsible for route-finding and laying a line of supply depots up the Skelton Glacier and across the Polar Plateau on towards the South Pole, for the use of Fuchs on the final leg of his journey. Other members of Hillary's team carried out geological surveys around the Ross Sea and Victoria Land areas. It was not originally intended that Hillary would travel as far as

3876-545: The feature appears to be sailing in the midst of the glacier névé like a small boat. 76°46′S 161°25′E  /  76.767°S 161.417°E  / -76.767; 161.417 . A ridgelike nunatak, 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) long, rising to 1,640 metres (5,380 ft) high in the northwest part of Flight Deck Névé. Mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from ground surveys and Navy air photos. Named by

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3952-526: The first time that land vehicles had ever reached the Pole. Fuchs' team reached the Pole from the opposite direction on 19 January 1958, where they met up with Hillary. Fuchs then continued overland, following the route that Hillary had laid, while Hillary flew back to Scott Base in a U.S. plane. He would later rejoin Fuchs by plane for part of the remaining overland journey. The overland party finally arrived at Scott Base on 2 March 1958, having completed

4028-531: The head of Hunt Glacier , 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) northwest of Mount Marston. Mapped by the British Antarctic Expedition (1910–1913) and named for Petty Officer Robert Forde, Royal Navy, a member of the expedition's Western Geological Party. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey . Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition The Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition ( CTAE ) of 1955–1958

4104-607: The head of Cleveland Glacier. Discovered by the British National Antarctic Expedition (BrNAE) (1901–1904) and named after J. D. Morrison of the Morning , a relief ship to the expedition. 76°51′S 161°40′E  /  76.850°S 161.667°E  / -76.850; 161.667 . The moraines trailing northeastward from Mount Morrison, trapped in the ice eddies between Midship Glacier and ice from local mountainside glaciers. So named by

4180-616: The historic crossing of 3,473 kilometres (2,158 mi) of previously unexplored snow and ice in 99 days. A few days later the expedition members left Antarctica for New Zealand on the New Zealand naval ship Endeavour . The ship was captained by Captain Harry Kirkwood . Although large quantities of supplies were hauled overland, both parties were also equipped with light aircraft and made extensive use of air support for reconnaissance and supplies. Additional logistical help

4256-488: The latitude of its represented location due to convergence of the meridians. At lower latitudes, near 30° north, a 7.5-minute quadrangle contains an area of about 64 square miles (166 km ). At 49° north latitude, 49 square miles (127 km ) are contained within a quadrangle of that size. As a unique non-metric map scale, the 1:24,000 scale naturally requires a separate and specialized romer scale for plotting map positions. In recent years, budget constraints have forced

4332-596: The main outflow draining from Flight Deck Névé into Benson Glacier. One of a group of nautical names in Convoy Range, this descriptive name is derived from the drainage of the feature, suggestive of stormwater on a ship's deck draining through scuppers along the rail. Named by a NZARP field party, 1989–1990. Features of the terrain near the coast include: 76°46′S 162°12′E  /  76.767°S 162.200°E  / -76.767; 162.200 . A large mountain, 1,425 metres (4,675 ft) high, standing just north of Mount Perseverance and west of Mount Arrowsmith at

4408-477: The mission needs of the USGS. For instrument needs not currently met by a vendor, the Engineering Group designs, tests, and issues contracts to have HIF-designed equipment made. Sometimes HIF will patent a new design in the hope that instrument vendors will buy the rights and mass-produce the instrument at a lower cost to everyone. USGS researchers publish the results of their science in a variety of ways, including peer-reviewed scientific journals as well as in one of

4484-465: The newest generation digital topo maps, including windmills, mines and mineshafts, water tanks, fence lines, survey marks, parks, recreational trails, buildings, boundaries, pipelines, telephone lines, power transmission lines, and even railroads. Additionally, the digital map's use of existing software may not properly integrate different feature classes or prioritize and organize text in areas of crowded features, obscuring important geographic details. As

4560-412: The northeast end of Alatna Valley in the Convoy Range and flows northeast to the south of Mount Razorback, Dotson Ridge, Flagship Mountain, Mount Davidson (Antarctica) and Mount Nesbelan, which surround Flight Deck Névé. To the south the Benson Glacier flows past Mount Morrison, Mount Brøgger and Black Pudding Peak. Benson Glacier saddles with Gran Glacier , a tributary of Mackay Glacier that flows to

4636-469: The onshore and offshore geologic framework; assess mineral resources and develop techniques for their discovery; assess water resources and develop an understanding of the impact of human activities and natural phenomena on hydrologic systems; assess links between biodiversity, habitat condition, ecosystem processes and health; and develop new technologies for collection and interpretation of earth science data. The USGS National Geomagnetism Program monitors

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4712-428: The primary topographic quadrangle for the state of Alaska (and only for that particular state). Nearly 3,000 maps cover 97% of the state. The United States remains virtually the only developed country in the world without a standardized civilian topographic map series in the standard 1:25,000 or 1:50,000 metric scales, making coordination difficult in border regions (the U.S. military does issue 1:50,000 scale topo maps of

4788-479: The purpose of establishing Shackleton Base near Vahsel Bay on the Weddell Sea , from which the trans-Antarctic expedition would begin. The Theron , like its immediate forebear, the Endurance , was trapped in the ice. Despite sustaining considerable damage, she was able to free herself with the help of the Auster Antarctic floatplane that scouted a way out. In early 1956, Fuchs sailed back to London, leaving eight men to over-winter at Shackleton. The eight men of

4864-467: The ridge from Mount Whitcombe, overlooking the lower Benson Glacier in Victoria Land. So named because it was the final station occupied by the New Zealand Northern Survey Party of the CTAE (1956-58) during a particularly long day's field work on October 22, 1957. 76°46′S 162°18′E  /  76.767°S 162.300°E  / -76.767; 162.300 . A jagged rock peak near Mount Perseverance, 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) along

4940-451: The ship's company of the Morning , relief ship to the expedition. 76°47′S 161°48′E  /  76.783°S 161.800°E  / -76.783; 161.800 . A massive mountain, the highest in the coastal ranges between the Mackay Glacier and Fry Glacier , lying on the north side of Benson Glacier, 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) south of Mount Davidson. Named by the New Zealand Northern Survey Party (1956–1957) of

5016-475: The site. On a descent to the moraine, the motor toboggan and a sledge ran onto blue ice thinly disguised by snow and careened out of control down the slope, tossing gear and personnel overboard as the sledge overturned. 76°50′S 161°45′E  /  76.833°S 161.750°E  / -76.833; 161.750 . An isolated black mountain located 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) northwest of Mount Brøgger. Named for its squat black appearance by

5092-621: The south. Benson Glacier continues east past Mount Whitcombe, Mount Perseverance and Mount Arrowsmith to the north, and Red Buttress Peak to the south, to flow into Granite Harbour The small Hunt Glacier , which flows from Mount Forde joins the south of the ice tongue of Benson Glacier. Features of the terrain around the contact between Midship Glacier, Benson Glacier and Cleveland Glacier include: 76°50′S 161°36′E  /  76.833°S 161.600°E  / -76.833; 161.600 . A thin, sinuous medial moraine that arcs smoothly for 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) from

5168-445: The southern summer of 1956–1957 was spent consolidating Shackleton Base and establishing the smaller South Ice Base, about 300 miles (480 km) inland to the south. After spending the winter of 1957 at Shackleton Base, Fuchs finally set out on the transcontinental journey in November 1957, with a 12-man team travelling in six vehicles; three Sno-Cats , two Weasel tractors , and one specially adapted Muskeg tractor . En route,

5244-462: The team were also tasked with carrying out scientific research including seismic soundings and gravimetric readings. In parallel, Hillary's team had set up Scott Base —which was to be Fuchs' final destination—on the opposite side of the continent at McMurdo Sound on the Ross Sea . Using three converted Ferguson TE20 tractors and one Weasel, abandoned part-way, Hillary and his three men—Ron Balham, Peter Mulgrew and Ellis Williams, great uncle of

5320-411: The unfinished hut itself was full of snow. The bay ice had broken off taking all the remaining stores with it. Much food and fuel, a couple of huts and a tractor had all gone to sea. The men tried to retrieve the crates by tunnelling under the snow; the tunnels proved to be useful kennels for the dogs protecting them from the unexpectedly severe winter conditions at Shackleton. The party of eight survived

5396-465: The wall and roof panels around the building site. Then a blizzard began, and lasted for more than a week. The temperature dropped to −20 °C (−4 °F) and the drift around the base made it impossible to do any work outside. The men sheltered in their crate and slept in their tents which were constantly in danger of getting buried by the drift. When finally the wind subsided the giant crates of wall panels had all disappeared under many feet of drift and

5472-459: The west side of Evans Piedmont Glacier. Mapped in 1957 by the New Zealand Northern Survey Party of the CTAE, 1956–1958. Named by them for its similarity to the Canterbury, New Zealand, mountain of the same name , and in association with Mount Arrowsmith. 76°48′S 162°12′E  /  76.800°S 162.200°E  / -76.800; 162.200 . The high peak near the south end of

5548-403: The winter with some difficulty, but in reasonably good health, and finally completed the building of the hut except for one hole in the roof, the panel for which was never found. While the hut was being constructed they lived by day in the tractor crate and slept in their tents, two men to each tent. The winter temperatures often fell well below −30 °C (−22 °F), and Shackleton proved to be

5624-516: Was a Commonwealth -sponsored expedition that successfully completed the first overland crossing of Antarctica , via the South Pole . It was the first expedition to reach the South Pole overland for 46 years, preceded only by Amundsen's expedition and Scott's expedition in 1911 and 1912. In keeping with the tradition of polar expeditions of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration ,

5700-403: Was founded on March 3, 1879, to study the landscape of the United States, its natural resources , and the natural hazards that threaten it. The agency also makes maps of extraterrestrial planets and moons based on data from U.S. space probes . The sole scientific agency of the U.S. Department of the Interior, USGS is a fact-finding research organization with no regulatory responsibility. It

5776-511: Was provided by U.S. personnel who were working in Antarctica at that time. Both parties also took dog teams which were used for fieldwork trips and backup in case of failure of the mechanical transportation, though the dogs were not taken all the way to the Pole. In December 1957 four men from the expedition flew one of the planes—a de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter —on an 11-hour, 1,430-mile (2,300 km), non-stop trans-polar flight across

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