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43-518: Cölln ( German: [ˈkœln] ) was the twin city of Old Berlin ( Alt-Berlin ) from the 13th century to the 18th century. Cölln was located on the Fisher Island section of Spree Island, opposite Altberlin on the western bank of the River Spree , until the cities were merged by Frederick I of Prussia to form Berlin in 1710. Today, the former site of Cölln is the historic core of

86-519: A 14-year-old he went to Berlin to live with his brother and to apprentice in business with Adrian Sprögel till 1730. When Sprögel's business burned down, he joined his brother in the haberdashery . He established him in his jewel and trinket shop and he quickly acquired customers in the highest circles; Sophia Dorothea of Hanover was his best client. After he met with Frederick the Great Gotzkowsky became royal warrant . In 1741 he became

129-457: A Freemason. In 1745, he married the daughter of the rich lace maker Blume. Gotzkowsky persuaded his father-in-law to start a velvet factory, which he managed and inherited in the year after. Then Frederick II commissioned Gotzkowsky to promote the silk trade to compete with France; since 1752/3 Gotzkowsky ran a silk factory employing 1,500 persons. Frederick also followed his recommendations in the field of toll levies and import restrictions. During

172-588: A city and a substantially smaller suburb would not typically qualify, even if they were once separate. Tri-cities and quad cities are similar phenomena involving three or four municipalities. A common – but not universal – scenario is two cities that developed concurrently on opposite sides of a river. For example, Minneapolis and Saint Paul in Minnesota – one of the most widely known pairs of "Twin Cities" – were founded several miles apart on opposite sides of

215-409: A demand for 4 million thalers in exchange for the protection of private property . On 11 October Gotzkowsky took over the negotiations on behalf of the city council and was able to persuade Heinrich von Tottleben to reduce the levy to 1.5 million thalers. with only 500,000 thalers, collected among the city's merchants, payable immediately in prewar coins? Tottleben moved into his house but left on

258-705: A free socialist republic of Germany. After German reunification the building served as the Chancellery from 1999 to 2001. Today it houses the European School of Management and Technology and the Hertie School of Governance . The area north of the Schloßplatz is the site of the historic City Palace. In accordance with a 2002 resolution by the federal Bundestag parliament, the City Palace

301-927: A painting by the Prussian Jakob Philipp Hackert . On 10 December 1763 when Gotzkowsky was unable to pay for the Russian grain Gotzkowsky decided to provide 317 paintings, including 90 not precisely known, to the Russian crown to satisfy the obligations of Catherine the Great . Flemish and Dutch masters such as Rembrandt (13 paintings), Rubens (11 paintings), Jacob Jordaens (7 paintings), Anthony van Dyck (5 paintings), Paolo Veronese (5 paintings), Frans Hals (3 paintings), Raphael (2 paintings), Holbein (2 paintings), Titian (1 painting), Jan Steen , Hendrick Goltzius , Dirck van Baburen , Hendrick van Balen en Gerrit van Honthorst formed

344-706: A silver spoon. From 1742 on the building belonged to the early statistician Johann Peter Süßmilch , at this time provost of the Saint Peter's Church. The neighbouring building, built in 1905, is home of the Berlin representation of the Federal State of Saxony . Nearby the Sperlingsgasse branches off, where the novelist Wilhelm Raabe lived from 1854 to 1856 and published his popular work Die Chronik der Sperlingsgasse . The small alley, at this time

387-463: A southern extension of Cölln, originally also called Neu-Cölln am Wasser (Neu-Cölln by the water). As Neu-Kölln, it later became a small district of Berlin until the 1920 Greater Berlin Act . The Köllnischer Park and the street Am Köllnischen Park are both located in the former territory of Neu-Cölln. The Bärenzwinger enclosure situated within the park was until 2015 home to three brown bears—the bear

430-543: A special court for the tricky bill bankruptcy whose origin he simply could not explain. On 24 August Frederick offered Gotzkowsky to buy his silk- and porcelain factory for 460.000 thaler. On 30 August Gotzkowsky protested against the bankruptcy of De Neufville; it could take many years to solve the question. On 30 January 1764, Gotzkowsky applied for his bankruptcy . In April 1764, Gotzkowsky offered 50% compensation to his creditors. Gotzkowsky died in 1775 in Berlin. Around 1750 Gotzkowsky started to collect Old Masters . He

473-583: A visit to Frederick. On 19 April they bought a huge amount of grain (oats) from the Russian envoy Vladimir Sergeevich Dolgorukov (1717 - 1803). It was stored in Kolberg and unuseful after the Russian army had left Poland . Because of a shortage in Prussia, the transaction could have been profitable for Gotzkowsky and De Neufville, collaborating with two partners (Von Stein and Leveaux). Legal problems caused

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516-511: Is the heraldic animal of the City of Berlin—, representing the cradle of the city. Cölln's centre the Saint Peter's Church, originally built about 1230 and reconstructed several times over the centuries, had been badly damaged by air raids and the Battle of Berlin in 1945. It was finally demolished in 1964. The church bore its name because many of Cölln's inhabitants depended on fishing. Today only

559-528: The Bundesrat of Germany is located. The factory had twelve furnaces and 400 men in service. Frederick, who was his best customer, demanded of the Jewish traders and the lotterie to take his porcelain in their assortment. The former silk and porcelain factory was from 1825 up to 1851 in the possession of Abraham Mendelssohn Bartholdy , who had built a very representative mansion on the property. From 1871 there

602-717: The Mississippi River , and competed for prominence as they grew. In some cases, twin cities are separated by a state border, such as Albury ( New South Wales ) and Wodonga ( Victoria ) in Australia, on opposite sides of the Murray River . In Pakistan , Islamabad and Rawalpindi are twin cities located in northwestern Punjab region with Islamabad, administratively being part of the Islamabad Capital Territory , and Rawalpindi, part of

645-737: The Seven Years' War Gotzkowsky supplied the Prussian army and entered into consultation with Russian and Austrian army leaders, especially after the Prussian defeat at Kunersdorf in August 1759. On 9 October 1760 Berlin's City Council decided to surrender the city formally to the Russians rather than the Austrians, as Austria was Prussia's bitterest enemy. The Russians immediately made

688-795: The Spreegasse , was renamed in 1931 on occasion of the author's hundredth anniversary. All former buildings on this street were demolished about 1960. The northern part of the Brüderstraße today is covered by the 1964 building of the former Staatsrat of the German Democratic Republic . The façade at the Schloßplatz square includes the preserved portal No. IV of the Hohenzollern City Palace , where Karl Liebknecht on 9 November 1918 declared

731-510: The province of Punjab . Cities on opposite sides of international borders sometimes share enough cultural and historical identity to be seen as twins, such as Haparanda ( Sweden ) and Tornio ( Finland ), Leticia ( Colombia ) and Tabatinga ( Brazil ), or Valga ( Estonia ) and Valka ( Latvia ). In some cases twin cities eventually merge into a single legal municipality, such as Buda and Pest merging in 1873 into Budapest , Hungary; Brooklyn being annexed by New York City in 1898; or

774-441: The 13th. Later that month, Gotzkowsky traveled to Königsberg in Prussia as a guarantor for the redemption money. He was arrested, and released after promising a deposit of 62.000 (or 150.000 thaler)? Gotzkowsky succeeded to involve a Hamburg bank, owned by Philipp Heinrich II von Stenglin (1718–1793) to pay the amount, but the Russians received only 57.437 thaler in debased Saxonian coins. Again Gotzkowsky traveled to Danzig to bribe

817-701: The Central and Regional Library . Three historic bridges connect Cölln with the 17th century extension of Friedrichswerder on the western bank of the Spree river: the Schleusenbrücke (Sluice Bridge) at the Schloßplatz , a steel construction erected in 1916, the Gertraudenbrücke with the statue of Saint Gertrude of Nivelles by the sculptor Rudolf Siemering from 1896 and the small Jungfernbrücke (Virgin's Bridge) built in 1798, Berlin's oldest and

860-492: The Gotzkowsky deal put tremendous pressure on both men. By the end of July 1763, Gotzkowsky had difficulty paying the lacking 700.000 and feared to go bankrupt . Gotzkowsky had also an impressive number of paintings in stock which he had not sold to Frederick during the war and managed a silkworks, a jewelry business in Leipzig with J.R. Streckfuss, a porcelain factory (now KPM ) that was not running at his satisfactory, all at

903-411: The Russian generals with 24 golden snuff boxes . In February 1761 Von Tottleben was accused of treason. (The sources are confusing.) Gotzkowsky mentions that Ephraim & Itzig sent him loads of (debased) coins at the beginning of October, which he stored in his cellar. According to himself, the production of more debased coins began at the end of October to pay off the Russians and the Austrians. At

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946-594: The Seven Years' War. Gotzkowsky attracted competent staff from Meissen , which was occupied in 1760 by the Prussian army. A relief on Meissen porcelain was named after him. Frederick the Great took over the factory on 24 August 1763 when Gotzkowsky was in serious trouble. The company is still known as the Royal Porcelain Manufacture (KPM). The "manufacture" was located at Leipziger Strasse 3 and 4, not far from Potsdamer Platz where now

989-597: The amount under the Allies . The men were arrested in Bielefeld and the money was confiscated and melted down. Gotzkowsky was not impressed, in January 1762 he helped Leipzig for the second time. In September 1762 he travelled to Hamburg in order to borrow money for the distressed city of Berlin. In January Gotzkowsky remarried a 25-year-old ballet-dancer. In April 1763 Gotzkowsky and Leendert Pieter de Neufville paid

1032-576: The basis and the beginning of the collection in the Hermitage . One of the Rembrandts in the possession of Gotzkowsky was Ahasuerus and Haman at the feast of Esther . This last painting came from the collection of the Amsterdam cloth dealer Jan J. Hinlopen . It is possible that De Neufville sold some of his paintings to Gotzkowsky by hand. A focal point of Berlin society during the war years

1075-417: The beginning of the war, was rightly pointed out and got six weeks postponement and no more. On 10 August Frederick obliged Veitel-Heine Ephraim and Daniel Itzig under the absolute condition to support Gotzkowsky with 400,000 thaler. Ephraim and Itzig refused and were of the opinion that the bankruptcy of Gotzkowsky was inevitable. On Monday 22 August Frederick set up an "Immediate Exchange Commission",

1118-484: The grain to not be exported. When it became clear that half of the grain turned out to be of bad quality, Gotzkowsky preferred to change the contract and offered to pay 2/3 of 1.2 million guilders. The Russians refused and insisted to be paid promptly in Dutch guilders, and not in debased Prussian coins . Leveaux and Von Stein dropping out of grain deal must have been a shock to Neufville and Gotzkowsky. The restructuring of

1161-509: The infamous Amsterdam company De Neufville was not able to assist and borrow the money from the banks in Amsterdam. The next day De Neufville asked for a postponement of payment. On 4 August Gotzkowsky asked for a deferral . The deferrals resulted to an international financial crisis in Hamburg (90-97), Frankfurt (30), Berlin (33), Danzig, Breslau, Stockholm, London and Amsterdam (38). On 8 August Gotzkowsky, who did not make any balances since

1204-549: The modern Mitte locality of the Berlin-Mitte borough in central Berlin. Cölln is first mentioned in a 1237 deed, denoting a priest Symeon of Cölln's (Symeon de Colonia) Saint Peter 's Church as a witness. This date is commonly regarded as the origin of Berlin, though Altberlin on the eastern bank of the Spree river was not mentioned before 1244 and parts of modern Greater Berlin , such as Spandau and Köpenick , are even older. Cölln and Altberlin were separated only by

1247-472: The name of the Petriplatz square marks the site. From here the Brüderstraße runs north, named after the brothers of a former Dominican monastery established in 1297. Though most of the neighbourhood was destroyed, a few Baroque houses remained: The bookseller Christoph Friedrich Nicolai lived on Brüderstraße 13 from 1787 until his death in 1811. Today the house is still called Nicolaihaus , it

1290-413: The only bascule bridge of the city. [REDACTED] Media related to Cölln at Wikimedia Commons Twin cities Twin cities are a special case of two neighboring cities or urban centres that grow into a single conurbation – or narrowly separated urban areas – over time. There are no formal criteria, but twin cities are generally comparable in status and size, though not necessarily equal;

1333-584: The river Spree, linked by the Mühlendamm causeway , hence there was a close connection right from the start. Since the trade route from Magdeburg to Frankfurt (Oder) crosses the twin town and the inland water-transportation routes also passed through it, Cölln-Berlin quickly came to prosperity. A second crossing, the Lange Brücke (Long Bridge), today the Rathausbrücke (Town Hall Bridge)

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1376-566: The same time Gotzkowsky supported Saxony to pay its war contribution to Prussia. In the summer of 1761 he ordered 400.000 thaler in debased coins not from the Prussian mint masters, but from Heinrich Carl von Schimmelmann . Since August Schimmelmann produced debased coins in Rethwisch , and sent for 100.000 thaler to Leipzig. As the (foreign) debased coins, like Plöner and Zerbster , Bernburger coins were not accepted (by Frederick and Ephraim & Itzig) Gotzkowsky suggested to spread half of

1419-499: The same time. Gotzkowsky was clearly relying on De Neufville to pay his share of the purchase of the Russian magazine. De Neufville was, in turn, relying on people like Aron Joseph. When Joseph went bankrupt on 25 July, the chain unraveled. This caused a general loss of confidence in bills from Hamburg, Berlin, etc. by Amsterdam merchants. Loss of funding from Amsterdam then forced many merchants in Germany into bankruptcy. On 2 August

1462-495: The sculptor Johann Gottfried Schadow , the printmaker Daniel Chodowiecki as well as the poet Theodor Körner in 1811. Körner's father Christian Gottfried Körner lived here as a Prussian Privy councillor from 1815 to 1828. On Brüderstraße 10 stands the Galgenhaus ( Gallows House), built about 1688. According to legend, a maidservant was hanged right in front of the house in 1735, being falsely accused of stealing

1505-474: The three ancient cities of Hankou , Hanyang , and Wuchang joining in 1927 into Wuhan . As a single urban area, twin cities may share an airport whose airport codes include both cities' initials, e.g., DFW ( Dallas–Fort Worth ), LBA ( Leeds – Bradford ), MSP ( Minneapolis–Saint Paul ), RDU ( Raleigh and Durham ), and CAK ( Akron – Canton ). Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky (21 November 1710 – 9 August 1775)

1548-416: The twin cities Cölln and old Berlin merged by the order of King Frederick I to form the capital of Prussia . As Altberlin was twice as big as Cölln at that time, the merged city was named Berlin. The name of Cölln survives in Berlin's southeastern quarter Neukölln ("New Cölln"), formerly Rixdorf, and the homonymous borough of Neukölln , which are geographically distinct from the historical Neu-Cölln ,

1591-470: Was a Prussian merchant with a successful trade in trinkets, silk , taft , porcelain , grain and bills of exchange . Moreover, he acted as a diplomat and important art dealer. His paintings formed the basis and the beginning of the collection in the Hermitage Museum . Gotzkowsky died impoverished and having left behind an autobiography: Geschichte eines patriotischen Kaufmanns (1768), which

1634-471: Was erected about 1670 and had belonged to the merchant Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky from 1747 to 1773. Nicolai had it remodeled by the mason and composer Carl Friedrich Zelter , making it a meeting-point of intellectuals influenced by the Age of Enlightenment ( Aufklärung ) and Romanticism movement. In 1786 Honoré Mirabeau stayed here on his first trip to Berlin and so did the architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel ,

1677-495: Was erected across the Spree in 1307 with a common town hall in the middle of it. The common policy of Berlin and Cölln led 1307 to a first alliance with other towns ( Brandenburg an der Havel , Frankfurt (Oder) and Salzwedel ) in the March to defend their rights against the sovereign. The Elector Frederick II Irontooth of Brandenburg ended the autonomy of Cölln/Berlin and declared the twin town to his residence in 1451. In 1710

1720-692: Was in contact with Carl Heinrich von Heineken in Dresden as a mediator since 1755. Gotzkowsky bought paintings by Antonio Maria Zanetti from the Palazzo Labia and Andrea Celesti in Venice, Rembrandts in Amsterdam for the collection of Frederick II, who had set up the Picture Gallery . Frederick had a preference for Antoine Pesne , which were bought by Gotzkowsky in France. In 1761 he bought

1763-811: Was rebuilt. Parallel to the Brüderstraße runs the Breite Straße (Broad Street), Cölln's main street. At the corner of the Schloßplatz are the buildings of the Old and the New Marstall riding stables of the Electors of Brandenburg , built in 1670 and 1901. Today the New Marstall is a seat of the Hanns Eisler Conservatory . On neighbouring Breite Straße 35 is the late Renaissance Ribbeckhaus from 1624, one of Berlin's oldest preserved residential buildings, which since 1920 houses

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1806-416: Was the residence of Gotzkowsky, whose gardens and paintings were admired both by the old nobility and new bourgeoisie. In 1764 James Boswell came to him on a visit and called him: a gallant German, stupid, comely, cordial . In 1767 Gotzkowsky went bankrupt for the second time. In 1761, Frederick ordered Gotzkowsky to take over the porcelain factory of Wilhelm Caspar Wegely, which had struggled because of

1849-620: Was translated into French and reprinted three times in the 18th century. Gotzkowsky was born in Konitz (Chojnice) in Royal Prussia , Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and descended from an impoverished family of Polish nobility . Both his parents died when he was five years old as a result of the plague, which broke out after the Great Northern War . Gotzkowsky grew up with relatives in Dresden, who neglected his education. As

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