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191-534: Bermondsey ( / ˈ b ɜːr m ə n d z i / BUR -mənd-zee ) is a district in southeast London, part of the London Borough of Southwark , England, 2.5 miles (4.0 km) southeast of Charing Cross . To the west of Bermondsey lies Southwark , to the east Rotherhithe and Deptford , to the south Walworth and Peckham , and to the north is Wapping across the River Thames . It lies within

382-513: A rent that residents can afford, based on means testing , via headlease and/or by the Housing List. In many blocks a mixture of social, shared-ownership and private sector housing exists, particularly in those where the right to buy has been exercised and in newer developments. (31.2) (23.8) (26.7) Edward III of England Edward III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377), also known as Edward of Windsor before his accession,

573-529: A "natural showman", particularly in his alacrity to heal those suffering from scrofula by his royal touch . In less than two years, between 1338 and 1340, he touched for scrofula in both England and while campaigning in France; another 355 occurred between November 1340 and the same month the following year. He was generous to the point of extravagance. In an alternative view, Norman Cantor has described Edward as an "avaricious and sadistic thug". From what

764-418: A 25-year period. This was considered a success by contemporaries and a sign of God's favour. Edward understood the importance of a "strong and united royal family", argues Ormrod. It allowed him, through their marriages, to make alliances within his own aristocracy and also with continental dynasties. However, the latter policy gradually fell apart with the gradual loss of England's European possessions towards

955-458: A close relationship with Mortimer. Aided by his close companion William Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu , and a small number of other trusted men, Edward took Mortimer by surprise and captured him at Nottingham Castle on 19 October 1330. Mortimer was executed and Edward's personal reign began. The historian Mark Ormrod argued that at this point Edward had had "little instruction in the art of kingship", and although he had received several books on

1146-450: A cohesive public relations within government, they do perhaps indicate, as a whole, the existence of a "simple propaganda organization" with which the King boosted domestic morale. These then ended up as part of popular chronicles, either verbatim or in part, whether newsletters or public letters. The middle years of Edward's reign were a period of significant legislative activity. Perhaps

1337-426: A conventional religion. This is also reflected in his almsgiving . While ancestors such as Henry III had often been haphazard and exuberant in the amounts they gave and when they did so, Edward III maintained a regular 366 meals a week to be provided for the poor with another £25 to be distributed during the four main feasts. However, alongside his conventionality ran a populist streak, and Ormrod has described him as

1528-532: A forced loan on wool. This soon collapsed — in the words of E. B. Fryde it was a "lamentable failure" — and once again, Edward had to return to Parliament. Edward also attempted to reinforce what he believed to be his ancient rights, such as the return of all goods and chattels of felons to the Crown, and scutage , as well as new proposals, such as that debts should be repaid to the Crown in one payment rather than incrementally. All these schemes collapsed, however,

1719-728: A head in the Parliament of 1376, the so-called Good Parliament . The Parliament was called to grant taxation, but the House of Commons took the opportunity to address specific grievances. In particular, criticism was directed at some of the King's closest advisors. Lord Chamberlain William Latimer, 4th Baron Latimer , and Steward of the Household John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby , were dismissed from their positions. Edward III's mistress, Alice Perrers, who

1910-537: A high street ribbon (the modern Bermondsey Street), leading from the southern bank of the Thames, at Tooley Street, up to the abbey close. The Knights Templar also owned land here and gave their names to one of the most distinctive streets in London: Shad Thames (a corruption of "St John at Thames"). Other ecclesiastical properties stood nearby at Tooley Street (a corruption of " St Olave's "), owned by

2101-455: A low profile, it is likely that he increasingly suspected that Mortimer's behaviour could endanger Edward's own life, as the former's position became more unpopular. This was exacerbated by his execution of Edward's uncle Edmund, Earl of Kent . Contemporary chroniclers suspected, too, that Mortimer had designs on the throne, and it is likely that it was these rumours that encouraged Edward to act against him and his mother, who supposedly maintained

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2292-556: A low-born woman who, through her own ambition, made a fortune from the besotted King; and this was the popular view presented to the Good Parliament of 1376, in which she was also accused of taking 2000 to 3000 pounds in gold and silver per annum from the royal treasury . Another contemporary, the Anonimalle Chronicler , complained that this was all "without any notable profit and in great damage to our lord

2483-630: A problematic paradigm for Edward, especially at the time of the institution of the Garter. There are no formal references to King Arthur and the Round Table in the surviving early fifteenth century copies of the Statutes of the Garter, but the Garter Feast of 1358 did involve a round table game. Thus, there was some overlap between the projected Round Table fellowship and the actualized Order of

2674-637: A pudding mixer at Peek Freans . He is usually credited as the first British rock and roll player. The first 'Bermondsey' is that known as the location of an Anglo-Saxon monastery , and known from later charters to be the area around the post-Conquest Bermondsey Abbey and its manor, which was in turn part of the medieval parish. References in the Parliamentary Rolls describe it as "in Southwark".[] A later, Victorian civil parish of Bermondsey did not include Rotherhithe or St Olave's; this

2865-459: A result, the English language experienced a strong revival; in 1362, a Statute of Pleading ordered English to be used in law courts, and the year after, Parliament was for the first time opened in English. At the same time, the vernacular saw a revival as a literary language, through the works of William Langland , John Gower and especially The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer . Yet

3056-609: A royal fleet of galleys and had attempted to establish an administration for these ships and others which were arrested (privately owned ships pulled into royal/national service). Henry III , his successor, continued this work. Notwithstanding the fact that he, along with his predecessor, had hoped to develop a strong and efficient naval administration, their endeavours produced one that was informal and mostly ad hoc. A formal naval administration emerged during Edward's reign, comprising lay administrators and led by William de Clewre, Matthew de Torksey and John de Haytfield successively bearing

3247-510: A source which, though surviving only in a copy written at Peterborough Abbey in the 12th century, claiming "ancient rights" unproven purporting to be a transcription of a letter of Pope Constantine (708–715), in which he grants privileges to a monastery at Vermundesei , then in the hands of the abbot of Medeshamstede , as Peterborough was known at the time. Bermondsey appears in the Domesday Book as Bermundesy and Bermundesye , in

3438-414: A walk, he secretly rode away". Central to Edward III's policy was reliance on the higher nobility for purposes of war and administration. While Edward II had regularly been in conflict with a great portion of his peerage, his son successfully created a spirit of camaraderie between himself and his greatest subjects. Both Edward I and Edward II had been limited in their policy towards the nobility, allowing

3629-644: A watershed in English political history. The political influence of the Commons originally lay in their right to grant taxes. The financial demands of the Hundred Years' War were enormous, and the King and his ministers tried different methods of covering the expenses. Edward had a steady income from crown lands , and could also take up substantial loans from Italian and domestic financiers. To finance warfare, he had to resort to taxation of his subjects. Taxation took two primary forms: levy and customs. The levy

3820-582: Is St Mary Magdalen Church in Bermondsey Street , completed in 1690 (although a church has been recorded on this site from the 13th century). This church survived the 19th-century redevelopment phase and the Blitz unscathed. It is an unusual survivor for Bermondsey as buildings of this period are relative rarities in Inner London in general. In the 18th century, the discovery of a spring from

4011-402: Is also a substantial surviving building of the leather trade. The Exchange building had a fine private club, effectively a gentlemen's club for the leading merchants and manufacturers. In 1703 they had acquired a royal charter from Queen Anne to gain a monopoly of trading and training of apprentices for within 30 miles (50 kilometres) of the ancient parish, similar to a City livery company ,

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4202-415: Is also an interchange served by London Overground, Southeastern, Thameslink and Southern, with direct trains to London Victoria station . While Queens Road Peckham station is in-between Peckham Rye and South Bermondsey stations providing London Overground and Southern services. London Buses routes 1 ; 42 ; 47 ; 78 ; 188 ; 381 ; C10 and P12 and night routes N1 ; N47 ; N199 and N381 all serve

4393-613: Is at Elephant and Castle, and Camberwell College of Arts is on Peckham Road. The largest university teaching hospital in Europe, King's College London , is at the Guy's Hospital site, merging the teaching activities of the Guy's, St Thomas' and King's College Hospitals here. St Thomas' was founded in the mid-12th century in the borough and parts of it remain at St Thomas Street ; Guy's was founded opposite this in 1725. The Salvation Army maintains

4584-706: Is based at City Hall . The press and publishing industry is also well represented in Southwark; the Financial Times has its head office in Southwark Bridge Road, and IPC Magazines in Southwark Street. Campus Living Villages UK also has its head office in the borough. Some of the old industrial and wharfside heritage remains at the now-defunct Surrey Commercial Docks now Surrey Quays , including Greenland Dock and Baltic Quay , where major residential schemes were developed in

4775-632: Is connected by bridges across the River Thames to the City of London and the London Borough of Tower Hamlets . It was created in 1965 when three smaller council areas were amalgamated under the London Government Act 1963 . All districts of the area are within the London postal district . It is governed by Southwark London Borough Council . The part of the South Bank within the borough

4966-669: Is home to London Bridge terminus station and the attractions of The Shard , Tate Modern , Shakespeare's Globe and Borough Market that are the largest of the venues in Southwark to draw domestic and international tourism . Dulwich is home to the Dulwich Picture Gallery and the Imperial War Museum is in Elephant and Castle . The name Suthriganaweorc or Suthringa geweorche is recorded for

5157-744: Is in Dulwich. Bold Tendencies is an annual exhibition space in a former car park on Rye Lane in Peckham which has shown work by Simon Whybray, Jenny Holzer , Derek Jarman , Rene Matić, and Gray Wielebinski . Another museum is the Old Operating Theatre . One former museum include the Cuming Museum and the Livesey Museum for Children was a free children's museum housed in the former Camberwell Public Library No.1, which

5348-411: Is known of Edward's character, he could be impulsive and temperamental, as was seen by his actions against Stratford and the ministers in 1340/41. Other escapades were not just impulsive but dangerous, such as in 1349, when he sailed to Calais with only a small bodyguard. At the same time, he was well known for his clemency; Mortimer's grandson was not only absolved, he came to play an important part in

5539-489: Is likely that this Thomas is a composite. She argues that "the entire existence of 'Thomas of Windsor' in some modern books and websites appears to be based on the spurious story by two chroniclers that Philippa was heavily pregnant when she interceded for the Calais burghers in early August 1347". She also notes that for William, who also died young, there is much evidence for his existence, including "his funeral or tomb, or for

5730-571: Is maintained by both Transport for London (TfL) and Southwark Council. Most routes run through Bermondsey in an east–west direction. Terminus: Fishguard , West Wales Terminus: Greenwich , London Terminus: Galway, Ireland Terminus: Moscow, Russia Terminus: Waterloo Bridge Terminus: Greenwich London Borough of Southwark The London Borough of Southwark ( / ˈ s ʌ ð ə k / SUDH -ərk ) in South London forms part of Inner London and

5921-520: Is no evidence of any infidelity on his part before Alice Perrers became his lover, and by that time the Queen was already terminally ill. This devotion extended to the rest of the family as well; in contrast to many of his predecessors, Edward never experienced opposition from any of his five adult sons. Edward III, argues the scholar Michael A.R. Graves, left a "dual legacy". These were the large brood of children and grandchildren he left, and his claim to

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6112-423: Is reflected in his hobbies. Unlike his father's passion for manual work, including carpentry, thatching and rowing, Edward III "shared to the full the conventional tastes and pleasure of the aristocracy", with his principal interest being architecture. This conservativism is also reflected in his religious views, which, expressed as they were through the patronage of friaries and visiting of shrines , demonstrate

6303-551: Is served by Southern trains from London Bridge to South London , with direct connections to Beckenham Junction , Crystal Palace and Croydon . Rotherhithe , Canada Water and Surrey Quays are all served by London Overground trains. These stations link Bermondsey with Dalston and Highbury & Islington to the north. To the south, Bermondsey is linked directly to New Cross , West Croydon , Crystal Palace, and Clapham Junction . Queens Road Peckham & Peckham Rye stations, just south of Bermondsey, Peckham Rye

6494-613: Is the home of many Nigerian (Peckham is largely regarded as the heart of London's Nigerian community), Jamaican, South African, South American, Polish, and French immigrants. t According to the last census, Southwark was at the time about 50% Christian. It has many notable places of Christian worship and ceremony: Anglican, Roman Catholic and other denominations. These include Charles Spurgeon 's Metropolitan Tabernacle , Southwark Cathedral (Church of England), Saint George's Cathedral (Roman Catholic), and Saint Mary's Cathedral (Greek Orthodox). London's Norwegian Church , Finnish Church and

6685-683: The Mirror for Princes and various psalters and religious texts. Since the Norman Conquest had united the Duchy of Normandy and its French estates with those of the Crown and the land of England, English kings had held several territories, including Poitou , Aquitaine , Normandy , Anjou and Maine , and these holdings — at one point covering more of France than that held by the French king — had frequently led to conflict. In 1325, Edward II

6876-598: The de facto ruler of England, and began his personal reign. After a successful campaign in Scotland , he declared himself rightful heir to the French throne , starting the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453). Following some initial setbacks, this first phase of the war went exceptionally well for England and would become known as the Edwardian War. Victories at Crécy (1346) and Poitiers , in 1356, led to

7067-660: The Battle of Halidon Hill , even while under threat from foreign raids. However, Berwick was taken after the besieged Scots set fire to the town, forcing them to treat ; at one point Edward's queen was under siege in Bamburgh Castle , but this was too late to save the Scots' campaign. He reinstated Balliol on the throne and received a substantial amount of land in southern Scotland. These victories proved hard to sustain, as forces loyal to David II gradually regained control of

7258-605: The Bermondsey tanners . Peek, Frean and Co was established in 1857 at Dockhead, Bermondsey by James Peek and George Hender Frean. They moved to a larger plant in Clements Road in 1866, leading to the nickname 'Biscuit Town' for Bermondsey, where they continued baking until the brand was discontinued in 1989. Bermondsey, specifically Blue Anchor Lane, was also the location of the world's first food canning business, established in 1812, by Donkin , Hall and Gamble. To

7449-749: The Borough of Lewisham . The nearest railway station is at South Bermondsey , which is a five-minute walk away. There are several railway stations in and around Bermondsey. Bermondsey is in London Zone 2, but nearby London Bridge and Borough stations are in travelcard Zone 1. Oyster Cards can be used for travel from stations in Bermondsey to other stations in the London region. The Jubilee line passes through Bermondsey, calling at Bermondsey and Canada Water stations. London Bridge station on

7640-600: The Breton War of Succession , but these interventions also proved fruitless at first. Edward defaulted on Florentine loans of 1,365,000 florins , resulting in the ruin of the lenders. A change came in July 1346, when Edward staged a major offensive, sailing for Normandy with a force of 15,000 men. His army sacked the city of Caen , and marched across northern France, to meet up with Flemish forces in Flanders . It

7831-591: The House of Lancaster to the throne in 1399 ( John of Gaunt was Duke of Lancaster ), whereas the rule decided by Edward I would have favoured Philippa 's descendants, among them the House of York , beginning with Richard of York , her great-grandson. The large number of cousins that were created is sometimes argued to have laid the foundations for the Wars of the Roses in the fifteenth century. Edward III and his wife Philippa had eight sons and five daughters born over

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8022-588: The Hundred Years' War . In the early stages of the war, Edward's strategy was to build alliances with other Continental rulers. In 1338, Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor , named Edward Vicar general of the Holy Roman Empire and promised his support. As late as 1373, the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373 established an Anglo-Portuguese Alliance . These measures produced few results. The only major military victory during this phase of

8213-733: The Hundred of Brixton within the County of Surrey. It was then held by King William , though a small part was in the hands of Robert, Count of Mortain , the king's half brother, and younger brother of Odo of Bayeux , then earl of Kent. Its Domesday assets were recorded as including 13 hides , 'a new and handsome church', 5 ploughs , 20 acres (8 hectares) of meadow , and woodland for 5 pigs. It rendered £15 in total. It also included interests in London, in respect of which 13 burgesses paid 44d (£0.18). The church mentioned in Domesday Book

8404-518: The Justices of the Peace . This institution began before the reign of Edward III but, by 1350, the justices had been given the power not only to investigate crimes and make arrests but also to try cases, including those of felony . With this, an enduring fixture in the administration of local English justice had been created. Parliament as a representative institution was already well established by

8595-575: The London Docklands Development Corporation during the 1980s. They have now been converted into a mixture of residential and commercial accommodations and have become some of the most upmarket and expensive properties in London. In 1997, US President Bill Clinton and Prime Minister Tony Blair visited the area to dine at the Le Pont de la Tour restaurant at Butler's Wharf. At the same time more everyday housing

8786-532: The Stirling Prize for modern architecture. Another architecturally innovative library designed by Piers Gough , Canada Water Library opened in 2011. South London Gallery between Camberwell and Peckham is split across two buildings on Peckham Road. The Tate Modern is also based at Bankside. MOCA, London, as curated by the artist Michael Petry , and Flat Time House are both contemporary art galleries on Bellenden Road. Dulwich Picture Gallery also

8977-542: The Treaty of Brétigny , whereby he renounced his claims to the French throne, but secured his extended French possessions in full sovereignty. Edward kept his subjects fully informed of political and military developments abroad by a large number of regular reports from himself and his captains to various outlets, including convocation , the City of London and the archbishops, that, while the scholar A. E. Prince acknowledged that taken singularly, these reports may not represent

9168-647: The William Booth Memorial Training College at Denmark Hill. Founded in 1945, Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts moved to Peckham in 2018. Southwark has a wide variety of housing, including council housing such as the post- Blitz Aylesbury Estate and the Heygate Estate to provide homes to low-income residents. The aforementioned estates have been turned over to local housing associations to demolish and redevelop as mixed-tenure developments. Southwark Council and

9359-423: The county of Ponthieu . Instead of seeking a peaceful resolution to the conflict by paying homage to the French king, as his father had done, Edward responded by laying claim to the French crown as the grandson of Philip IV of France . The French rejected this based on the precedents for agnatic succession set in 1316 and 1322 and upheld the rights of Philip IV's nephew Philip VI, leading to tensions that caused

9550-563: The historic county boundaries of Surrey . During the Industrial Revolution Bermondsey became a centre for manufacturing, particularly in relation to tanning . More recently it has experienced regeneration including warehouse conversions to flats and the provision of new transport links. Bermondsey may be understood to mean Beornmund ' s island; but, while Beornmund represents an Old English personal name, identifying an individual once associated with

9741-579: The railways . London's first passenger railway terminus was built by the London to Greenwich Railway in 1836 at London Bridge . The first section to be used was between the Spa Road Station and Deptford High Street. This local station had closed by 1915. The industrial boom of the 19th century was an extension of Bermondsey's manufacturing role in earlier eras. As in the East End , industries that were deemed too noisome to be carried on within

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9932-444: The river Neckinger in the area led to the development of Bermondsey Spa , as the area between Grange and Jamaica Roads called Spa Road commemorates. A new church was built for the growing population of the area, and named St John Horsleydown . It was from the Bermondsey riverside that the painter J. M. W. Turner executed his famous painting of The Fighting "Temeraire" Tugged to her Last Berth to be Broken Up (1839), depicting

10123-524: The 1369 Loire campaign, the Earl of Pembroke shared command with Sir John Chandos ; although the latter was appointed seneschal of France by the Black Prince, Pembroke refused to work beneath him on account of his superior social status. Ultimately, though, the task of raising the armies that they would lead fell to both: the aristocracy could raise the largest number of tenants and retainers after

10314-530: The 1980s and 1990s. Near Tower Bridge , old warehouses have been converted to new mixed uses at Butler's Wharf and Hay's Wharf . Similarly, further west, the Oxo Tower hosts restaurants, shops and housing. There are major retail concentrations at Surrey Quays, Old Kent Road, Elephant & Castle/Walworth Road and central Peckham. Southwark is currently home to three Opportunity Areas (areas with capacity for significant economic development) as designated in

10505-546: The 2010 changes). Millwall Football Club was originally formed in 1885, in Millwall on the Isle of Dogs , East London . They retained the name, even though they moved across the river to New Cross , South East London in 1910. In 1993 they moved to their current stadium, The Den . The team has a strong local following, but has never been based in Bermondsey. The stadium lies right on the border of Southwark , but falls under

10696-406: The 21st century, it is "virtually impossible" that a person with a predominantly British ancestry is not descended from Edward III, as they would have around 32,000 ancestors from 1600. Conversely, Rutherford has calculated that statistically, the odds on a 20th-century British person not being descended from Edward III is 0.995 = 4.64 × 10 . Mark Ormrod has noted that in this period, politics

10887-727: The A2; the A200; the A202. The local authority say that vehicle exhaust fumes are the main source of air pollution in Southwark. Roadside air pollution levels are monitored by the local authority in Bermondsey. Results from 2017 suggest that Bermondsey has some of the highest nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) levels in the Borough. NO 2 concentration was particularly high near the Rotherhithe Tunnel, along Jamaica Road and on Old Kent Road: All

11078-564: The April Parliament had forced the King into submission, but under normal circumstances, the powers of the king in medieval England were virtually unlimited, a fact that Edward was able to exploit. Historian Nicholas Rodger called Edward III's claim to be the "Sovereign of the Seas" into question, arguing there was hardly any royal navy before the reign of Henry V (1413–1422). Despite Rodger's view, King John had already developed

11269-549: The Bermondsey Community Council area. Bermondsey's parliamentary representation has fluctuated with its population. Since at least the 13th century, it had formed part of the Surrey County seat until the 1868 Reform Act when it became part of Southwark constituency . From 1885 to 1918, a separate Bermondsey constituency existed, which included part of the older Southwark constituency. 1918 saw

11460-400: The Bermondsey and South Bermondsey area. Several of London's arterial routes pass through Bermondsey, including: Bricklayer's Arms is a busy road junction between the London Inner Ring Road (A100/A202) and the A2, where routes from London Bridge meet with routes towards the East End , Surrey and Kent . The southern portal of the Rotherhithe Tunnel (A101) is in Bermondsey. The Tunnel

11651-504: The Black Prince commanded a force at Crécy, and ten years later his younger brothers Lionel, John and Edmund had joined the war. However, while his sons were fighting in France, they could not be procreating the royal line; by 1358, only Lionel had married and provided Edward with a grandchild. By the mid-1360s his family had furthered his continental policy, both diplomatically and militarily, sufficiently that he allowed his son Edward and his daughter Isabella to do that rarest of things in

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11842-410: The Black Prince , was created Duke of Cornwall , the first English duke, in 1337. In 1351 the Earl of Lancaster was elevated to the Duke of Lancaster . In 1362, the second son of King Edward III, Lionel of Antwerp , was made the first Duke of Clarence . Furthermore, Edward bolstered the sense of community within this group by the creation of a new order of chivalry . In January 1344 a great feast

12033-416: The Commons — gained political influence. A consensus emerged that in order for a tax to be just, the King had to prove its necessity, it had to be granted by the community of the realm, and it had to be to the benefit of that community. In addition to imposing taxes, Parliament would also present petitions for redress of grievances to the King, most often concerning misgovernment by royal officials. This way

12224-416: The Continent were resumed on a large scale. In 1356, Edward's eldest son, Edward, Prince of Wales , won an important victory in the Battle of Poitiers . The greatly outnumbered English forces not only routed the French, but captured the French king John II and his youngest son, Philip . After a succession of victories, the English held great possessions in France, the French king was in English custody, and

12415-419: The English were faced with the prospect of fighting a war on two fronts. The French carried out raids on English coastal towns, leading to rumours in England of a full-scale French invasion. When Edward took power, he found his family in "complete disarray", says Ormrod. His nobility was divided into factions after the troublesome reign of his father and was weakened by line failure among many families. While

12606-451: The French central government had almost totally collapsed. There has been a historical debate as to whether Edward's claim to the French crown originally was genuine, or if it was simply a political ploy meant to put pressure on the French government. Regardless of the original intent, the stated claim now seemed to be within reach. Yet a campaign in 1359, meant to complete the undertaking, was inconclusive. In 1360, therefore, Edward accepted

12797-407: The French throne. In the first instance, his endowment of his sons as Dukes of Clarence, Lancaster and York allowed them to create their own dynasties which were both part of the royal family and the aristocracy, which, following Henry Bolingbroke 's usurpation of Edward's grandson, Richard II, "bedevilled" the Lancastrian dynasty . Secondly, while the resumption of Edward's claims and war in France

12988-462: The French war started anew, and Edward's son John of Gaunt was given the responsibility of a military campaign. The effort failed, and with the Treaty of Bruges in 1375, the great English possessions in France were reduced to only the coastal towns of Calais , Bordeaux , and Bayonne . Alice Perrers was originally one of Philippa's household ladies, having been appointed by 1359. Within five years, by which time she would have been 18, and after

13179-430: The French wars and was eventually made a Knight of the Garter. His favourite pursuit was the art of war and, in this, he conformed to the medieval notion of good kingship. As a warrior he was so successful that one modern military historian has described him as the greatest general in English history. He seems to have been unusually devoted to Queen Philippa. Much has been made of Edward's sexual licentiousness, but there

13370-413: The Garter , probably in 1348. The new order carried connotations from the legend by the circular shape of the garter. Edward's wartime experiences during the Crécy campaign (1346–7) seem to have been a determining factor in his abandonment of the Round Table project. It has been argued that the total warfare tactics employed by the English at Crécy in 1346 were contrary to Arthurian ideals and made Arthur

13561-466: The Garter. Polydore Vergil tells of how the young Joan of Kent — allegedly the King's favourite at the time — accidentally dropped her garter at a ball at Calais. Edward responded to the ensuing ridicule of the crowd by tying the garter around his own knee with the words honi soit qui mal y pense (shame on him who thinks ill of it). This reinforcement of the aristocracy and the emerging sense of national identity must be seen in conjunction with

13752-612: The Greater London Authority have invested tens of millions of pounds in supporting the respective housing associations complete these projects, which in both cases will lead to a large increase in the number of properties on the sites, with an almost equal reduction in the amount of social housing: the Aylesbury Estate originally housed 2,403 properties at social rent while post-development there will be 1,323 for social rent and 1,733 for private sale; meanwhile

13943-544: The Greater London reorganisation of 1965. For elections to the Greater London Council, Bermondsey was part of the Southwark electoral division until 1973 and then the Bermondsey electoral division until 1986. Southwark London Borough Council has divided the borough into a number of community council areas. The wards of London Bridge and West bermondsey, North Bermondsey and South Bermondsey form

14134-553: The Heygate Estate had 1,214 properties before demolition, most of which were leased at social rent, while the final plans for the development will see 2,530 homes, of which 500 will be social housing. Southwark's local residents' returns recorded in 2011 that its rented sector comprised 53.4% of its housing, marginally below the highest in England, which was recorded by Camden , at 53.5%. In neighbouring Lambeth this figure

14325-574: The Jubilee and Northern lines, and Borough on the Northern line are also nearby. The Jubilee line provides a direct link from Bermondsey to Canary Wharf and Stratford in London's East End , and to Waterloo , the West End , Baker Street and north west London towards Willesden and Stanmore . The Northern line from London Bridge links the area to Kennington , Clapham and Morden in

14516-508: The King himself. His contemporary Jean Froissart wrote in his Chronicles : "His like had not been seen since the days of King Arthur." D. A. L. Morgan has drawn attention to the continuing popularity of Edward into the next century, observing that "by 1500 Edward III was well into his stride as the greatest King ever to have ruled England", quoting The Great Chronicle of London on Henry VII , who if not for his avarice , "mygth have been pereless of alle princis that regnyd ovyr England syne

14707-561: The King's gained a reputation as a naval warrior. Meanwhile, the fiscal pressure on the kingdom caused by Edward's expensive alliances led to discontent at home. The regency council at home was frustrated by the mounting national debt, while the King and his commanders on the Continent were angered by the failure of the government in England to provide sufficient funds. To deal with the situation, Edward himself returned to England, arriving in London unannounced on 30 November 1340. Finding

14898-417: The King, but it was the lower men who acted as recruiting sergeants in the regions. Unlike during his father's or great grandfather's campaigns in Scotland, the feudal levy ― whereby military service was provided for free in exchange for land rights ― by the outbreak of the Hundred Years' War it had become the norm for men of all ranks to be paid for their service from the King. In return, the crown shouldered

15089-639: The Lords, but in the Commons that the greatest changes took place, with the expanding political role of the Commons. Informative is the Good Parliament, where the Commons for the first time — albeit with noble support — were responsible for precipitating a political crisis. In the process, both the procedure of impeachment and the office of the Speaker were created. Even though the political gains were of only temporary duration, this parliament represented

15280-583: The Mayor of London's London Plan. These are Elephant and Castle, Canada Water and Old Kent Road. London South Bank University (LSBU) has over 23,000 students and 1,700 staff at its principal Elephant and Castle site. The Chancellor is the entrepreneur newscaster Richard Farleigh . The University of the Arts London has two of its colleges in the borough: the London College of Communication

15471-480: The Middle Ages: marry for love. Neither the former's match with Joan of Kent and the latter's to Enguerrand VII de Coucy , were particularly advantageous to the King; the first was a clandestine marriage, while de Courcy was a French hostage. Ormrod concludes that, by 1376: Edward III's greatest misfortune was that he lived long enough to witness the complete collapse of [his] elaborate dynastic plan. By 1377,

15662-477: The Scots in 1328. The young king also came into conflict with his guardian. Mortimer knew his position in relation to the King was precarious and subjected Edward to disrespect. The King married Philippa of Hainault at York Minster on 24 January 1328, and the birth of their first child, Edward of Woodstock , on 15 June 1330 only increased tension with Mortimer. Eventually, the King decided to take direct action against Mortimer. Although up until now Edward had kept

15853-468: The Scots intermittently. Also controversial was the King's patronage of a small group of royal favourites rather than his nobility generally. This, says the historian Michael Prestwich , "unbalanced the whole system of royal patronage". However, the birth of a male heir in 1312 — the future Edward III — soon improved Edward II's relations with the French, and a moderate element within the nobility temporarily quelled baronial opposition. The young prince

16044-657: The St Olave District merged to become the Metropolitan Borough of Bermondsey , the parish of Camberwell was made the Metropolitan Borough of Camberwell , and Newington, Southwark St George the Martyr, and the St Saviour's District merged to become the Metropolitan Borough of Southwark . The City of London's Bridge Without ward which had covered parts of Southwark was effectively abolished as part of

16235-686: The Swedish Seamen's Church are all in Rotherhithe . Saint George the Martyr is the oldest church in London dedicated to England's patron saint. Southwark has the most British-Nigerian churches in the country and the highest concentration of African churches outside the continent. Places of worship for Sunni Muslims , Hindus , Sikhs and Jews exist. Per the 2011 Census, 35.6% of the borough's resident respondents identified as non-religious , or chose not to state their faith. Religion in Southwark (2021 census) The following table shows

16426-641: The UK, with 48.5 million passenger entries and exits in 2017–18. Services from London Bridge are provided by Southeastern , Thameslink and Southern . London Bridge connects Bermondsey directly to destinations in Central London, including Waterloo , Charing Cross , Cannon Street , Farringdon and St Pancras International . Beyond London, trains travel direct to Gatwick and Luton airports, and destinations including Bedford , Brighton , Cambridge , Dover , Peterborough and Sevenoaks . South Bermondsey

16617-563: The Victorian suburbs of Camberwell, Peckham and Nunhead, and the prosperous "village" of Dulwich with some very large houses forms the far south of the borough. Tower Bridge , the Millennium Bridge , Blackfriars Bridge , Southwark Bridge and London Bridge all connect the City of London to the borough. The Tate Modern art gallery, Shakespeare's Globe Theatre , the Imperial War Museum and Borough Market are also within

16808-463: The Younger . Gaveston was killed during a noble rebellion against Edward in 1312, while Despenser was hated by the English nobility. Edward was also unpopular with the common people due to his repeated demands that they provide unpaid military service in Scotland. None of his campaigns there were successful, and this led to a further decline in his popularity, particularly with the nobility. His image

16999-447: The above sites failed to meet national air quality objectives. A monitoring site on Old Kent Road registered an annual mean 22 μg/m-3 in 2017 for PM10 (particulates often found in exhaust), which meets national air quality objectives. Bermondsey is well connected to the London and National Cycle networks, with several signed routes passing through the area. With several routes passing through Bermondsey, cycling infrastructure

17190-603: The achievements of the Good Parliament were reversed. Edward III did not have much to do with any of this; after around 1375 he played a limited role in the government of the realm. Around 29 September 1376, he fell ill with a large abscess . After a brief period of recovery in February 1377, the King died of a stroke at Sheen on 21 June. Edward III was succeeded by his ten-year-old grandson, King Richard II , son of Edward of Woodstock, since Woodstock himself had died on 8 June 1376. In 1376, Edward had signed letters patent on

17381-470: The affairs of the realm in disorder, he purged the royal administration of a great number of ministers and judges. These measures did not bring domestic stability, and a stand-off ensued between the King and John de Stratford , Archbishop of Canterbury , during which Stratford's relatives Robert Stratford , Bishop of Chichester , and Henry de Stratford were temporarily stripped of title and imprisoned respectively. Stratford claimed that Edward had violated

17572-461: The area until 2015 when he was defeated by the Labour candidate Neil Coyle . At the 1983 general election that took place several months after the by-election, a new Southwark and Bermondsey constituency was created, becoming North Southwark and Bermondsey in 1997, and in 2010 Bermondsey and Old Southwark (although a small part of south east Bermondsey is transferred to Camberwell and Peckham in

17763-531: The banks of Jacob's Island. Bermondsey vestry hall was built on Spa Road in 1881 but was severely damaged by bombing during the Blitz in 1941. It was demolished soon thereafter. The original vestry hall was extended to create the Bermondsey Town Hall in 1930. The area was extensively redeveloped during the 19th century and early 20th century with the expansion of the river trade and the arrival of

17954-594: The best-known piece of legislation was the Statute of Labourers of 1351 , which addressed the labour shortage problem caused by the Black Death . The statute fixed wages at their pre-plague level and checked peasant mobility by asserting that lords had the first claim on their men's services. In spite of concerted efforts to uphold the statute, it eventually failed due to competition among landowners for labour The law has been described as an attempt "to legislate against

18145-472: The borough. At one mile (1.6 km) wide, Burgess Park is Southwark's largest green space. The Norwood Ridge , save for around its broad northern third, forms the borough's boundary. Along these crests, against the extreme of the borough's southern narrow taper, is the highest point of the borough, Sydenham Hill . This is the fifteenth-highest peak in London . The main watercourse is the Thames bounding

18336-408: The centre, and then members of the court acted as his generals. This included the King's family, and Edward utilised the martial capabilities of his sons, particularly his eldest son, Edward the Black Prince. This was not only pragmatic, in that they were all good warriors, but had the added propaganda value of demonstrating the hereditary nature of Edward's claim to the French throne. However, command

18527-660: The centuries, Bermondsey underwent some striking changes. After the Great Fire of London , it was settled by the well-to-do, and took on the character of a garden suburb especially along the line of Grange Road and Bermondsey Wall East as it became more urbanised. A pleasure garden was constructed during the Restoration period in the 17th century, commemorated by the Cherry Garden Pier. Samuel Pepys once visited here. A rare surviving building from this period

18718-657: The city north of the Thames; certain judicial powers over the borough were still exercised by the Surrey authorities. From 1856 the area was also governed by the Metropolitan Board of Works , which was established to provide services across the metropolis of London. In 1889 the Metropolitan Board of Works' area was made the County of London . From 1856 until 1900 the lower tier of local government within

18909-484: The country's population. This loss of manpower led to a shortage of farm labour and a corresponding rise in wages. The great landowners struggled with the shortage of manpower and the resulting inflation in labour cost. To curb the rise in wages, the King and Parliament responded with the Ordinance of Labourers in 1349, followed by the Statute of Labourers in 1351. These attempts to regulate wages could not succeed in

19100-437: The country. A Scottish uprising in 1344 required the raising of another army and a supporting navy. Edward, having repaired Roxburgh Castle , launched a number of ineffective strikes against the Scots. In 1338, Edward agreed a truce with the Scots. One reason for the change of strategy towards Scotland was a growing concern for the relationship between England and France. As long as Scotland and France were in an alliance ,

19291-465: The creation of few new peerages during the sixty years preceding Edward III's reign. Edward III reversed this trend when, in 1337, as a preparation for the imminent war, he created six new earls on the same day. At the same time, Edward expanded the ranks of the peerage upwards, by introducing the new title of duke for close relatives of the king; creating the first three dukedoms of England (Cornwall, Lancaster, and Clarence). His eldest son, Edward

19482-452: The death of her husband, she is speculated to have become the lover of the elderly King. She maintained an active business life outside her career in the royal household, particularly as a moneylender , while also making the most out of her royal connections, accepted gifts from courtiers and those wishing to further their causes with the King. Edward presented her with gifts, including land, manors and jewels, and in 1371 these included those of

19673-451: The deaths of his most trusted men, some from the 1361–62 recurrence of the plague. William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury , Edward's companion in the 1330 coup, died as early as 1344. William de Clinton, 1st Earl of Huntingdon , who had also been with Edward at Nottingham , died in 1354. One of the earls created in 1337, William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton , died in 1360, and the next year Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster , perhaps

19864-410: The earls that his father had created so many bitter enemies, and therefore that was the demography that Edward wanted to reorganise in his favour. These promotions reinforced his own and the Crown's position and, with war approaching, he created six new recruitment conduits from the regions directly to the royal army. For the earls themselves, the prospect was not so positive: due to the parlous state of

20055-466: The east of Tower Bridge, Bermondsey's 3 + 1 ⁄ 2  mi (5.6 km) of riverside were lined with warehouses and wharves, of which the best known is Butler's Wharf . They suffered severe damage in World War II bombing and became redundant in the 1960s following the collapse of the river trade. After standing derelict for some years, many of the wharves were redeveloped under the aegis of

20246-737: The east – to the Crossness works . Similarly reformed, into all three types of drainage (foul, combined, surface), are the Neckinger and Peck catchments of the borough. The local authority is Southwark Council, based at 160 Tooley Street . Since 2000, for elections to the London Assembly , the borough forms part of the Lambeth and Southwark constituency. The borough is covered by three parliamentary constituencies . All three are currently represented by Labour MPs . ( Neil Coyle

20437-467: The end of the century. For example, he organised the marriage of his sister Eleanor of Woodstock to the Count of Guelders as part of a pro-Netherlandish , anti-French policy in 1332. Yet when the coalition collapsed in 1340, the fact that he had only lost her in that particular marriage market was a positive. From around this time, says Ormrod, "the Hundred Years' War became a family enterprise": Edward

20628-472: The evolution of the English Parliament , as well as the ravages of the Black Death . He outlived his eldest son, Edward the Black Prince , and was succeeded by his grandson, Richard II . Edward was crowned at age fourteen after his father was deposed by his mother, Isabella of France , and her lover, Roger Mortimer . At the age of seventeen, he led a successful coup d'état against Mortimer,

20819-543: The extent of this Anglicisation must not be exaggerated. The statute of 1362 was in fact written in the French language and had little immediate effect, and Parliament was opened in that language as late as 1377. The Order of the Garter, though a distinctly English institution, included also foreign members such as John IV, Duke of Brittany , and Robert of Namur . While Edward's early reign had been energetic and successful, his later years were marked by inertia, military failure and political strife. The day-to-day affairs of

21010-460: The first year of Richard II 's reign. She was found guilty and sentenced to be exiled. Further, her property was forfeited to the Crown. Military failure abroad, and the associated fiscal pressure of constant campaigns, led to political discontent in England. Finance was a particular grievance; although it was rarely raised as an issue before 1371, after that time complaints about the royal household's expenditure were frequent. The problems came to

21201-497: The fourteenth century, the French had the upper hand, apart from Sluys in 1340 and, perhaps, off Winchelsea in 1350. Yet, the French never invaded England and King John II of France died in captivity in England. There was a need for an English navy to play a role in this and to handle other matters, such as the insurrection of the Anglo-Irish lords and acts of piracy. Edward's military command structure began with himself at

21392-701: The greatest beneficiaries in terms of grants and estates. Another common denominator was that most of them had also been trusted companions of Edward before the coup; Ufford, for example, jousted with him and attended him in his homage before Philip VI of France , while Montagu had been his "closest supporter", and had run secret diplomatic missions to the Pope for him before the coup. James Bothwell has noted that, while these men may have been less well off before they were promoted, they were not less experienced, either politically or militarily. These promotions were especially important to Edward because it had been from among

21583-498: The greatest of Edward's captains, succumbed to what was probably plague. Their deaths left the majority of the magnates younger and more naturally aligned to the princes than to the King himself. Increasingly, Edward began to rely on his sons for the leadership of military operations. The king's second son, Lionel of Antwerp , attempted to subdue by force the largely autonomous Anglo-Irish lords in Ireland . The venture failed, and

21774-419: The highly favourable Treaty of Brétigny , in which England made territorial gains, and Edward renounced his claim to the French throne. Edward's later years were marked by foreign policy failure and domestic strife, largely as a result of his decreasing activity and poor health. Edward was temperamental and thought himself capable of feats such as healing by the royal touch , as some prior English kings did. He

21965-418: The homage. The young Edward was accompanied by his mother Isabella, who was King Charles's sister and was meant to negotiate a peace treaty with the French. While in France, Isabella conspired with the exiled Roger Mortimer to have Edward II deposed. To build up diplomatic and military support for the venture, Isabella had her son engaged to the twelve-year-old Philippa of Hainault . An invasion of England

22156-401: The king", and argued that Alice be removed from the King's circle even though he was still living, albeit known to be dying. Modern historians have credited her with more agency than merely using "womanly wiles" to get her own way, noting her head for business and the law. Bothwell also notes that she probably recognised the precariousness of her own position after the King had died — "which it

22347-416: The king's family had been depleted, his territories reduced, his diplomacy wrecked, and his own control of affairs nullified. A fourth son, Thomas of Windsor, is also sometimes posited as being born in 1347 and dying the following year. However, the historian Kathryn Warner has suggested that, as William of Woodstock was also born and died the same year, and combined with the paucity of material evidence, it

22538-669: The latter because the lords claimed that such a method of taxation infringed upon their traditional rights. According to Fryde, "one of Edward's most onerous and wasteful liabilities" came in February 1339, when he effectively pawned the Great Crown of England to the Archbishop of Trier , for which the King promised repayment of £16,650. Edward met his creditors in Ghent in 1340, but, unable to immediately satisfy their demands, notes Bertie Wilkinson, "pretending that he wanted to take

22729-467: The law of supply and demand ", which made it doomed to fail. Nevertheless, the labour shortage had created a community of interest between the smaller landowners of the House of Commons and the greater landowners of the House of Lords . The resulting measures angered the peasants, leading to the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. The reign of Edward III coincided with the so-called Babylonian Captivity of

22920-464: The laws of the land by arresting royal officers. A certain level of conciliation was reached at the Parliament of April 1341. Here Edward was forced to accept severe limitations to his financial and administrative freedom, in return for a grant of taxation. Yet in October the same year, Edward repudiated this statute and Archbishop Stratford was politically ostracised. The extraordinary circumstances of

23111-431: The lesser baronage was less affected by political misadventure as their seniors, they were also weaker due to their rights being more insubstantive. Edward had to pacify two noble parties: one which had been against his father from the beginning, and another which had opposed Mortimer's and Isabella's minority regime. James Bothwell argues that, while he managed to reconcile the sides bloodlessly and with minimum acrimony, it

23302-427: The linen that is never there; rooms so small, so filthy, so confined, that the air would seem to be too tainted even for the dirt and squalor which they shelter; wooden chambers thrusting themselves out above the mud and threatening to fall into it—as some have done; dirt-besmeared walls and decaying foundations, every repulsive lineament of poverty, every loathsome indication of filth, rot, and garbage: all these ornament

23493-427: The long run, but in the short term they were enforced with great vigour. All in all, the plague did not lead to a full-scale breakdown of government and society, and recovery was remarkably swift. This was to a large extent thanks to the competent leadership of royal administrators such as Treasurer William Edington and Chief Justice William de Shareshull . It was not until the mid-1350s that military operations on

23684-448: The men of the southern district)", so the change from "southern district work" to the latter "southern work" may be an evolution based on the elision of the single syllable ge element, meaning district. The strategic context of the defences would have been in relation to London , its bridge and preventing waterborne attackers from travelling further up the Thames . Southwark is the oldest part of south London . An urban area to

23875-505: The metropolis comprised various parish vestries and district boards . The parishes of Bermondsey , Camberwell , Newington , Rotherhithe and Southwark St George the Martyr were governed by their individual vestries, whilst other smaller parishes and liberties were grouped into the St Olave District and St Saviour's District . In 1900 the lower tier was reorganised into metropolitan boroughs . Bermondsey, Rotherhithe and

24066-619: The narrow confines of the City of London had been located here – one such that came to dominate central Bermondsey, away from the riverfront, was the processing and trading of leather and hides . Many of the warehouse buildings from this era survive around Bermondsey Street, Tanner Street, Morocco Street and Leathermarket Street including the huge Leather Market of 1833 and the Leather, Hide and Wool Exchange of 1878; virtually all are now residential and small work spaces or offices. Hepburn and Gale's tannery (disused as of early 2007) on Long Lane

24257-410: The neighbouring City of London . There was a parliamentary borough (constituency) of Southwark from 1295 onwards. London was given various manorial and judicial rights over parts of Southwark, notably in 1327 and 1550, when Southwark was brought within the city boundaries as the ward of Bridge Without . However, the city's authority over Southwark was not as complete as it was for the older part of

24448-558: The next year, following London government reorganisation, this was merged with Rotherhithe and part of Deptford to form, with Bermondsey civil parish, the Metropolitan Borough of Bermondsey . The Borough's first Mayor was Samuel Bourne Bevington (1832–1907), leather producer and one of the area's largest employers; his statue still stands in Tooley Street. This borough was incorporated into the London Borough of Southwark, in

24639-499: The north of the borough into which the area drains. The southern 2 ⁄ 3 of the borough is the valley catchment of a present sewerage and surface water drainage basin , once a large stream with complex mouths across the north of the borough, the Effra . It is in very large part converted to a combined sewer under a Joseph Bazalgette -engineered reform to enable general urbanisation; all combined and public foul sewers drain far to

24830-431: The now-dead Philippa. Alice, in what may have been an attempt to keep her new estates after the King's death, tied them up in a series of enfeoffments . This meant that legally they ceased to be royal gifts which could be resumed to the Crown, but hers to receive from her feoffees when she chose. These gifts included 50 manors in 25 counties and £20,000 in jewels. The contemporary chronicler Thomas Walsingham saw her as

25021-755: The old borough where he lived as a young man. The site of The Tabard inn (featured in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales ), the White Hart inn and the George Inn which survives. The rebuilt Globe Theatre and its exhibition on the Bankside remind us of the area's being the birthplace of classical theatre. There is also the remains of the Rose Theatre . In 2007 the Unicorn Theatre for Children

25212-443: The only lasting mark he left was the suppressive Statutes of Kilkenny in 1366. In France, meanwhile, the decade following the Treaty of Brétigny was one of relative tranquillity, but on 8 April 1364, John II died in captivity in England, after unsuccessfully trying to raise his own ransom at home. He was followed by the vigorous Charles V , who enlisted the help of the capable Bertrand du Guesclin , Constable of France In 1369,

25403-401: The order of succession to the crown, citing in second position his third son John of Gaunt, but ignoring Philippa , daughter of his second son Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence . Philippa's exclusion contrasted with a decision by Edward I in 1290, which had recognized the right of women to inherit the crown and to pass it on to their descendants. The order of succession determined in 1376 led

25594-586: The papacy at Avignon . During the wars with France, opposition emerged in England against perceived injustices by a papacy largely controlled by the French crown. Papal taxation of the English Church was suspected to be financing the nation's enemies, while the practice of provisions (the Pope's providing benefices for clerics) caused resentment in the English population. The statutes of Provisors and Praemunire , of 1350 and 1353 respectively, aimed to amend this by banning papal benefices, as well as limiting

25785-469: The peace accord, staged an invasion of Scotland and won a great victory at the Battle of Dupplin Moor in 1332. They attempted to install Edward Balliol as king of Scotland in place of the infant David II , but Balliol was soon expelled and was forced to seek the help of Edward III. The English king responded by laying siege to the important border town of Berwick and defeated a large relieving army at

25976-527: The place in the early 10th-century Anglo-Saxon document known as the Burghal Hidage and means " Surrey folk's fort" or "the defensive work of the men of Surrey". Southwark is recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book as Sudweca . The name means "southern defensive work" and is formed from the Old English sūþ (south) and weorc (work). In Old English , Surrey means "southern district (or

26167-466: The place, the element "-ey" represents Old English eg , for "island", "piece of firm land in a fen", or simply a "place by a stream or river". Thus Bermondsey need not have been an island as such in the Anglo-Saxon period, and is as likely to have been a higher, drier spot in an otherwise marshy area. Though Bermondsey's earliest written appearance is in the Domesday Book of 1086, it also appears in

26358-472: The power of the papal court over English subjects. The statutes did not sever the ties between the king and the Pope, who were equally dependent upon each other. Other legislation of importance includes the Treason Act 1351 . It was precisely the harmony of the reign that allowed a consensus on the definition of this controversial crime. Yet the most significant legal reform was probably that concerning

26549-450: The priors of Lewes , St Augustine's , and Canterbury , as well as the abbot of Battle . These properties are located within the Archbishop of Canterbury's manor of Southwark , where wealthy citizens and clerics had their houses. King Edward III built a manor house close to the Thames in Bermondsey in 1353. The excavated foundations are visible next to Bermondsey Wall East, close to the famous Angel public house. As it developed over

26740-415: The queen's purification after his birth, or for any kind of celebration held to mark the birth of another royal child". The medievalist Nicholas Orme has noted that medieval chroniclers were particularly accurate when it came to recording royal births. The geneticist Adam Rutherford has calculated Edward had over 300 great-great-grandchildren and, therefore, over 20,000 descendants by 1600. Thus, by

26931-422: The reforms, losing all its territory. The larger London Borough of Southwark was created in 1965 under the London Government Act 1963 , covering the combined area of the former metropolitan boroughs of Southwark, Bermondsey and Camberwell. The borough borders the City of London and the London Borough of Tower Hamlets to the north (the River Thames forming the boundary), the London Borough of Lambeth to

27122-565: The religious identity of residents residing in Southwark according to the 2001, 2011 and the 2021 censuses. Ex- St Thomas's Church is the Old Operating Theatre Museum and Herb Garret . The other redundant church in public use is Francis Bedford 's in Trinity Church Square , as recording studio Henry Wood Hall . Southwark has many literary associations. Charles Dickens set several of his novels in

27313-399: The responsibility for paying for the bulk of equipment. The military historian Andrew Ayton has described this transition as amounting to a "military revolution", and one spearheaded by the King himself. By the early 1340s, it was clear that Edward's policy of alliances was too costly, and yielded too few results. The following years saw more direct involvement by English armies, including in

27504-650: The rest of London poorer in the late Twentieth Century. This was improved in 2000 with the opening of Bermondsey Underground station on the London Underground 's Jubilee Line Extension and the East London Line extension as part of the London Overground . The Blue serves as the central market place for Bermondsey as a whole. Wee Willie Harris , known as "Britain's wild man of rock 'n' roll ", came from Bermondsey and had worked as

27695-649: The rest of his reign. These creations — although expensive — received very little ill will among the extant aristocracy, including the royal family. The 1337 creations were Hugh de Audley to the Earldom of Gloucester , William de Bohun to that of Northampton , William de Clinton to Huntingdon , Henry of Grosmont to Lancaster , William de Montagu to Salisbury and Robert de Ufford to Suffolk . Of these, Bohun, Clinton, Montagu and Ufford had played leading roles in Edward's coup against Mortimer; they were likewise

27886-422: The royal finances, most of them did not receive a minimum of 1000 marks a year that was promised to them to uphold their new estate. All except Gloucester had to be satisfied with irregular grants of land to boost their incomes, but these would often not be available until the incumbent died and they escheated to the King. In 1337, Philip VI of France confiscated the English king's Duchy of Aquitaine and

28077-601: The seat split between two new constituencies: Rotherhithe and Bermondsey West , both of which were in place until the 1950 general election when the old Bermondsey seat was recreated. In 1983, the area played host to a famous Bermondsey by-election in which Labour 's Peter Tatchell lost the previously safe Labour seat to the Liberal Simon Hughes on a swing of 44%, which remains the largest by-election swing in British political history. Hughes represented

28268-414: The south coast of England for several years and were unpopular amongst English sailors. Up to 16,000 French sailors were killed and French captain, Nicolas Béhuchet — who could otherwise have expected to be ransomed — was hanged from his own yardarm . Edward saw God's hand in his triumph and a triumphal coin was struck in commemoration — showing Edward in a ship, probably meant to be Béhuchet's own — and

28459-489: The south of the bridge was first developed in the Roman period, but subsequently abandoned. The name Southwark dates from the establishment of a defensive position in the area by King Alfred in the 9th century. Southwark was an ancient borough , being described as a borough from at least the 12th century. The area historically formed part of the county of Surrey . Southwark had a complicated administrative relationship with

28650-481: The south west. Northbound services travel through the City of London , King's Cross St Pancras and Camden Town , towards Edgware or High Barnet . The East London line , South London line and South Eastern Main Line all pass through Bermondsey, providing frequent rail connections to Central London and South East England . London Bridge is the busiest station in the locale, and fourth busiest station in

28841-506: The state had less appeal to Edward than military campaigning, so during the 1360s Edward increasingly relied on the help of his subordinates, in particular William Wykeham A relative upstart, Wykeham was made Keeper of the Privy Seal in 1363 and Chancellor in 1367, though due to political difficulties connected with his inexperience, the Parliament forced him to resign the chancellorship in 1371. Compounding Edward's difficulties were

29032-470: The subject on his betrothal to Phillipa, "it is extremely doubtful that he read or comprehended these works". His reign, continues Ormrod, was to be guided by his practical, rather than theoretical, experience. Edward III was not content with the peace agreement made in his name, but the renewal of the war with Scotland originated in private, rather than royal initiative. A group of English magnates known as The Disinherited, who had lost land in Scotland by

29223-404: The subsequent Treaty of Picquigny was wholly unintended. Edward IV's reign looked back on that of Edward III — with its martial and administrative progress — as something to model their own on, argues Morgan. Edward IV's own Household Books , summarise the approach as "we take to bylde upon a more perfit new house", and indeed many of their grants and warrants contain a final clause that whatever

29414-571: The system was beneficial for both parties. Through this process, the Commons, and the community they represented, became increasingly politically aware, and the foundation was laid for the particular English brand of constitutional monarchy. It became the norm for the king's ministers to argue his case before Parliament, the Commons to grant the king the tax he requested, and then the king's concessions to Parliament would be announced at its end. The King occasionally attempted to avoid resorting to Parliament to raise taxes, such as in 1338 when he attempted

29605-408: The time of Edward III, but the reign was nevertheless central to its development. During this period, membership in the English baronage , formerly a somewhat indistinct group, became restricted to those who received a personal summons to Parliament. This happened as Parliament gradually developed into a bicameral institution, composed of a House of Lords and a House of Commons. Yet it was not in

29796-439: The title of Clerk of the King's Ships . Robert de Crull was the last to fill this position during Edward III's reign and would have the longest tenure in this position. It was during his tenure that Edward's naval administration would become a base for what evolved during the reigns of successors such as Henry VIII 's Council of Marine and Navy Board and Charles I 's Board of Admiralty . Rodger also argues that for much of

29987-415: The town of Calais . The operation was the greatest English venture of the Hundred Years' War, involving an army of 32,000 men. The siege started on 4 September 1346, and lasted until the town surrendered on 3 August 1347. After the fall of Calais, factors outside of Edward's control forced him to wind down the war effort. In 1348, the Black Death struck England with full force, killing a third or more of

30178-400: The veteran warship being towed to Rotherhithe to be scrapped. By the mid-19th century factories sprang up, most notably Alaska chocolate , Salt, cheese and Hartley's Jam. Parts of Bermondsey, especially along the riverside, had become notorious slums with the arrival of industrial plants, docks and immigrant housing. The area around St. Saviour's Dock, known as Jacob's Island , was one of

30369-469: The war in France. Just as the war with Scotland had done, the fear of a French invasion helped strengthen a sense of national unity and nationalise the aristocracy that had been largely Anglo-Norman since the Norman conquest . Since the time of Edward I, popular myth suggested that the French planned to extinguish the English language, and as his grandfather had done, Edward III made the most of this scare. As

30560-543: The war was the English naval victory at Sluys on 24 June 1340, which secured control of the English Channel . This victory decimated a superior French fleet and lowered the threat of a French invasion of England, which increased English desires to attack France. This situation lasted less than a year. Edward was unlikely to have been happy with this victory due to his continuing financial problems. The English also captured 166 French merchantmen; they had been raiding

30751-470: The west and the London Borough of Lewisham to the east. To the south the borough tapers giving a brief border with the London Borough of Bromley . The northwest part of the borough is part of Central London and is densely developed. To the east, the Rotherhithe peninsula has lower-density modern housing and open space around the former Surrey Commercial Docks . The southern part of Southwark includes

30942-549: The worst in London. It was immortalised in Charles Dickens 's novel Oliver Twist , in which the villain, Bill Sikes , meets his end in the mud of 'Folly Ditch', in reference to Hickman's Folly, which surrounded Jacob's Island. Dickens provides a vivid description of what it was like: ... crazy wooden galleries common to the backs of half a dozen houses, with holes from which to look upon the slime beneath; windows, broken and patched, with poles thrust out, on which to dry

31133-571: The wretched man" and that none would fight for him. A contemporary chronicler described Edward as rex inutilis , or a "useless king". Edward was born at Windsor Castle on 13 November 1312, and was described in a contemporary prophecy as "the boar that would come out of Windsor". The reign of his father, Edward II, was a particularly problematic period of English history. The King had alienated several English nobles and Scottish allies by abandoning his father 's war with Scotland soon after his accession, and continued to lose battles against

31324-503: Was King of England from January 1327 until his death in 1377. He is noted for his military success and for restoring royal authority after the disastrous and unorthodox reign of his father, Edward II . Edward III transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe. His fifty-year reign is one of the longest in English history , and saw vital developments in legislation and government, in particular

31515-442: Was 47.3% and in neighbouring Croydon the figure was 29.7%. Southwark had the greatest proportion of social housing in England, 43.7% (31.2% owned by the council itself with the other social housing in the hands of housing associations), at the time of the 2011 census. Tenant management organisations benefit many apartment blocks. The council set much housing policy among Housing Association blocks to allocate homes based on need and

31706-521: Was a grant of a proportion of all moveable property, normally a tenth for towns and a fifteenth for farmland. This could produce large sums of money, but each such levy had to be approved by Parliament, and the king had to prove the necessity. The customs therefore provided a welcome supplement, as a steady and reliable source of income. An "ancient duty" on the export of wool had existed since 1275. Edward I had tried to introduce an additional duty on wool, but this unpopular maltolt , or "unjust exaction",

31897-502: Was also capable of unusual clemency. He was in many ways a conventional medieval king whose main interest was warfare, but he also had a broad range of non-military interests. Admired in his own time, and for centuries after, he was later denounced as an irresponsible adventurer by Whig historians , but modern historians credit him with significant achievements. King Edward II of England had court favourites who were unpopular with his nobility, such as Piers Gaveston and Hugh Despenser

32088-675: Was completed in 1908 and carries vehicle traffic from Bermondsey directly to the East End. In 2003, the Tunnel was rated the tenth most dangerous tunnel in Europe , owing in parts to its age and lack of safety features. The London Borough of Southwark maintains most roads, particularly residential streets, but Transport for London (TfL) manages certain routes: the A100; the A101 (Rotherhithe Tunnel);

32279-526: Was constructed in the areas north of the Old Kent Road, including several council estates. Bermondsey was served by London's first railway, from Spa Road railway station , as part of the London Bridge to Greenwich line, and the junction of lines from Croydon and Kent at South Bermondsey . However, reorganisation of lines and temporary closure of stations left Bermondsey's transport links with

32470-608: Was created Earl of Chester at only twelve days old, and by January the following year had been provided with an entire household. An early influence on Prince Edward was the Bishop of Durham , Richard de Bury , one of the century's major bibliophiles . Originally a tutor, he appears to have become a mentor to the King. Under Bury's tutelage, Edward learned to write and to read French and Latin. He would have had access to famous contemporary works, such as Vegetius 's De Re Militari , which had been translated into Anglo-Norman , as well as

32661-436: Was damaged again in 1322 when he executed his cousin Thomas, Earl of Lancaster , and confiscated the Lancaster estates. Historian Chris Given-Wilson wrote that, by 1325, the nobility believed that "no landholder could feel safe" under the regime. This distrust of Edward was shared by his wife, Isabella of France , who believed Despenser responsible for poisoning the King's mind against her. In September 1324 Queen Isabella

32852-421: Was deemed champion. This was followed by the King's announcement of the founding of the Round Table of King Arthur , to which "certain lords" took an oath. The first meeting of the new chapter was arranged for the following Whitsun . Nothing, however, was to come of the project; as Murimuth comments, "this work was later stopped for various reasons". Instead, around four years later, Edward founded Order of

33043-416: Was faced with a demand from his brother-in-law Charles IV of France to perform homage for the English Duchy of Aquitaine . The King was reluctant to leave the country, as discontent was once again brewing domestically, particularly over his relationship with the favourite Hugh Despenser the Younger . Instead, he had his son Edward created Duke of Aquitaine in his place and sent him to France to perform

33234-473: Was given to the people of Southwark by the industrialist Sir George Livesey. The museum was closed by Southwark council in 2008. The northern end of the borough opposite the Square Mile includes the More London and London Bridge City developments accommodating the offices of major professional service firms. Notable such businesses include PricewaterhouseCoopers , Norton Rose , Ernst & Young , Lawrence Graham and Actis . The Greater London Authority

33425-460: Was held in Windsor Castle to which large numbers were invited; not just the lords but the City of London also sent a contingent. The first night saw a feast at which all the attending ladies, with only two knights among them, dined, while the other men ate in their tents. This was followed by jousting over the next three days, where Edward — "not because of his kingly rank but because of his great exertions", iterates Adam Murimuth in his chronicle —

33616-412: Was initially successful—contemporaries compared Henry V 's decisive victory at Agincourt with Edward's at Crécy and Poitiers— when the tide turned against the English in France, the dynasty was also weakened. Indeed, war in France was problematic for the House of York as well as Lancaster. Edward IV was probably consciously following in his namesake's footsteps when he invaded France in 1475, even if

33807-442: Was insufficient to leave him secure on his own: he lanced the opposition but had not turned them into a loyalist cadre. Only the Earls of Arundel , Oxford and Warwick could be counted on as loyalists. To counter the limited loyalty among the aristocrats, following the March 1337 Parliament Edward created a duke and eight new earls . He also summoned 61 new men to the lords with lesser titles, usually by writ of summons , over

33998-432: Was launched and Edward II's forces deserted him completely. Isabella and Mortimer summoned a parliament , and the King was forced to relinquish the throne to his son, who was proclaimed king in London on 25 January 1327. The new king was crowned as Edward III at Westminster Abbey on 1 February at the age of 14. One of Edward's first acts — de facto Mortimer's — was to lead another campaign to Scotland in July 1327. It

34189-534: Was not Edward's initial intention to engage the French army, but at Crécy , just north of the Somme , he found favourable terrain and decided to fight a pursuing army led by Philip VI. On 26 August, the English army defeated a far larger French army in the Battle of Crécy . Shortly after this, on 17 October, an English army defeated and captured King David II of Scotland at the Battle of Neville's Cross . With his northern borders secured, Edward felt free to continue his major offensive against France, laying siege to

34380-473: Was not always the prerogative of the nobility. Knights Banneret — knights able to lead other knights — were also favoured as leaders of armies or divisions, as they were also already close to the king, being part of his household and bodyguard. They bore particular responsibilities during King Edward's chevauchées , which often required the main army to split into smaller forces, each requiring its own captain. This sometimes led to dissension. For example, in

34571-412: Was not long before the new reign also met with other problems caused by the central position of Mortimer at court, who was now the de facto ruler of England. Mortimer used his position to acquire noble estates and titles, and his unpopularity grew with the humiliating defeat by the Scots at the Battle of Stanhope Park in the county of Durham , and the ensuing Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton , agreed with

34762-532: Was obvious to all in the 1370s was imminent" — and intended much of her wealth to provide for her two daughters, whose lives would be even more precarious in the following reign. She was correct in her surmise: by the time the Good Parliament met, Edward was too weak but to acquiesce in her banishment . This did not, however, last very long; she had returned to his inner circle later that year and remained there until his death. However, in 1378 her previous fears resurfaced, and this time put on trial before Parliament in

34953-679: Was often dictated by the personality and character of the king. However, it was also understood that not only should a king rule well and wisely, but that he should be seen to do so. Ormrod argues that, while he did not begin his reign with these skills, unlike many of his fellow Plantagenet kings, he acquired them. His collection of chronicles indicates an interest in history, even to the extent that, on occasion, he consulted their authors. He may have been particularly keen to emulate Henry II and Edward I , whose own martial prowess and success would have resonated with him. His tastes were conventional, Ormrod says, and J. R. Lander also has argued that this

35144-456: Was opened on Tooley Street. The Southwark Playhouse is in Elephant and Castle and the Union Theatre is on Union Street near Southwark station. The Menier Chocolate Factory combines a theatre and exhibition space, whilst the newly opened Bridge Theatre is next to Tower Bridge and City Hall. The borough hosts the main site of the Imperial War Museum at the south end of Borough High Street. Peckham Library , designed by Will Alsop won

35335-409: Was presumably the nascent Bermondsey Abbey , which was founded as a Cluniac priory in 1082, and was dedicated to St Saviour. Monks from the abbey began the development of the area, cultivating the land and embanking the riverside. They turned an adjacent tidal inlet at the mouth of the River Neckinger into a dock, named St Saviour's Dock after their abbey. But Bermondsey then was little more than

35526-521: Was publicly humiliated when the government declared her an enemy alien, and the King repossessed her estates, probably at the urging of Despenser. Edward also disbanded her retinue. Edward had already been threatened with deposition on two previous occasions (in 1310 and 1321). Historians agree that hostility towards Edward was universal. W. H. Dunham and C. T. Wood ascribed this to Edward's "cruelty and personal faults", suggesting that "very few, not even his half-brothers or his son, seemed to care about

35717-467: Was seen to hold far too much power over the ageing king, was banished from court. Yet the real adversary of the Commons, supported by powerful men such as Wykeham and Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March , was John of Gaunt . Both the King and Edward of Woodstock were by this time incapacitated by illness, leaving Gaunt in virtual control of government. Gaunt was forced to give in to the demands of Parliament, but at its next convocation in 1377, most of

35908-418: Was soon abandoned. Then, from 1336 onwards, a series of schemes aimed at increasing royal revenues from wool export were introduced. After some initial problems and discontent, it was agreed through the Statute of the Staple of 1353 that the new customs should be approved by Parliament, though in reality, they became permanent. Through the steady taxation of Edward III's reign, Parliament — and in particular

36099-455: Was suspended from Labour on 11 February 2022, but re-admitted in May 2023, sitting in the interim as an independent . ) At the 2001 census Southwark had a population of 244,866. Southwark was ethnically 63.04% white, 5.9% Asian or Asian British, and 25.9% black or black British. By 2021 the population was 307,640, with 51.5% white, 9.9% Asian or Asian British, and 25.1% black or black British. 31% of householders were owner–occupiers. The area

36290-417: Was the arrangement under the Metropolis Management Act 1855 . The Southwark parishes of St Olave's and St John's Horsleydown (the latter a 'daughter' of the former) with St Thomas's formed a parish union ('District Board of Works') known as 'St Olave's' from that date. This was the arrangement within the London County from 1889. In 1899 St Olave and St Thomas's District was created as a single civil parish and

36481-411: Was under discussion should be as they were in Edward III's final year. Even the final destruction of the Plantagenets at Bosworth in 1485 failed to impinge on Edward III's posthumous image; he was also the most recent king Henry VII could lay claim of descent from. Edward III enjoyed unprecedented popularity in his own lifetime, and even the troubles of his later reign were never blamed directly on

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