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31-523: Benyoucef Benkhedda was born in 1920 in Berrouaghia , Médéa Province . The son of a Qadi , he attended both the local Madrasah and French colonial school. He later attended the Ibn Rochd lycée at Blida where he met Algerian nationalists such as Mohamed Lamine Debaghine , Saad Dahlab , Abane Ramdane , Ali Boumendjel and M'hamed Yazid . "You are the knives which we sharpen against France!"

62-606: A clause foreseeing a sovereign Algeria. The manifesto was published on June 26, but was rejected by the governor general. He, along with Messali Hadj form the Amis du Manifeste et de la Liberté , and called for an autonomous republic. This initiative resulted in Abbas being imprisoned for a year, and the quick dissolution of the AML. In 1946, Abbas formed the nationalist political party Union Démocratique du Manifeste Algérien (UDMA) when he

93-511: A coming together of the Islamist and Nationalist parties for an Islamic society. The president, Liamine Zeroual , who had succeeded Chadli promulgated a law prohibiting the use of the word "Islam" by the parties under penalty of dissolution. 'El Oumma' dissolved, unsuccessful, in 1997. At the same time he founded the 'Tadhamoune' with Sheikh Ahmed Sahnoune with the aim of denouncing the state because of serious human rights violations after

124-768: A democratic constituent assembly against the country's powerful military-backed President, Col. Houari Boumédiènne and was again placed under house arrest. Still, he received official recognition in the form of a state decoration, the Medal of Resistance , on October 30, 1984. Abbas died in his sleep on 24 December 1985. He is buried at the El Alia Cemetery . Articles written in his youth are collected in Le Jeune Algérien: de la colonie vers la province (The Young Algerian: From Colony to Province) (1931). His ideas on democracy and views on history were set out in

155-427: A jubilant Algerian population on July 3, 1962, the day that independence was recognised officially by France. A crisis emerged later that month between the provisional government and Ahmed Ben Bella , supported by the 'Frontier Army' and Ben Khedda was forced to stand down to avoid a "fratricidal bloodbath". In 1976 he, with three leaders of the war of liberation ( Ferhat Abbas , Hocine Lahouel , Kheir-Eddine ) signed

186-469: A location in Médéa Province is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ferhat Abbas Ferhat Abbas ( Arabic : فرحات عباس ‎; ALA-LC : Farḥāt ʿAbbās ; 24 August 1899 – 24 December 1985) was an Algerian politician who acted in a provisional capacity as the then yet-to-become independent country's Prime Minister from 1958 to 1961, as well as the first President of

217-689: A moderate nationalist did not succeed and he fled to Cairo , in 1956. While in Cairo, he worked alongside Ahmed Ben Bella , a fellow revolutionary. As he was opposed to violence, Ferhat kept himself distant from the Algerian War , and continued to try to act as an intermediary to the opposing sides. However, after the French government intensified the war, in 1956, Ferhat joined the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN). His diplomatic skills were utilized by

248-532: A proclamation which set about to create a constitutional national assembly, elected by universal suffrage to create a national charter ( granted next year ). The four signatories were placed under house arrest and had their property seized. He was released in 1979. He wrote probably the most authoritative and accurate book about the twentieth century genesis of the Algerian movement for independence. "Les Origines du 1er Novembre 1954", Editions Dahlab, 1989. Under

279-581: Is a town and commune in Médéa Province , Algeria . According to the 1998 census, it has a population of 58,780. Berrouaghia's historical significance dates back to the Roman Empire , known as Tanaramusa Castra . Tanaramusa was an ancient Roman town and served as the seat of an early Christian Bishopric in North Africa. 36°08′N 2°55′E  /  36.133°N 2.917°E  / 36.133; 2.917 This article about

310-402: Is described as an "important terrorist commander" and "intellectual of Marxist formation". On August 9, 1961 he was appointed the president of the provisional government and completed negotiations with France, which were started by Ferhat Abbas . A cease-fire was proclaimed the day before France officially recognised the national integrity of Algeria. He was welcomed as the country's leader by

341-620: The Algerian Popular Union (Union Populaire Algerienne). This organization promoted equal rights for both French and Algerians whilst maintaining Algerian culture and language as primary values. With the outbreak of World War II , Abbas volunteered to rejoin the medical corps of the French Army. After his service, his political views continued to evolve and he turned away from France after General Giraud refused his requests to allow Muslims to enlist in their fight against

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372-746: The Vatican for their assistance in creating peace. After the collapse of the Fourth Republic and the coming to power of Charles de Gaulle , the hopes for an independent Algeria increased. This however did not end the fighting and on September 18 of that year, the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (GPRA) was created. His political standing in Algeria and reputation as a moderate nationalist, acceptable to

403-502: The Algerian Republic (GPRA) along with Abane, Dahlab Larbi Ben M'hidi , and Krim Belkacem . He, Abane and Ben M'hidi comprised the political and military triumvirate which directed the revolutionary Autonomous Zone. Algiers had become the capital of the resistance. He and Abane were responsible for the creation of many projects such as the newspaper El Moudjahid , the creation of the General Union of Algerian Workers (UGTA) and

434-804: The FLN, as he was sent on missions sponsored by their ally, President Habib Bourguiba of Tunisia . His visits through Latin America , Europe , and the Middle East were intended to drum up support for their cause. In 1957, he was appointed as the FLN delegate to the United Nations . In 1958, he attended the North African Conference in Tunis , and in March, he communicated an appeal to

465-671: The Liberation front and accomplished much for the organisation such as visiting the capitals of the Arab states in 1957–58, London in 1959, Yugoslavia in 1961 where he attended the 1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement as a delegate representing a sovereign state, Latin America in 1960 and two visits to China . In a confidential letter to Richard Nolte , director of the Institute of Current World Affairs , Benkhedda

496-605: The National Assembly and the first acting Chief of State after independence. An influential figure in the Young Algerians, Abbas initially advocated for equal political rights for Algerian Muslims in France and for the granting of French citizenship for Algerian Muslims. Over time, he became a revolutionary Algerian nationalist. The son of a caid , Said Ben Ahmed Abbas and Achoura (Maza) Abbas, Ferhat Abbas

527-754: The West as he lashed out at the United Kingdom and the United States for supplying weaponry to France. With talks breaking down in June 1960, Abbas turned to the east and by September was visiting with Communist China , and the Soviet Union , where he was welcomed warmly. Abbas reassured the West by stating that his new alliances were opportunism, when he stated that We prefer to defend ourselves with Chinese Arms than to allow ourselves to be killed by

558-420: The West, helped him become president of this provisional Algerian nationalist government-in-exile on September 18, 1958, when it was created. The position of President was largely as a figurehead and a diplomat, as most of the power was wielded by the cabinet; however in time a number of Asian and African nations recognized the government. In October 1958, an attempt was made by both Abbas and de Gaulle at ending

589-600: The arms of the West. On August 27, 1961, he resigned and Benyoucef Ben Khedda took his place. He then subsequently joined Ahmed Ben Bella 's and Houari Boumédiène 's Oujda Group in opposition to the GPRA, which was subsequently dismantled. Due to Pakistan's support to the cause of Algerian struggle for independence and self-determination, Ferhat Abbas was given a Pakistani diplomatic passport for his foreign travels. Algeria gained independence on July 5, 1962, and from September 25, 1962, to September 15, 1963, Ferhat Abbas

620-516: The government of Chadli Bendjedid which claimed to be a multi-party system , also in 1989 he created 'El Oumma' with Abderahmane Kiouane and other friends from the liberation war. Its objective was the implementation of the Declaration of 1 November 1954 , that is: "The sovereign and democratic independent Algerian State within Islamic principles". The aim of 'El Oumma' was to work towards

651-724: The intervention of French liberals (who included the Pied-Noir mayor of Algiers, Jacques Chevallier ), when he joined the new National Liberation Front . He became an adviser to Abane Ramdane in Algiers. In August 1956 the Congress of Soummam appointed him a member of the Algerian National Revolutionary Council and the Committee of Action and Co-ordination of the Provisional Government of

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682-507: The military coup of January 1992. He lived a quiet life for the rest of his days, running a pharmacy in Hydra, Algiers. After a long illness, Benyoucef Benkhedda died in his home in Algiers on February 4, 2003. A large crowd turned out for his funeral and he was buried at Sidi Yahia cemetery next to long-time companion Saad Dahlab . The University of Algiers was later named in his honour. He had three sons. Berrouaghia Berrouaghia

713-600: The occupying forces as equals. His desire for change continued and he turned to nationalism , issuing the Manifesto of the Algerian People on February 10, 1943. The manifesto made apparent the philosophical changes that Abbas had undergone. He now condemned colonial rule by the French and demanded Algerian self-determination . Abbas argued the need for an Algerian constitution, which would grant equality to all Algerians. In May he, along with some colleagues, added

744-688: The rank of sergeant. Abbas then attended the pharmacy school at the University of Algiers . After graduating, Abbas worked as a pharmacist in Sétif , where he became involved in politics. There he was elected to the municipal council and then to the general council of Constantine. During this period Abbas was pro-French in his outlook, as illustrated by such writings as an article dated 1936 titled "I am France". However Abbas became disillusioned with France, during 1938, when his aspirations for equality showed no sign of being achieved. He accordingly organized

775-410: The war with a meeting and intended cease-fire, but it was dashed by the inability of the parties to agree on a neutral location. By September 16, 1959, de Gaulle was softening as he offered self-determination to be decided by a referendum four years after a cease-fire. This plan was generally accepted; unfortunately, there were a few substantial sticking points. By 1960, Abbas was becoming frustrated with

806-404: The writing of Kassaman , which would become the national anthem of Algeria. He miraculously escaped capture by the paratroopers of General Jacques Massu by use of the sewer system of Algiers, fleeing the city after the capture of Ben M'hidi by paratroopers under Colonel Marcel Bigeard , Ben M'hidi was later killed while imprisoned by soldiers of Paul Aussaresses . He went abroad in the name of

837-510: Was arrested and detained by local SDECE agents for campaigning against conscription of Algerians in the war against Germany as part of the "unsubmissives of Blida". He was released eight months later. He was a member of the central committee of the PPA - MTLD in 1947 and served as the general secretary between 1951 and 1954. In November 1954 he was arrested again and released in May 1955, due to

868-494: Was born in the village of Taher , Algeria. In addition to being a caid in the village of Chahna , his father had also been awarded the rosette and silver braid of a commander of the Legion of Honor . The young Abbas was educated first at Phillipeville (now called Skikda ), Constantine , where he received his baccalaureate. Before finishing his education, he was required to serve in the French army medical corps where he reached

899-554: Was elected member of the Constituent Assembly of France . This new organization called for a more moderate approach, such as the formation of an Algerian state with the full cooperation of France. 1946 also saw him named as editor of the publication Egalité . He remained active in politics as a member of the Algerian Assembly through 1955. During these years he was arrested twice. His continuing efforts as

930-451: Was president of the constitutional assembly, but this institution was rapidly sidelined by Ben Bella, who had gained the presidency. Abbas resigned in protest at the FLN's decision to write the constitution outside of the constituent assembly's authority. He was subsequently expelled from the FLN, and was then placed under house arrest from 1964 until 1965. In March 1976, he signed a statement alongside Benyoucef Benkhedda that called for

961-555: Was the oft repeated cry of the college headmaster. Having received his baccalauréat , he entered the University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Algiers in 1943, and after an interruption of his studies, obtained his degree in pharmacy in 1953. In 1942 he joined the Algerian People's Party (PPA) where he met pioneering nationalists such as Messali Hadj , Belkacem Radjef , Hocine Lahouel and many others. A year later he

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